This presentation provides a historian’s perspective on the applicability of historical research in soil and groundwater contamination matters and argues that attorneys should consider using professional historians in such matters. It then summarizes some key resources and records collections that historians often consult when researching soil and groundwater contamination matters, with particular attention given to records that can be found at the National Archives and at state and local records repositories.
Digging Deeper: Uncovering the Hidden Potential of Historical State and Local...History Associates
In this presentation, History Associates draws upon 30 years of experience in historical research to discuss the hidden potential of state and local records to environmental law practitioners. The presentation provides an overview of how to conduct such research and examines some of the key types of state and local records that can be dispositive in environmental cases.
Digging Deeper: Uncovering the Hidden Potential of Historical State and Local...History Associates
In this presentation, History Associates draws upon 30 years of experience in historical research to discuss the hidden potential of state and local records to environmental law practitioners. The presentation provides an overview of how to conduct such research and examines some of the key types of state and local records that can be dispositive in environmental cases.
An overview of a new service called Trove (as in Treasure Trove). The service was released at the end of 2009 by the National Library of Australia. It is a free search service. Our aim is to make finding and getting information easier. The Trove service searches across a rich data repository which currently contains 90 million items from over 1000 Australian libraries and other organisations, and it’s growing in size.
History Associates, Inc., in Rockville, MD, conducts historical research for use in complex litigation such as in CERCLA Cost Recovery, Government Contract Searches, Asbestos Cases, and PRP Searches. This presentation at the EPA National Training conference provided an overview to the approach and methodology that historians use in undertaking PRP searches for clients. Using a hypothetical case study, we outline the steps involved in defining the scope of the research, establishing criteria, developing research strategies, and tips for effectively presenting complex information.
Using Historical Research to Make Your Case: A Survey of Key Federal RecordsHistory Associates
History Associates is a historical consulting firm headquartered in Washington, DC. As part of our array of historical services, we conduct expert research to help environmental practitioners in a variety of matters.
This presentation provides information on federal government records of use to environmental practitioners. It provides a general overview of potentially useful federal records and a sense of how useful federal records can be in a variety of matters.
This presentation offers a historical perspective regarding the many applications of trichloroethylene (TCE), including its use in metal cleaning, and the regulatory developments that have impacted its use, such as Rule 66 in Southern California. This topic is of particular interest today, since the issue of TCE in groundwater continues to be a driving force in many environmental litigation matters.
The WWII and Korean War Industrial Mobilization Agency History Programs and R...History Associates
History Associates is a historical consulting firm headquartered in Washington, DC. This presentation focuses on the legal usefulness, in environmental cases, of the official agency histories and records concerning U.S. industrial mobilization for war and defense during World War II, the Korean War, and the Cold War.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
Statement on Standards of Professional ConductStat.docxdessiechisomjj4
Statement
on Standards
of Professional
Conduct
Statement
on Standards
of Professional
Conduct
Statement
on Standards
of Professional
Conduct
ii American Historical Association
Published February 2011 by the American Historical Association
Photocopying of this publication is encouraged.
This publication can also be found online at
www.historians.org/pubs/Free/ProfessionalStandards.cfm.
Additional copies are available for a nominal fee from
Publication Sales
American Historical Association
400 A Street, S.E.
Washington, D.C. 20003-3889
(202) 544-2422
Fax (202) 544-8307
E-mail: [email protected]
Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct iii
Contents
Introduction ........................................................................ v
1. The Profession of History ................................................ 1
2. Shared Values of Historians .............................................. 2
3. Scholarship ....................................................................... 7
4. Plagiarism ......................................................................... 8
5. Teaching ......................................................................... 11
6. History in the Public Realm .......................................... 12
7. Employment .................................................................. 13
8. Reputation and Trust ...................................................... 16
9. Additional Guidance ...................................................... 18
Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct v
Introduction
Under its 1889 charter from the U.S. Congress, which specifically
authorizes the American Historical Association to act “in the interest
of American history, and of history in America,” the AHA bears
a special obligation to address principles of conduct and practice
among historians. Thus, in 1974 the Association established the
Professional Division, the profession’s only elected body specifically
charged with responsibility for ethical concerns, and in 1987 the
Professional Division, in turn, drafted the Statement on Standards of
Professional Conduct to serve as the benchmark for all professional
behavior within the historical profession.
