ABSTRACT: Two strategies for fluoroprophylaxis have been proposed: the first is the systemic fluoroprophylaxis which is especially effective in averting interproximal caries, however it doesn't frame a satisfactory defensive obstruction on the occlusal surfaces; the other is the topical use of a fluoride gel to the tooth surface, in spite of the fact that this second strategy does not fundamentally diminish the frequency of caries. The viability of the fixing methods relies on upon the right application procedure. Watching an agent convention will guarantee a more extended enduring maintenance of the sealant on the occlusal surface and in this manner drags out the security against caries. This review gives the in and out details about pit and fissure sealents.
This document provides an overview of pit and fissure sealants. It begins with a brief history of sealants, describing early attempts using materials like silver nitrate and zinc phosphate in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It then discusses the modern development of sealants, highlighting Buonocore's 1955 introduction of the acid-etch technique and the 1976 ADA designation of sealants as safe and effective. The document covers topics like morphology of pits and fissures, histopathology of caries in these areas, sealant classifications, ideal requirements, case selection criteria, and common materials like bis-GMA resins and glass ionomer cements.
1. Pit and fissure sealants are materials placed in the pits and fissures of teeth to prevent decay by creating a physical barrier over the areas where bacteria can become trapped.
2. They are most effective when applied to the permanent first molars of children around ages 6-7 and the permanent second molars around ages 12-14, as over 90% of childhood caries occurs in the pits and fissures.
3. The standard application procedure involves isolating the tooth, cleaning it, etching the enamel with phosphoric acid for 20 seconds, rinsing and drying it, applying the sealant, and curing it with a light or chemical cure to harden it in place
This document provides an overview of pit and fissure sealants. It discusses the history, definition, morphology, materials used, application process, advantages, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Pit and fissure sealants were developed in the 1950s to isolate deep pits and fissures from the oral cavity and prevent dental caries.
- The application process involves cleaning, isolating, and etching the tooth surface, followed by placement of the sealant material into the pits and fissures.
- Common materials used are resin-based sealants and glass ionomer cement. Recent advances include self-etching and fluoride-releasing sealants.
- Proper application
This document discusses dental pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pits and fissures, then provides a brief history of sealants. It describes the ideal requirements, materials used, indications and contraindications. It discusses which teeth should be sealed and the appropriate age ranges. The document concludes by outlining the technique for applying sealants.
The document provides information on atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). Some key points:
- ART was developed in the 1980s in Tanzania as a minimally invasive approach to dental caries that aims to preserve tooth structure. It uses manual excavation and glass ionomer restoration to avoid anesthesia and expensive equipment.
- ART has several advantages, including being non-invasive and painless, making it highly acceptable to patients. It also releases fluoride and bonds to tooth structure.
- The principles of ART are removing carious lesions using hand instruments only and restoring the cavity with glass ionomer, which bonds to the tooth. This simplifies infection control compared to traditional rotary drills.
-
Pit and fissure sealants are dental materials applied to the pits and grooves of teeth to isolate them from the oral cavity and prevent dental caries. They work by sealing off enamel surfaces where plaque can accumulate. There are two main types - resin-based and glass ionomer-based sealants. Resin sealants are more effective at preventing caries but are more technique sensitive, while glass ionomer sealants are less effective but easier to apply. The clinical application of pit and fissure sealants involves isolating the tooth, cleaning and etching the enamel surface, applying the sealant material, and curing it with light. Sealants must be regularly checked and reapplied due to wear from chewing forces.
This document discusses pit and fissure sealants. It provides information on:
1) Sealants effectively prevent pit and fissure caries, with resin-based sealants being the most commonly used and most effective type.
2) Teeth most in need of sealants are permanent molars shortly after eruption, as well as any teeth deemed at risk of developing caries.
3) Sealants can be placed over early, non-cavitated lesions to arrest the caries process underneath the sealant.
This document provides an overview of pit and fissure sealants. It begins with a brief history of sealants, describing early attempts using materials like silver nitrate and zinc phosphate in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It then discusses the modern development of sealants, highlighting Buonocore's 1955 introduction of the acid-etch technique and the 1976 ADA designation of sealants as safe and effective. The document covers topics like morphology of pits and fissures, histopathology of caries in these areas, sealant classifications, ideal requirements, case selection criteria, and common materials like bis-GMA resins and glass ionomer cements.
1. Pit and fissure sealants are materials placed in the pits and fissures of teeth to prevent decay by creating a physical barrier over the areas where bacteria can become trapped.
2. They are most effective when applied to the permanent first molars of children around ages 6-7 and the permanent second molars around ages 12-14, as over 90% of childhood caries occurs in the pits and fissures.
3. The standard application procedure involves isolating the tooth, cleaning it, etching the enamel with phosphoric acid for 20 seconds, rinsing and drying it, applying the sealant, and curing it with a light or chemical cure to harden it in place
This document provides an overview of pit and fissure sealants. It discusses the history, definition, morphology, materials used, application process, advantages, and recent advances. Key points include:
- Pit and fissure sealants were developed in the 1950s to isolate deep pits and fissures from the oral cavity and prevent dental caries.
