This document discusses how colonial control was established over forests in India and Indonesia. It explains that local communities traditionally used forest resources for things like bamboo, wood, fuel, grass, charcoal, packaging, fruits, flowers, and animals. However, European foresters viewed shifting cultivation practices as harmful to forests and believed it made land unsuitable for growing railway timber. The Dutch then enacted forest laws in Java that restricted villagers' access to forests and allowed wood to only be cut for specific purposes under foresters' supervision. Villagers were punished for activities like grazing cattle in younger stands or transporting wood without a permit. In summary, the document outlines how colonial powers mapped and classified forests, established plantations, and imposed restrictions that affected local

1. By – Nishant Wanare

2. INTRODUCTION
• This chapter will take you in the forest and tell you about the variety of ways the
forest were used by comunities living within them. You will see how colonial
control was established over the forest , how forest area were mapped, trees were
classified and plantation were developed.
• All these development affected the lives of those local communities who used
forest resources .The chapter will give you idea of a history of such developments
in India and Indonesia.

3. FOREST
SOCITEY AND
COLONALISM
Forest provide
bamboo wood for
fuel,grass,charcoal
Packaging, fruits,
flowers, animals,
and many other
things.

8. European foresters regarded this
practice as harmful for forests.
• they felt that land which was used for cultivation
every five years could not grow trees for railway timber
• when a forest was burnt, there was danger of the
flames spreading and burning valuable timber.
• shifting cultivation also made up harder for the
calculated taxes. There for the government decided to
ban shifting cultivation.

14. Dutch sceintific forestry
The Dutch enacted forest laws in java,
Restricting villagers aceses to forests.
 Now wood could cut for specified
purpose like making boats or
construction houses and only from
specifies foresters under those
supervisions.
 Villagers were punished for grazing
cattle in younger stand transport wood
with out a permit or travelling on forest
roads with horse carts ad cattle.

19. Thank
you
made by-nishant
Wanare