This wholly revised edition of the Statement on Standards is the
most comprehensive revision of the document since its development.
The most important revisions include:
v Streamlining the text to impose a more uniform style and
voice on the whole, without sacrificing or altering any of the
important statements of principle it contains.
v Addressing the entire profession to be more inclusive of the
full range of professional historians working in many different
institutional settings.
v Speaking to common values by opening with two new
sections, “The Profession of History”and “Shared Values of
Historians.”
v Consolidating policies to synthesize and integrate AHA
guidelines concerning professi.
essay examples: the american dream essay. Marvelous American Dream Argumentative Essay ~ Thatsnotus. AMERICAN DREAM ESSAY PROMPTS. Argumentative essay: American dream essay. American Dream Essay Exemplar.
International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (American...Tom Moritz
Meeting of the International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER) at the American Museum of Natural History, May, 2004, New York, New York
Personal Digital Archiving 2015, Keynote Talk by Howard Besser & Rick PrelingerRick Prelinger
These slides were presented during the "interactive" keynote talk at Personal Digital Archiving 2015, April 25, 2015 at New York University. "HB" denotes Howard Besser's slides; "RP" denotes Rick Prelinger's.
An overview of a new service called Trove (as in Treasure Trove). The service was released at the end of 2009 by the National Library of Australia. It is a free search service. Our aim is to make finding and getting information easier. The Trove service searches across a rich data repository which currently contains 90 million items from over 1000 Australian libraries and other organisations, and it’s growing in size.
History Associates, Inc., in Rockville, MD, conducts historical research for use in complex litigation such as in CERCLA Cost Recovery, Government Contract Searches, Asbestos Cases, and PRP Searches. This presentation at the EPA National Training conference provided an overview to the approach and methodology that historians use in undertaking PRP searches for clients. Using a hypothetical case study, we outline the steps involved in defining the scope of the research, establishing criteria, developing research strategies, and tips for effectively presenting complex information.
Using Historical Research to Make Your Case: A Survey of Key Federal RecordsHistory Associates
History Associates is a historical consulting firm headquartered in Washington, DC. As part of our array of historical services, we conduct expert research to help environmental practitioners in a variety of matters.
This presentation provides information on federal government records of use to environmental practitioners. It provides a general overview of potentially useful federal records and a sense of how useful federal records can be in a variety of matters.
This presentation offers a historical perspective regarding the many applications of trichloroethylene (TCE), including its use in metal cleaning, and the regulatory developments that have impacted its use, such as Rule 66 in Southern California. This topic is of particular interest today, since the issue of TCE in groundwater continues to be a driving force in many environmental litigation matters.
The WWII and Korean War Industrial Mobilization Agency History Programs and R...History Associates
History Associates is a historical consulting firm headquartered in Washington, DC. This presentation focuses on the legal usefulness, in environmental cases, of the official agency histories and records concerning U.S. industrial mobilization for war and defense during World War II, the Korean War, and the Cold War.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
Statement on Standards of Professional ConductStat.docxdessiechisomjj4
Statement
on Standards
of Professional
Conduct
Statement
on Standards
of Professional
Conduct
Statement
on Standards
of Professional
Conduct
ii American Historical Association
Published February 2011 by the American Historical Association
Photocopying of this publication is encouraged.
This publication can also be found online at
www.historians.org/pubs/Free/ProfessionalStandards.cfm.
Additional copies are available for a nominal fee from
Publication Sales
American Historical Association
400 A Street, S.E.
Washington, D.C. 20003-3889
(202) 544-2422
Fax (202) 544-8307
E-mail: [email protected]
Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct iii
Contents
Introduction ........................................................................ v
1. The Profession of History ................................................ 1
2. Shared Values of Historians .............................................. 2
3. Scholarship ....................................................................... 7
4. Plagiarism ......................................................................... 8
5. Teaching ......................................................................... 11
6. History in the Public Realm .......................................... 12
7. Employment .................................................................. 13
8. Reputation and Trust ...................................................... 16
9. Additional Guidance ...................................................... 18
Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct v
Introduction
Under its 1889 charter from the U.S. Congress, which specifically
authorizes the American Historical Association to act “in the interest
of American history, and of history in America,” the AHA bears
a special obligation to address principles of conduct and practice
among historians. Thus, in 1974 the Association established the
Professional Division, the profession’s only elected body specifically
charged with responsibility for ethical concerns, and in 1987 the
Professional Division, in turn, drafted the Statement on Standards of
Professional Conduct to serve as the benchmark for all professional
behavior within the historical profession.