- The application process involves cleaning, isolating, and etching the tooth surface, followed by placement of the sealant material into the pits and fissures.
- Common materials used are resin-based sealants and glass ionomer cement. Recent advances include self-etching and fluoride-releasing sealants.
- Proper application
This document discusses dental pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pits and fissures, then provides a brief history of sealants. It describes the ideal requirements, materials used, indications and contraindications. It discusses which teeth should be sealed and the appropriate age ranges. The document concludes by outlining the technique for applying sealants.
The document provides information on atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). Some key points:
- ART was developed in the 1980s in Tanzania as a minimally invasive approach to dental caries that aims to preserve tooth structure. It uses manual excavation and glass ionomer restoration to avoid anesthesia and expensive equipment.
- ART has several advantages, including being non-invasive and painless, making it highly acceptable to patients. It also releases fluoride and bonds to tooth structure.
- The principles of ART are removing carious lesions using hand instruments only and restoring the cavity with glass ionomer, which bonds to the tooth. This simplifies infection control compared to traditional rotary drills.
-
Pit and fissure sealants are dental materials applied to the pits and grooves of teeth to isolate them from the oral cavity and prevent dental caries. They work by sealing off enamel surfaces where plaque can accumulate. There are two main types - resin-based and glass ionomer-based sealants. Resin sealants are more effective at preventing caries but are more technique sensitive, while glass ionomer sealants are less effective but easier to apply. The clinical application of pit and fissure sealants involves isolating the tooth, cleaning and etching the enamel surface, applying the sealant material, and curing it with light. Sealants must be regularly checked and reapplied due to wear from chewing forces.
This document discusses pit and fissure sealants. It provides information on:
1) Sealants effectively prevent pit and fissure caries, with resin-based sealants being the most commonly used and most effective type.
2) Teeth most in need of sealants are permanent molars shortly after eruption, as well as any teeth deemed at risk of developing caries.
3) Sealants can be placed over early, non-cavitated lesions to arrest the caries process underneath the sealant.
Pit and fissure sealants are thin plastic coatings placed in the pits and fissures of teeth to act as a physical barrier against decay. They were introduced in the 1960s using acrylic polymers and composites. Studies show sealants can arrest incipient caries by being placed over initial decay after removal. Tooth morphology determines susceptibility, with deep narrow fissures at highest risk. Sealant placement involves cleaning and etching teeth to increase adhesion, then applying and curing the sealant material in the pits and fissures to form a protective barrier. Regular checkups are needed to assess sealant retention and repair any failures from contamination.
The term pit and fissure sealant is used to describe a material that is introduced into the occlusal pits and fissures of caries susceptible teeth, thus forming a micromechanically bonded, protective layer cutting access of caries-producing bacteria from their source of nutrients.
This document provides information on pit and fissure sealants. It discusses the legal requirements, certification requirements, and types of training needed to place sealants. It describes what sealants are, their effectiveness in preventing decay, and factors influencing retention. Different sealant materials, application techniques, and potential complications are outlined. The document highlights the importance of sealants in preventing decay, especially in pits and fissures, and their cost-effectiveness compared to other restorative treatments.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials placed in tooth pits and grooves to prevent dental caries. They form a protective layer that seals out bacteria. Studies show that occlusal surfaces, though a small percentage of total tooth area, account for 50% of childhood caries. Sealants are effective but their protection decreases over time, so periodic reapplication is important. The sealing procedure involves cleaning, etching with acid, rinsing, drying, applying sealant, and curing with light. Sealants must be monitored for retention and signs of new caries.
Pit and fissures on teeth are prone to harboring microbes that can cause dental caries. Sealants are protective coatings that are applied to pits and fissures to prevent caries by physically blocking them. There are different types of sealants that are made from various materials like dimethacrylates or glass ionomer cement. Application involves cleaning, etching, rinsing and drying the tooth surface before carefully applying the sealant. Factors like the operator's skill, type of sealant used and maintenance affect how long sealants are retained and prevent caries. Sealants have been shown to be cost effective in reducing dental treatment needs when applied selectively based on caries risk.
The document discusses the history and development of pit and fissure sealants. It begins by explaining how dental caries reached a peak in the 19th-20th centuries due to increased sugar consumption. The widespread use of fluorides helped reduce caries. It then discusses how occlusal caries reduction lagged behind smooth surface caries reduction despite fluoride access. The document outlines the early attempts to prevent occlusal caries and the developments that led to modern pit and fissure sealants, including Buonocore's introduction of the acid-etch technique. It discusses the anatomy of pits and fissures and how their morphology influences sealant effectiveness. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the epidemi
This document provides an overview of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). It discusses the history, principles, indications, contraindications, advantages, and process of ART. Some key points:
- ART was developed in the 1980s in Tanzania as a painless and conservative approach to dental caries that uses hand instruments instead of drills.
- The main principles are minimal intervention, minimal cavity preparation, and using adhesive restorative materials like glass ionomer cement.
- ART is best for small, accessible cavities and is useful for public health programs due to being cost-effective and not requiring electricity.
- Advantages include preserving tooth structure, being painless, and having
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
This document provides an outline and overview of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). It defines ART as a caries removal and restoration technique that does not require water or electricity. Key points:
- ART involves manually removing decayed tissue with hand instruments until maximum decay is removed. A highly dense glass ionomer cement then seals the cavity.
- ART was developed as an alternative for outreach situations but is now commonly used in private dental offices worldwide. It uses only a few basic hand instruments and is less technique sensitive than traditional drills.
- Advantages include being non-invasive, low-cost, and effective for treating root caries, medically compromised patients, and fearful children. Long
Pit and fissure sealants are materials placed in tooth grooves and depressions to prevent decay. They work by blocking food and bacteria from pits and sealing the enamel surface. After cleaning and drying a tooth, an acid etch is applied to roughen the enamel before placing resin sealant material. The sealant is then cured with light. Types include resin, glass ionomer cement, and compomers. Sealants are most effective for children and those with past decay, as they protect susceptible tooth surfaces from future cavities. Regular checkups are needed to inspect sealed teeth over time.
1. The document discusses various techniques for moisture control and isolation in operative dentistry, including the use of rubber dams, high volume evacuators, absorbents, and saliva ejectors.
2. Key advantages of rubber dams include providing a dry, clean operating field which improves access and visibility, protects the patient and operator, and increases operating efficiency.
3. The document outlines best practices for rubber dam application, including assessing the teeth and contacts, punching appropriate sized holes, lubricating the dam, selecting and testing the retainer, and properly positioning and securing the dam.
This document provides an overview of recent advances in various dental specialties from oral medicine and radiology to prosthodontics, periodontics, orthodontics and more. It discusses new technologies like 3D soft tissue CT scans in oral medicine, lasers for curing pit and fissure sealants, clear aligner therapy in orthodontics, and nano composites and glass ionomers as new materials for pit and fissure sealants. The document aims to give public health dentists an update on advances to help bridge information between specialists and communities.
This document provides information on pit and fissure sealants including:
- Their purpose is to prevent dental decay by sealing pits and fissures from bacteria.
- They are applied using various resin materials that are etched into the tooth surface for retention.
- Proper application technique is important as improper technique can cause early failure, including thorough cleaning, isolation, etching, and curing of the sealant material.
- Studies show sealants can reduce dental caries by up to 70% when compared to untreated teeth.
Pits and fissure sealants are materials applied to tooth surfaces to prevent decay by filling pits and grooves where plaque can accumulate. They are needed because the morphology of teeth makes fissures prone to decay, acting as natural food traps. There are several generations of sealants from chemically cured to light cured varieties containing fluoride. Application involves isolating the tooth, etching with acid to increase surface area, rinsing and drying before applying the sealant and curing it with light for 20 seconds. Sealants must be checked periodically as moisture contamination can cause early failure.
The document discusses the use of rubber dams in dentistry. It describes how rubber dams isolate the operating field, improve visibility and access, and prevent contamination. Key methods include using a rubber dam sheet held in place by a clamp on the tooth with a hole for access. Advantages include isolation, improved properties of materials, and protection of the patient. Placement involves several steps and materials like clamps, frames, and punches.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document provides information on various techniques for removing dental caries, including:
- Conventional excavation using burs produces homogeneous smear layers but can over-prepare tooth structure. Newer polymer and ceramic burs aim to be more conservative.
- Hand excavation is effective at caries removal in deciduous teeth when balanced with time and control of remaining bacteria.
- Air abrasion uses kinetic energy of propelled abrasives to remove tooth structure with less pain than rotary instruments but lacks their precision.
isolation of the operative field.. including direct and indirect techniques to isolate from moisture. Surgical methods, gingival retraction techniques excluded. Journal & textbook references quoted.
This document provides information about pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pit and fissure sealants as a cement or resin that forms a protective layer in tooth pits and fissures. It then discusses the classification of occlusal fissures and indications for sealant use, such as sealing teeth at high risk of decay. The document outlines contraindications and types of sealants including those based on generation, fillers, and color. It provides details on sealant preparation, application procedures, and factors affecting retention.
This document discusses dental pit and fissure sealants. It defines pits and fissures, describes their high susceptibility to caries, and provides a rationale for sealing them. It discusses the history, materials used, indications, contraindications, ideal teeth to seal, and age ranges for application. The document outlines the technique for application and stresses isolation and post-application checking for retention. Regular recall is recommended to check sealant retention.
Pit and fissure sealants are thin plastic coatings placed in the pits and fissures of teeth to act as a physical barrier against decay. They were introduced in the 1960s using acrylic polymers and composites. Studies show sealants can arrest incipient caries by being placed over initial decay after removal. Tooth morphology determines susceptibility, with deep narrow fissures at highest risk. Sealant placement involves cleaning and etching teeth to increase adhesion, then applying and curing the sealant material in the pits and fissures to form a protective barrier. Regular checkups are needed to assess sealant retention and repair any failures from contamination.