This wholly revised edition of the Statement on Standards is the
most comprehensive revision of the document since its development.
The most important revisions include:
v Streamlining the text to impose a more uniform style and
voice on the whole, without sacrificing or altering any of the
important statements of principle it contains.
v Addressing the entire profession to be more inclusive of the
full range of professional historians working in many different
institutional settings.
v Speaking to common values by opening with two new
sections, “The Profession of History”and “Shared Values of
Historians.”
v Consolidating policies to synthesize and integrate AHA
guidelines concerning professi.
essay examples: the american dream essay. Marvelous American Dream Argumentative Essay ~ Thatsnotus. AMERICAN DREAM ESSAY PROMPTS. Argumentative essay: American dream essay. American Dream Essay Exemplar.
International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (American...Tom Moritz
Meeting of the International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (ISBER) at the American Museum of Natural History, May, 2004, New York, New York
Personal Digital Archiving 2015, Keynote Talk by Howard Besser & Rick PrelingerRick Prelinger
These slides were presented during the "interactive" keynote talk at Personal Digital Archiving 2015, April 25, 2015 at New York University. "HB" denotes Howard Besser's slides; "RP" denotes Rick Prelinger's.
What is the Role of the Professional Archivist in the Evolving Archival Space?Kate Theimer
My keynote address given in Christchurch, NZ at the joint conference of the Archives & Records Association of New Zealand and the Association of Australian Archivists in Christchurch.
2 Cause and Effect Essay Examples That Will Cause a Stir. Cause and effect essay. 017 Cause And Effect Expository Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Cause and effect essay tips. Cause and Effect Essay Examples | YourDictionary. Cause and Effect Essay Examples of Writing | by Sample Essay | Medium. Amazing Cause And Effect Essay Examples ~ Thatsnotus. Buy Cause And Effect Essay Outline - An Ultimate Guide to Writing a .... cause and effect essay - ESL worksheet by ahmedmena. Short cause and effect essay. How to write a cause and effect essay. Sample Cause And Effect Essay. Cause And Efect Essay - Examples & Topics {NEW} | Pro Essay Help.
5 Paragraph Essay Outline Example. 5 Paragraph Essay: What Is It and How to W...Ashley Matulevich
5 Paragraph Essay: What Is It and How to Write It – NerdyMates.com. How to Outline An Essay Lovely 5 Paragraph Essay Outline Example .... 024 Paragraph Essay Outline Template First Sentences Of Within .... 6 page argumentative essay. 18 Best Images of Essay Samples Worksheets - 6th Grade Persuasive Essay .... 6+ Basic Outline Templates - PDF. Sample 5 Paragraph Essay Outline | Paragraph, Custom writing and .... 18 Best Images of Sample Outline Worksheet - Example Essay Outline .... Image result for writing a 5 paragraph essay outline Essay Writing .... 5 Paragraph Essay Example On Quotes. QuotesGram. 5 Paragraph Essay Template | Essay outline, Paragraph essay, Essay .... Blog – Deena Rutter. 5 Body Paragraph Essay Outline - destiny-jdb-fanfiction. Five Paragraph Essay Sample97. General 5 Paragraph Essay Outline | Templates at allbusinesstemplates.com. Analytical essay: 5 paragraph essay format outline. five paragraph essay examples for high school. Impressive Five Paragraph Essay Outline ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write An Informative Paragraph – Utaheducationfacts.com.
7 Simple Tips on How to Start an Essay (2024). Effective Waysto Start Your Essay - 3+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. How to Write an Essay in 9 Simple Steps • 7ESL. How to start an essay: 3 hacks for getting started | SchoolHabits. Note: Write My Essay: A Comprehensive Guide to Crafting the Perfect Essay. Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. How to Write a Great Essay Quickly! – ESL Buzz. 13 Engaging Ways to Begin an Essay. 8 Ways to Start an Essay (with examples) — Intro to Honors | College .... 10 Tips to Write an Essay and Actually Enjoy It. Introduction 101: How to Engage the Reader from the First Sentence. Ways to start an essay | Creative writing ideas, Persuasive essays .... Good Ways To Start An Essay - How to Write a Short Essay. How To Start An Essay: Top Foolproof Techniques! - Exam Study Expert. Fascinating Good Ways To Start An Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Best way to start an essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Striking Good Way To Start An Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Awesome How To Start A College Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Ways to Start an Essay Chart | Wrtg 6Traits Ideas&Organization | Pint…. 13 Ways to Begin an Essay | Essays | Nature. How to Write a Persuasive Essay with Examples - PDF | Examples - How to ....
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
The Value of Historical Research in Soil and Groundwater Contamination Matters
1. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 1
2. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
My take-home message is contained within this slide: please remember that historians and other
outside experts such as environmental scientists can be very valuable members of your legal
team…especially in those cases where you feel like the man in this slide.
While my presentation focuses on the value that historians can bring to your legal team, what I say is
also applicable to other experts, who can also bring subject-level expertise and experience to your
legal cases.
Today, I will discuss three general topics: (1) Why use historians on soil and groundwater
contamination matters? (2) How can historians help to identify and characterize PRPs in such
matters? and, (3) What sources do historians use to identify and characterize PRPs?
In short, I want to discuss how historians can help you to find the proverbial needles in a haystack.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 2
3. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
A couple of years ago, a client and I were talking about this topic and he likened what historians do to
turning over rocks in a quarry. As an attorney, the client knew (or at least hoped) that key records
are out there somewhere, buried under one of those rocks in that quarry. But, while he could
probably ascertain the relevance of a document if he happened to find it while randomly turning over
rocks, the value that historians bring is that we know (or can figure out) which rocks to turn over.
Put another way, professional historians have training and experience in thinking analytically about
the various “moving parts” of history—that is, we have the ability to identify not just what happened at
a site but also the ability to identify the historical private or public entities that likely generated and
maintained records documenting past events of interest. As importantly, we also know where and
how to find these records today.
In the context of soil and groundwater contamination matters, what historians can add to your legal
teams is summarized on this slide. In brief, we can help you to identify and characterize PRPs to site
contamination.
With this information, attorneys can be in a more informed position to negotiate with other PRPs or
regulatory agencies or to better allocate or apportion site cleanup costs.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 3
4. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
When attorneys hire professional historians on soil or groundwater contamination matters, one of the
first things we are typically asked to do is to find other PRPs who can join in the fun of sharing
cleanup costs.
Ideally, we do so in collaboration with environmental experts who are also working on the site. For
example, if soil sampling yields a high presence of coal tar and PAHs, historians can use this
information to target our research for any historical industries that generated these byproducts, such
as wood preservers or manufactured gas plants.
This slide lists some of the readily accessible sources that historians typically consult in identifying
PRPs in soil and groundwater contamination matters.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 4
5. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
In identifying PRPs, especially for complex sites with multiple PRPs operating over decades,
historians start where most environmental attorneys would probably start…by consulting available
Sanborn fire insurance maps of the site.
I’m sure everyone is familiar with EDR’s collection of Sanborn fire insurance maps and the ability to
order them from your desktop. These maps are great sources to identify historical owners of
industrial sites. However, historians do not confine our cartographic research solely to Sanborns, as
city and county atlases, tax maps, real estate plat maps, and other cartographic sources can all be
used to identify PRPs.
Depending on the location of the site, historians search for these maps in various places, including
the National Archives, Library of Congress, state and local libraries and archives, as well as local
government agencies such as the Planning Department, Surveyor’s Office, or Public Works
Department.
The map in this slide is a detail of a World War II map of a California airport that I found at the
National Archives. It depicts the presence of a previously unknown (at least to the attorney I was
working with) U.S. Army Dumping Station.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 5
6. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
The next source I want to discuss are industrial directories. During the mid-20th century, many states
published these directories (the ones on this slide are from Alabama and Ohio).
The directories provide a pretty comprehensive list of all manufacturing companies located in each
state and the products they manufactured. The directories are normally organized by county or city
and are cross-referenced by industry, making it easy to use them to get a list of companies and
industries that were in a given area at a given time.
The challenge, though, can sometimes be finding complete runs of these directories. For example,
the Alabama State Library does not have as complete a collection of Industrial Alabama as does the
Library of Congress. Again, this is where professional historians can help to identify which of those
rocks in that quarry to turn over.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 6
7. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
A final source that I want to touch upon that can be used to identify PRPs is historical newspaper
articles, which can contain information on corporate transactions or descriptions of industrial plants
and processes.