The term pit and fissure sealant is used to describe a material that is introduced into the occlusal pits and fissures of caries susceptible teeth, thus forming a micromechanically bonded, protective layer cutting access of caries-producing bacteria from their source of nutrients.
This document provides information on pit and fissure sealants. It discusses the legal requirements, certification requirements, and types of training needed to place sealants. It describes what sealants are, their effectiveness in preventing decay, and factors influencing retention. Different sealant materials, application techniques, and potential complications are outlined. The document highlights the importance of sealants in preventing decay, especially in pits and fissures, and their cost-effectiveness compared to other restorative treatments.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials placed in tooth pits and grooves to prevent dental caries. They form a protective layer that seals out bacteria. Studies show that occlusal surfaces, though a small percentage of total tooth area, account for 50% of childhood caries. Sealants are effective but their protection decreases over time, so periodic reapplication is important. The sealing procedure involves cleaning, etching with acid, rinsing, drying, applying sealant, and curing with light. Sealants must be monitored for retention and signs of new caries.
Pit and fissures on teeth are prone to harboring microbes that can cause dental caries. Sealants are protective coatings that are applied to pits and fissures to prevent caries by physically blocking them. There are different types of sealants that are made from various materials like dimethacrylates or glass ionomer cement. Application involves cleaning, etching, rinsing and drying the tooth surface before carefully applying the sealant. Factors like the operator's skill, type of sealant used and maintenance affect how long sealants are retained and prevent caries. Sealants have been shown to be cost effective in reducing dental treatment needs when applied selectively based on caries risk.
The document discusses the history and development of pit and fissure sealants. It begins by explaining how dental caries reached a peak in the 19th-20th centuries due to increased sugar consumption. The widespread use of fluorides helped reduce caries. It then discusses how occlusal caries reduction lagged behind smooth surface caries reduction despite fluoride access. The document outlines the early attempts to prevent occlusal caries and the developments that led to modern pit and fissure sealants, including Buonocore's introduction of the acid-etch technique. It discusses the anatomy of pits and fissures and how their morphology influences sealant effectiveness. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the epidemi
This document provides an overview of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). It discusses the history, principles, indications, contraindications, advantages, and process of ART. Some key points:
- ART was developed in the 1980s in Tanzania as a painless and conservative approach to dental caries that uses hand instruments instead of drills.
- The main principles are minimal intervention, minimal cavity preparation, and using adhesive restorative materials like glass ionomer cement.
- ART is best for small, accessible cavities and is useful for public health programs due to being cost-effective and not requiring electricity.
- Advantages include preserving tooth structure, being painless, and having
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
This document provides an outline and overview of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART). It defines ART as a caries removal and restoration technique that does not require water or electricity. Key points:
- ART involves manually removing decayed tissue with hand instruments until maximum decay is removed. A highly dense glass ionomer cement then seals the cavity.
- ART was developed as an alternative for outreach situations but is now commonly used in private dental offices worldwide. It uses only a few basic hand instruments and is less technique sensitive than traditional drills.
- Advantages include being non-invasive, low-cost, and effective for treating root caries, medically compromised patients, and fearful children. Long
Pit and fissure sealants are materials placed in tooth grooves and depressions to prevent decay. They work by blocking food and bacteria from pits and sealing the enamel surface. After cleaning and drying a tooth, an acid etch is applied to roughen the enamel before placing resin sealant material. The sealant is then cured with light. Types include resin, glass ionomer cement, and compomers. Sealants are most effective for children and those with past decay, as they protect susceptible tooth surfaces from future cavities. Regular checkups are needed to inspect sealed teeth over time.
1. The document discusses various techniques for moisture control and isolation in operative dentistry, including the use of rubber dams, high volume evacuators, absorbents, and saliva ejectors.
2. Key advantages of rubber dams include providing a dry, clean operating field which improves access and visibility, protects the patient and operator, and increases operating efficiency.
3. The document outlines best practices for rubber dam application, including assessing the teeth and contacts, punching appropriate sized holes, lubricating the dam, selecting and testing the retainer, and properly positioning and securing the dam.
This document provides an overview of recent advances in various dental specialties from oral medicine and radiology to prosthodontics, periodontics, orthodontics and more. It discusses new technologies like 3D soft tissue CT scans in oral medicine, lasers for curing pit and fissure sealants, clear aligner therapy in orthodontics, and nano composites and glass ionomers as new materials for pit and fissure sealants. The document aims to give public health dentists an update on advances to help bridge information between specialists and communities.
This document provides information on pit and fissure sealants including:
- Their purpose is to prevent dental decay by sealing pits and fissures from bacteria.
- They are applied using various resin materials that are etched into the tooth surface for retention.
- Proper application technique is important as improper technique can cause early failure, including thorough cleaning, isolation, etching, and curing of the sealant material.
- Studies show sealants can reduce dental caries by up to 70% when compared to untreated teeth.