The challenge with such research, of course, is that, while the historical issues of many national and
major regional newspapers have been digitized, most local newspapers are not full-text searchable.
And, it is most often the local newspapers that provide the most useful information about local
companies.
When faced with such situations, historians know to use other methods to access these old
newspapers, including review of newspaper clippings files, which are typically found at local libraries
or historical societies and were created by the yeoman efforts of local librarians who literally clipped
articles out of newspapers and organized them into subject-specific vertical files.
I found the local newspaper article shown in this slide in just such a “clippings file.” It turned out to be
very useful in a past case I worked on because it alerted the client to the existence of a previously
unknown federal court case from the 1970s relating to the site we were researching. This turned out
to be a useful lead, as I was able to use this information to obtain a copy of the historical case file
from the regional National Archives facility.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 7
8. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
After asking environmental experts to help to identify the universe of PRPs to a soil or groundwater contamination
matter, attorneys should next consider asking their outside experts to help to characterize each PRP. This involves
researching each PRP’s historical “time on risk” and current corporate viability. In other words, historians attempt to
determine for each PRP: How long was it at the site? Is it (or a viable successor) still in business today? What did the
PRP do at the site? What were its manufacturing processes? What raw materials did it use? What were its products
and by-products? How did the PRP dispose of its waste?
In researching these questions, historians can turn to any number of sources, depending on the type of PRP and the
nature of the site contamination.
Corporate History
For example, attorneys often ask historians to research the corporate history of PRPs. At complex sites where site
operations date back decades, this research often involves tracing a web of corporate mergers and acquisitions to
determine if there is a viable present-day successor to a now-defunct company. Historians search for corporate history
information in a variety of sources, including those listed on this slide. The most obvious and useful source is corporate
filings, such as 10-k official company reports to the SEC and company annual reports to shareholders. This information
can be found within SEC records held by the SEC or National Archives, within state incorporation files, or at libraries or
archives across the country. As necessary, historians also look for corporate information within business directories
such as Moody’s or trade literature sources.
Operational History
A trickier question to research, though, is the operational history of companies. When attorneys ask historians to do
this, they typically want answers to questions such as: What did the PRP do at the site? What were its manufacturing
processes? What raw materials did it use? How did it get these raw materials? What were its products and by-
products? Who were the major customers? How did the PRP dispose of its waste?
This slide lists some of the places historians look for this information; of course, the specific nature of the PRP will
determine where historians will research. For example, if researching an old shipyard, historians may look at historical
federal records from the Navy, Maritime Commission, Shipping Board, or Emergency Fleet Corporation, as well as
state and local records.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 8
9. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
What if you suspect that the federal government may be a PRP at an industrial site under CERCLA, either as
a historical owner, operator, or arranger? With apologies to Ken and other government attorneys here today,
this is a somewhat enviable situation (at least for historians), simply because of the shear volume of surviving
federal government records and the concomitant likelihood that useful records can be found.
In researching whether the government could be a historical owner of an industrial site, historians look for
information concerning whether the government actually owned:
• Real property ( either encompassing an entire site or a portion of it)
• Manufacturing facilities (entire buildings or individual production units)
• Equipment and Tools (particularly those directly linked to production processes)
• Title to raw materials, products, by-products, etc.
In doing so, historians typically review federal government records, often at the National Archives and other
federal records repositories. For example, within records at the National Archives, you can find lists of World
War II-era “GOCO” (government owned-, contractor-operated) facilities. You can also find GSA-generated
lists of real property owned and leased by the federal government between 1953 and 1977…and that’s barely
the tip of the iceberg of what’s available.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 9
10. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
Of course, the federal government can also be liable under CERCLA if it was a historical operator of
a facility. Historically, this type of relationship is best seen during wartime (especially World War II)
when the government assumed control of much of America’s economy as part of our industrial
mobilization efforts.
In searching for records pertaining to the government’s “operational” control of private facilities during
wartime, historians review sources like those listed on this slide for information concerning the
government’s control of:
Input Determinations at an industrial facility, meaning control or management of a plant’s: Facilities,
Equipment, Raw materials, Labor, and Intellectual property
Output Determinations at an industrial facility, meaning control or management of a company’s:
Products, Production levels and schedules, Price, Customers (that is, who should receive the
products, how much should they receive, and the means of transport), Waste handling/disposal
practices
As with so many records of interest on soil and groundwater contamination matters, many of these
sources can be found with federal records collections.