Pits and fissure sealants are materials applied to tooth surfaces to prevent decay by filling pits and grooves where plaque can accumulate. They are needed because the morphology of teeth makes fissures prone to decay, acting as natural food traps. There are several generations of sealants from chemically cured to light cured varieties containing fluoride. Application involves isolating the tooth, etching with acid to increase surface area, rinsing and drying before applying the sealant and curing it with light for 20 seconds. Sealants must be checked periodically as moisture contamination can cause early failure.
The document discusses the use of rubber dams in dentistry. It describes how rubber dams isolate the operating field, improve visibility and access, and prevent contamination. Key methods include using a rubber dam sheet held in place by a clamp on the tooth with a hole for access. Advantages include isolation, improved properties of materials, and protection of the patient. Placement involves several steps and materials like clamps, frames, and punches.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document provides information on various techniques for removing dental caries, including:
- Conventional excavation using burs produces homogeneous smear layers but can over-prepare tooth structure. Newer polymer and ceramic burs aim to be more conservative.
- Hand excavation is effective at caries removal in deciduous teeth when balanced with time and control of remaining bacteria.
- Air abrasion uses kinetic energy of propelled abrasives to remove tooth structure with less pain than rotary instruments but lacks their precision.
isolation of the operative field.. including direct and indirect techniques to isolate from moisture. Surgical methods, gingival retraction techniques excluded. Journal & textbook references quoted.
This document provides information about pit and fissure sealants. It begins by defining pit and fissure sealants as a cement or resin that forms a protective layer in tooth pits and fissures. It then discusses the classification of occlusal fissures and indications for sealant use, such as sealing teeth at high risk of decay. The document outlines contraindications and types of sealants including those based on generation, fillers, and color. It provides details on sealant preparation, application procedures, and factors affecting retention.
This document discusses dental pit and fissure sealants. It defines pits and fissures, describes their high susceptibility to caries, and provides a rationale for sealing them. It discusses the history, materials used, indications, contraindications, ideal teeth to seal, and age ranges for application. The document outlines the technique for application and stresses isolation and post-application checking for retention. Regular recall is recommended to check sealant retention.
- Extractions for orthodontic purposes have always been controversial, as some believe all teeth can be aligned without extractions while others believe extractions are sometimes necessary to treat malocclusions.
- Factors like a patient's medical history, oral hygiene, dental health, and the quality of their teeth affect whether extractions are recommended.
- While premolars are most commonly extracted, other teeth may be extracted depending on the specifics of the malocclusion and what is needed to achieve the best possible alignment and occlusion.
- Before any active orthodontic treatment, it is essential to have a high standard of oral hygiene and deal with any carious lesions.
- During treatment, archwires, headgears, and brackets can cause significant damage if not used carefully. Close monitoring of patients is important.
- Risks of orthodontic treatment include enamel demineralization, enamel damage during debonding, root resorption, and worsening of periodontal health if oral hygiene is poor. It is important to inform patients of these risks and take preventative measures.
This document discusses the relationship between endodontic treatment and restorative dentistry. It emphasizes that long-term success of endodontically treated teeth depends on proper coronal restoration. The restoration should provide an adequate seal and utilize preservation of tooth structure through techniques like adhesive dentistry. Immediate coronal restoration following endodontic treatment is recommended to establish the coronal seal and improve long-term outcomes.
PIT and FISSURE SEALANTS USED IN DENTISTRYswarnimakhichi
This document provides information on pit and fissure sealants. It discusses the morphology of pits and fissures, how they are highly susceptible to dental caries. It then covers the milestones in the development of pit and fissure sealants, including the introduction of bonding resins. The document outlines the ideal requirements, indications, and contraindications for sealant application. Finally, it describes the technique for applying sealants, including cleaning, etching, applying the sealant material, and curing it with light. Maintaining the sealant over time through recall visits is also discussed.
Strip Crowns Technique for Restoration of Primary Anterior Teeth: Case ReportAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Dental caries is the single most common chronic childhood disease affecting worldwide. In early childhood caries, there is early pulp involvement and gross destruction of maxillary anterior teeth as well as posterior teeth. Treatment of such caries represents a challenge to pediatric dentists especially, when teeth are badly destroyed. By the time the dentist sees the child, most of the coronal structure is lost. This case report describes challenging task of a Case of early childhood caries patients with mutilated maxillary incisors restored with a strip form composite restorations.
In 1989, Shetty and Freymiller [7] reviewed indications for removal of teeth in the line of fracture. They recommended the following indications:
1. Significant periodontal disease with gross mobility and periapical pathology
2. Partially erupted third molars with pericoronitis or cystic areas
3. Teeth preventing the reduction of fractures
4. Teeth with fractured roots
5. Teeth with exposed root apices or teeth in which the entire root surface from the apex to the gingival margin is exposed
6. Excessive delay from the time of fracture to the time of definitive treatment
In addition to these indications, another indication that requires extraction of teeth in the line of fracture is an acute, recurring abscess at the site of the fracture despite antibiotic therapy(8)
Fissure sealant is a plastic material applied to the pits and fissures of teeth to prevent dental caries development. It acts as a physical barrier, blocking bacteria from entering the protected areas where plaque can accumulate. Several generations of sealants have been developed over time, improving adhesion and curing methods. Ideal sealants cure quickly, adhere well to enamel, and resist wear. Sealant placement involves isolating the tooth, cleaning, etching with acid, rinsing, applying the sealant, and evaluating. Regular recall visits are needed to check sealant retention and reapply if lost. Sealants are effective at reducing dental caries when used according to protocol in patients with deep fissure anatomy or high
interproximal reduction of enamel as part of orthodonticsMaher Fouda
1. Interproximal reduction (IPR) involves selective removal of enamel between teeth to create space for tooth movement. It is commonly used when there is moderate crowding or tooth size discrepancies.