I now want to turn to a very brief overview of the National Archives and Library of Congress and the
type of records that can be found at these repositories.
In doing so, I hope to convey the complexities of conducting research at these repositories and
suggest why attorneys should consider adding professional historians to their legal teams rather than
doing this research on their own.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 10
11. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
While the National Archives is perhaps best known for preserving the so-called “Charters of
Freedom” (the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights) in the Archives’
Rotunda in Washington, DC, it is also charged with preserving and making available to the public
federal government records of permanent historical value.
Interestingly, of all the records created or maintained by the federal government, less than 5% are
deemed to be of “permanent historical value” and are preserved in the National Archives. Yet, as the
National Archives likes to boast, laid side to side, pages in the National Archives’ custody would still
circle the Earth over 57 times.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 11
12. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
Because of the volume of its records collections and the vastly different ways in which each agency
historically organized its records, conducting research at in the National Archives is unlike conducting
research at any other repository.
First, a couple of thoughts on what the National Archives does not have.
• Electronic index to all its records
• Card catalog
• Open shelving where you can browse the stacks for useful records
Instead, the National Archives organizes its records into more than 570 record groups, each of which
comprises the records of a major government entity, usually a bureau or an independent agency.
Each record group can contain thousands of pages of documents.
The National Archives employs consulting archivists who can help you to find records, but they do
not do research for you. This is where professional historians can help. I’m not saying that
professional historians are the only people who can effectively conduct research at the National
Archives…but historians are more likely to find a broader array of relevant records, quicker, and, in
the long run, cheaper, than non-historians.
This is especially true in complex soil and groundwater matters with multiple PRPs and contaminants
of interest.
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13. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
Federal records of use on soil and groundwater contamination matters, though, are not just confined
to the National Archives system. In fact, federal libraries, including the de facto nation’s library, the
Library of Congress in Washington, DC, are another invaluable resource.
For its part, the Library of Congress contains an unparalleled collection of historical maps, including
Sanborn maps, historical U.S. Geological Survey quadrangle maps, U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey
coastline maps, and city maps and atlases.
The library also contains one of the world’s biggest collection of historical trade and scientific
literature. In other words, the Library of Congress often maintains copies of those obscure industrial
journals that can provide critical evidence in a variety of legal matters.
Most federal agencies also have their own publicly accessible archives, libraries, and/or historical
offices. Depending on the nature of the site, then, historians may recommend conducting research at
one of these libraries, including (but certainly not limited to) the Air Force Historical Research
Agency; Department of Interior Library; National Agricultural Library; or, U.S. Geological Survey
Library.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 13
14. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
My final slides show some of the goodies that are available through diligent research. Or, to continue
the metaphor from the beginning of my presentation, some of the needles in the haystack, that
historians can find.
First and foremost, on many matters historians can uncover a veritable cornucopia of documents that
can help attorneys better understand contaminated sites.
As just one example, this is a picture of a World War II-era government sale brochure for the
government-owned portion of a beryllium plant. Our client in this matter used this document as one
of their central points in apportionment negotiations with DOJ for government contribution under
CERCLA for cleanup activities at his site.
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 14
15. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
Sometimes the old adage is true about a picture being worth a thousand words.
When researching the historical activities at former industrial sites, photographs can be an invaluable
resource. These photographs can be found in many places, including the National Archives and state
and local historical societies and archives.
For example, from 1939-1941 the New York City Department of Taxes photographed nearly every
building in the 5 boroughs for tax assessment purposes. This slide shows one such photograph from
Queens.
A similar collection of photographs (also from the late 1930s) survives at the Washington State
Archives for buildings that stood in King County (Seattle).
(c) History Associates Inc.
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16. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
Lastly, I want to touch upon the value of historical aerial photographs.
Beginning in the 1930s, federal and state agencies and private companies blanketed the United
States with aerial reconnaissance flights. These aerial photographs can provide valuable clues about
everything from the changing footprint of sites to the location of sewer outflows and waste piles.