2. IPR can be performed using mechanical methods like diamond-coated discs or strips, or chemically using phosphoric acid. It requires polishing afterwards to smooth surfaces and prevent problems like plaque retention.
3. IPR has advantages like avoiding extractions and reducing treatment time. However, it can alter enamel surface properties and increase caries risk if not followed by preventive measures like fluoride and good oral hygiene. The amount of enamel removed during IPR should not exceed recommended limits.
13th publication - Dr Rahul VC Tiwari - Department of oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Takkellapadu,Guntur, Andhra Pradesh - 522509. IJCR JOURNALS
Unidad 1 intro to restorative concepts revisitedDonto2
1. The document discusses the history and principles of operative planning and cavity preparation for direct dental restorations. It covers topics like defining cavities versus preparations, principles of cavity design put forth by Black and others, classification of cavities, and methods for detecting and removing decay while protecting the pulp.
2. Modern cavity preparations aim to be minimally invasive using techniques like adhesive dentistry, laser diagnosis, and pulp protection with sealants or glass ionomer cements. Cavities can be classified based on location, size, depth and other factors to guide the preparation.
3. Outline, resistance, retention, convenience and cleaning steps are discussed as the logical sequence for cavity preparations to efficiently and effectively access decay while
This document discusses pit and fissure sealants, which are materials applied to tooth surfaces to prevent caries formation. There are three main types of sealants: resin-based sealants, glass ionomer cement-based sealants, and polyacid-modified resin sealants. Resin-based sealants are further classified by generation, translucency, and presence of filler. Glass ionomer cement-based sealants include conventional glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer. Sealants are indicated for patients with deep pits/fissures or high caries risk. The application technique involves isolation, cleaning, etching, applying the sealant, curing, and finishing.
Liners, bases, and cements in clinical dentistry a review and updateLuis Carpio Moreno
This document provides a review and update on liners, bases, and cements used in clinical dentistry. It begins by discussing some terminology confusion regarding these materials. It then reviews the clinical applications and uses of liners, bases, and cements to reduce microleakage and subsequent sensitivity. The document categorizes and describes the characteristics and uses of various material types including varnishes, calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide, glass ionomers, and resins that can be used as liners, bases or cements.
DENTAL AVULSION- IMMEDIATE REPLANTATION: 8- YEAR FOLLOW UP CASEAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Avulsion of permanent front teeth is a rare accident , mostly affecting children between seven and nine year s of age.
Replanted and splinted, these teeth often develop inflammat ion, severe resorption or ankylosis affect ing alveolar bone
development and have to be extracted sooner or later . This repor t proposes a discussion on the var ious pecul iar ities of a
tooth avulsion case with immediate replantation, such as a long retent ion per iod, root canal fil ling with MTA, or thodontic
treatment.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials used to protect deep grooves and depressions on teeth from cavities. They are applied to the chewing surfaces of back teeth where plaque and food easily get trapped. Sealants work by creating a physical barrier over the pits and fissures that prevents bacteria from entering and causing decay. Proper application requires cleaning, etching, and drying the tooth surface before precisely applying the sealant material. Sealants should be checked regularly and reapplied when worn down to continue protecting teeth from cavities in the pits and fissures.
This document discusses different approaches to managing dental caries in deciduous (baby) teeth. It presents the arguments for and against restoring decayed deciduous teeth versus using non-operative treatments like improved plaque control and fluoride. The document considers techniques like opening cavities for cleaning, sealing with crowns or restorations, partial or complete caries removal, and not restoring at all. It discusses factors like the temporary nature of deciduous teeth, risk of pain, and impact on the developing permanent teeth. The goal is to control caries in a way that is least invasive and allows teeth to exfoliate without symptoms, while preventing further decay.
This document discusses minimum thickness porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs). It provides a history of PLVs, beginning with the early "Hollywood Veneers" made of acrylic in the 1920s. In the 1980s, PLVs made of porcelain bonded to etched enamel became popular due to their esthetic and noninvasive nature. The document explores advances in materials, including pressed ceramics introduced in the 1990s. It recommends a minimal 0.5mm preparation and 0.5mm thick porcelain to be the most conservative and esthetic approach. Key factors in case selection and success of PLVs are also discussed.
Similar to History and Selection of Pit and Fissure Sealents – A Review. (20)
On the Use of the Causal Analysis in Small Type Fit Indices of Adult Mathemat...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Model evaluation is one of the most important aspects of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Many model fit indices have been developed. It is not an exaggeration to say that nearly every publication using the SEM methodology has reported at least one fit index. Fit is the ability of a model to reproduce the data in the variance-covariance matrix form. A good fitting model is one that is reasonably consistent with the data and doesn’t require respecification and also its measurement model is required before estimating paths in a covariance structure model. A baseline model of four constructs together with a combination of none, one, two, three or four additional constructs was constructed with latent variables: educational performance, socioeconomic label, self concept and parental authority using dichotomous digits 0 or 1 for each additional construct. 16 progressively nested models were considered starting with baseline model using the mathematics adult learners data from the modeling sample and employing some small fit indexes which are commonly used (AIC, CAIC, RMR, SRMR, RMSEA, 2 / DF among others) [1] to test the fitness of the model. The measures of model fit based on results from analysis of the covariance structure model are presented.
The Sov’reign Shrine of Veiled Melancholy- The Shadow of Consumption on La Be...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper about John Keats' poem "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" and how it reflects his struggle with tuberculosis. It provides historical context about tuberculosis in the early 19th century, when it was a major epidemic in Europe and seen as linked to creativity. It describes how Keats' life was affected by tuberculosis, with his mother and brother dying from it. Keats himself showed early symptoms of the disease in 1820. The paper analyzes how La Belle Dame Sans Merci can be seen as a representation of tuberculosis and Keats' preoccupation with mortality. It explores how themes of death and the briefness of life were central to Romantic poetry and sensibilities.
Recruitment Practices And Staff Performance In Public Universities: A Case St...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Recruitment, as a human resource management function, is one of the activities that impact most critically on the performance of any organization irrespective of its size and location. Public Universities, known to train professionals that exhibit transformative leadership and successfully run blue-chip companies have equally suffered from rampart industrial unrest and human resource malpractices across Kenya. Could it be a unique trend of organizational deviance that could be reflecting absence of a well executed staff recruitment practice? While it is understood and accepted that poor recruitment decisions continue to affect organizational performance and limit goal achievement, knowledge about this aspect in Public Universities remains scanty. The aim of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how recruitment practices affect performance of administrative staff in Public Universities using Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya as a case reference. A cross-sectional survey design was employed while sampling strategy was a blend of multiphase, stratified and purposive sampling. A sample size of 124 out of 1150 comprised mainly of administrative staff was used and that a questionnaire was the principal tool of data collection. Results were analyzed using frequency tables, mean, standard deviation and simple linear regression. The study found that a recruitment policy existed at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and that both external and internal recruitment practices were used to recruit employees at the University. However, it was noted that most of the university employees are recruited through media advert, internal advertisement, through transfers and promotions. The results of the regression indicated that recruitment practices are a significant predictor of employee performance, which was explained by 32% of variance and a moderate relationship captured by beta weight value of 0.57. On effectiveness of the recruitment policy, only 30% rated it as effective while 62% were indifferent and 8% rated it ineffective. The study concluded that although a significant relationship between recruitment practices and employee performance existed, it’s effectiveness and therefore positive impact on employee performance depended on employees’ positive perception and rating. It’s recommended that the Universities should avoid biasness in the recruitment process as this will negatively impact on employee performance.
Pesse Na Siri’ Budgetary System: A Historiography Study of Luwu Kingdom in Is...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to explore the budgetary system of pesse na siri’ at Luwu kingdom in the Islamic period of 1593 to 1945. Through the historiography method, it showed the base existence of the spiritual sense sensitivity, i.e., pesse (empathy) and siri’ (shame) and Islamic law in budgetary system. In the resources management, it was carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation, reporting, and evaluation. Operationally, the pesse na siri’ budgetary system on the mobilization mechanism of resources or budget (balanca) through the top down system (i.e., known as balanca pole riwawo) and bottom up system (i.e., known as balanca pole riawa). The top down system was a mobilization resource form from agricultural products of the king’s land (i.e., known in Buginese language as Tanana datue) and the palace logistic. Meanwhile, the bottom up came from the resource offer–i.e., known as makkasiwiyang–mechanism, consisting of makkasiwiyang lili’ (the lower government level), makkasiwiyang ale (personal/individual), and makkasiwiyang reso (labor). One of the Islamic impacts in this system was to direct the budgetary system based on the Shari’a or Islamic law.
Fabrication of Complete Dentures for A Patient with Resorbed Mandibular Anter...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The loose and unstable lower complete denture is one of the most common problems faced by denture patients with highly resorbed ridge. The management of such highly resorbed ridges has always posed a difficulty to the prosthodontist.Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has longbeen a challenge for dental profession. The simplest approach often is to extend the denture base adequately for proper use of all available tisues.To achieve this goal impression of the resorbed mandibular ridge is very important. The objective is to develop a physiologic impression with maximum support of both hard and soft tissues.In such cases, an innovative technique of impressionmaking by using a close fitting tray and anelastomeric impression material tomake a proper impression to achieve maximum retentionand stability.This article describes an impression technique used for highly resorbed mandibular ridge using an all green impression technique, to gain maximum retention andstability
Steganographic Technique Using Instant Messaging Conversation DynamicsQUESTJOURNAL
This document discusses a steganographic technique for hiding secret messages in instant messaging conversations. It proposes encoding messages in the time stamps of messages and the order they are sent. The technique was tested using a custom instant messaging web service. Tests showed it was possible to encode short messages in real conversations with minimal impact on conversation flow, but transmission speed was relatively slow, with a few hundred characters sent per hour. The technique allows for one-way or two-way hidden communications within a conversation.