In addition to well-known federal government collections of aerials (such as the National Archives,
U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Department of Agriculture), there are numerous public and private
collections of aerials. And, while in some cases just ordering aerials via EDR or other on-line
sources is sufficient, in many cases it is useful to consult as many sources as possible, as different
repositories have different collections of aerials.
For example, the two aerials in this slide were collected from two different repositories and show a
New Jersey railroad freight terminal during the mid-20th century. Of interest in these photographs, is
the absence of one of the piers at the complex between the top photograph (1940) and the second
photograph (1951).
(c) History Associates Inc.
www.historyassociates.com 16
17. Historical Research in Contamination
Matters, Presented on 3/23/2012
In conclusion, I would like to recommend that attorneys consider using historians and other outside
experts on your legal teams.
As with environmental scientists and other experts, professional historians can use the skills listed on
this slide to bring significant value to soil and groundwater contamination matters, as we help
attorneys to:
• Identify and Characterize PRPs to Site Contamination
• Negotiate More Equitable Allocations for Site Cleanup Costs
• Inform Negotiating Strategies with PRPs and Regulatory Agencies
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Editor's Notes
My take-home message is contained within this slide: please remember that historians and other outside experts such as environmental scientists can be very valuable members of your legal team…especially in those cases where you feel like the man in this slide.While my presentation focuses on the value that historians can bring to your legal team, what I say is also applicable to other experts, who can also bring subject-level expertise and experience to your legal cases.Today, I will discuss three general topics: (1) Why use historians on soil and groundwater contamination matters? (2) How can historians help to identify and characterize PRPs in such matters? and, (3) What sources do historians use to identify and characterize PRPs?In short, I want to discuss how historians can help you to find the proverbial needles in a haystack.
A couple of years ago, a client and I were talking about this topic and he likened what historians do to turning over rocks in a quarry. As an attorney, the client knew (or at least hoped) that key records are out there somewhere, buried under one of those rocks in that quarry. But, while he could probably ascertain the relevance of a document if he happened to find it while randomly turning over rocks, the value that historians bring is that we know (or can figure out) which rocks to turn over.Put another way, professional historians have training and experience in thinking analytically about the various “moving parts” of history—that is, we have the ability to identify not just what happened at a site but also the ability to identify the historical private or public entities that likely generated and maintained records documenting past events of interest. As importantly, we also know where and how to find these records today.In the context of soil and groundwater contamination matters, what historians can add to your legal teams is summarized on this slide. In brief, we can help you to identify and characterize PRPs to site contamination. With this information, attorneys can be in a more informed position to negotiate with other PRPs or regulatory agencies or to better allocate or apportion site cleanup costs.
When attorneys hire professional historians on soil or groundwater contamination matters, one of the first things we are typically asked to do is to find other PRPs who can join in the fun of sharing cleanup costs. Ideally, we do so in collaboration with environmental experts who are also working on the site. For example, if soil sampling yields a high presence of coal tar and PAHs, historians can use this information to target our research for any historical industries that generated these byproducts, such as wood preservers or manufactured gas plants.This slide lists some of the readily accessible sources that historians typically consult in identifying PRPs in soil and groundwater contamination matters.
The next source I want to discuss are industrial directories. During the mid-20th century, many states published these directories (the ones on this slide are from Alabama and Ohio). The directories provide a pretty comprehensive list of all manufacturing companies located in each state and the products they manufactured. The directories are normally organized by county or city and are cross-referenced by industry, making it easy to use them to get a list of companies and industries that were in a given area at a given time. The challenge, though, can sometimes be finding complete runs of these directories. For example, the Alabama State Library does not have as complete a collection of Industrial Alabama as does the Library of Congress. Again, this is where professional historians can help to identify which of those rocks in that quarry to turn over.
After asking environmental experts to help to identify the universe of PRPs to a soil or groundwater contamination matter, attorneys should next consider asking their outside experts to help to characterize each PRP. This involves researching each PRP’s historical “time on risk” and current corporate viability. In other words, historians attempt to determine for each PRP: How long was it at the site? Is it (or a viable successor) still in business today? What did the PRP do at the site? What were its manufacturing processes? What raw materials did it use? What were its products and by-products? How did the PRP dispose of its waste? In researching these questions, historians can turn to any number of sources, depending on the type of PRP and the nature of the site contamination. Corporate HistoryFor example, attorneys often ask historians to research the corporate history of PRPs. At complex sites where site operations date back decades, this research often involves tracing a web of corporate mergers and acquisitions to determine if there is a viable present-day successor to a now-defunct company. Historians search for corporate history information in a variety of sources, including those listed on this slide. The most obvious and useful source is corporate filings, such as 10-k official company reports to the SEC and company annual reports to shareholders. This information can be found within SEC records held by the SEC or National Archives, within state incorporation files, or at libraries or archives across the country. As necessary, historians also look for corporate information within business directories such as Moody’s or trade literature sources. Operational HistoryA trickier question to research, though, is the operational history of companies. When attorneys ask historians to do this, they typically want answers to questions such as: What did the PRP do at the site? What were its manufacturing processes? What raw materials did it use? How did it get these raw materials? What were its products and by-products? Who were the major customers? How did the PRP dispose of its waste? This slide lists some of the places historians look for this information; of course, the specific nature of the PRP will determine where historians will research. For example, if researching an old shipyard, historians may look at historical federal records from the Navy, Maritime Commission, Shipping Board, or Emergency Fleet Corporation, as well as state and local records.
What if you suspect that the federal government may be a PRP at an industrial site under CERCLA, either as a historical owner, operator, or arranger? With apologies to Ken and other government attorneys here today, this is a somewhat enviable situation (at least for historians), simply because of the shear volume of surviving federal government records and the concomitant likelihood that useful records can be found.In researching whether the government could be a historical owner of an industrial site, historians look for information concerning whether the government actually owned:Real property ( either encompassing an entire site or a portion of it)Manufacturing facilities (entire buildings or individual production units)Equipment and Tools (particularly those directly linked to production processes)Title to raw materials, products, by-products, etc.In doing so, historians typically review federal government records, often at the National Archives and other federal records repositories. For example, within records at the National Archives, you can find lists of World War II-era “GOCO” (government owned-, contractor-operated) facilities. You can also find GSA-generated lists of real property owned and leased by the federal government between 1953 and 1977…and that’s barely the tip of the iceberg of what’s available.
Of course, the federal government can also be liable under CERCLA if it was a historical operator of a facility. Historically, this type of relationship is best seen during wartime (especially World War II) when the government assumed control of much of America’s economy as part of our industrial mobilization efforts. In searching for records pertaining to the government’s “operational” control of private facilities during wartime, historians review sources like those listed on this slide for information concerning the government’s control of: Input Determinations at an industrial facility, meaning control or management of a plant’s: Facilities, Equipment, Raw materials, Labor, and Intellectual property Output Determinationsat an industrial facility, meaning control or management of a company’s: Products, Production levels and schedules, Price, Customers (that is, who should receive the products, how much should they receive, and the means of transport), Waste handling/disposal practices As with so many records of interest on soil and groundwater contamination matters, many of these sources can be found with federal records collections. I now want to turn to a very brief overview of the National Archives and Library of Congress and the type of records that can be found at these repositories. In doing so, I hope to convey the complexities of conducting research at these repositories and suggest why attorneys should consider adding professional historians to their legal teams rather than doing this research on their own.
Lastly, I want to touch upon the value of historical aerial photographs. Beginning in the 1930s, federal and state agencies and private companies blanketed the United States with aerial reconnaissance flights. These aerial photographs can provide valuable clues about everything from the changing footprint of sites to the location of sewer outflows and waste piles. In addition to well-known federal government collections of aerials (such as the National Archives, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Department of Agriculture), there are numerous public and private collections of aerials. And, while in some cases just ordering aerials via EDR or other on-line sources is sufficient, in many cases it is useful to consult as many sources as possible, as different repositories have different collections of aerials.For example, the two aerials in this slide were collected from two different repositories and show a New Jersey railroad freight terminal during the mid-20thcentury. Of interest in these photographs, is the absence of one of the piers at the complex between the top photograph (1940) and the second photograph (1951).
In conclusion, I would like to recommend that attorneys consider using historians and other outside experts on your legal teams.As with environmental scientists and other experts, professional historians can use the skills listed on this slide to bring significant value to soil and groundwater contamination matters, as we help attorneys to:Identify and Characterize PRPs to Site ContaminationNegotiate More Equitable Allocations for Site Cleanup CostsInform Negotiating Strategies with PRPs and Regulatory Agencies