Simple Obfuscation Tool for Software ProtectionQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the issue of source code obfuscation and also the creation of a tool for automatic obfuscation of source code written in C language. The result is a tool that performs both data flow and control flow obfuscation and allows the user to configure the applied transformation algorithm. For easier and better usability the tool provides a graphical user interface, which brings possibility to control and configure transformation process.
Block Hybrid Method for the Solution of General Second Order Ordinary Differe...QUESTJOURNAL
The document is a research paper that proposes a block hybrid method for solving general second order ordinary differential equations. It derives a 3rd order uniform block hybrid method based on Hermite polynomial basis functions. The method is obtained by interpolating and collocating a continuous formulation at certain points to form a system of equations. The method is then applied in block form as a simultaneous integrator. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new method.
Modeling – Based Instructional Strategy for Enhancing Problem Solving Ability...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The modeling-based instructional framework accommodates the physics modeling mechanism in which the learner apply the fundamental principles in physics and develop an idealized physics model of the real world situation by means of assumptions and approximations. The present study was intended to find out the effectiveness of Modeling-based instructional strategy for enhancing physics problem solving ability of students at secondary school level. The investigator adopted a quasi-experimental method with two group pretest post-test design for the study. The sample selected for the study consisted of 242 IX standard students from three different schools of Palakkad district. The tools used for collecting the data were the Problem Solving Ability Test in Physics, lesson designs based on Modeling-based instructional strategy and activity oriented method. The findings of the study concluded that the Modeling-based instructional strategy enhanced the problem solving ability of students of secondary school level. And also the strategy scaffolded the formation of mental models of problem representations with in the cognitive structure of the learner.
Exploring the Effectiveness of the Arabic LanguageTeaching Methods in Indones...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research work is to identify the effectiveness of the Arabic language teaching methods in Indonesia(National University of Malang for Sample)in terms of making use of Arabic as a medium of communication among the students in the light of the modern approaches in teaching and learning of Arabic language. This research is methodologically characterized as a descriptive, analytical, evaluative and field research work. In order to arrive at the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been designed and carried out on a specimen from the teachers of the concerned university. Eventually, the study has arrived into a finding that the method used in the university is the Eclectic Method (i.e. Selective Method), except that translation is utilized extensively with it, and it might influentially cause the depreciation of the communication skill of the students, and the major intermediary language for the Arabic language teaching is the Indonesian language. However, its uncontrolled over-usage in the Arabic language teaching procedure may negatively cause the weakness of the students in the listening and speaking skills, since they could not get enough opportunity to practice them during language learning, in addition to the fact that the teachers might be employed as Arabic language teachers on the basis of their high conversance with the grammatical rules of Arabic language and not on their skills in the Arabic language communication medium.
The Teller & The Tales: A Study of The Novels of Amitav GhoshQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The paper re-visit the plot and setting of the novels of Amitav Ghosh. The paper has two parts – (i)The Teller & (ii) The Tales. In the first section the text tries to give a brief sketch of the life of Amitav Ghosh to chornicle the life of the visionary commentator of life and the social anthroplogist , the most prominent among the Indian writers of English. In the second part the theme and storyline of the novels were revisted along with characters and narrative technique. The first section has been introduced to give an overview of the prolificness of the author and the second part is the testimony of his logocentricism. The paper aims to present the plot and theme of all Ghosh’s novels
ABSTRACT: The purpose of Larkin as literary artist was to convey his ultimate message that man has to transcend the gross environment for the attainment for final goal. His poem opens with important question which prompt us to scrutinize ourselves. According to Philip Larkin “when you come to talk about once duty as writer then ones can say that his duty is to write for harmony”. In this paper there an urge in Larkin’s poem to attain transcendental knowledge by which everything is known. The meaningful change in environment through literature result from the development of qualities and attitude that foster constructive pattern of human interaction through literature. In an age of highly industrialized and mechanized structure of our society where we have 'given our hearts away a sordid boon' and where all spiritual values have been thrown overboard, the relevance of selecting this topic "Spiritual Quest in Philip Larkin" becomes important. In Larkin's poetry there is invariably, an element of spiritual crises, a note of subsequent struggle to step out of it. This inner conflict to proceed forward in the path of Divine realization lends magnificence to his poetic and spiritual personality.
The Influence of Religiosity on Marital Satisfaction and Stability AmongChris...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Various studies indicate that religious couples are more likely to enjoy stable and happy marriages. They are also less likely to experience conflict and violence, or to divorce perhaps because religion offers couples theologically grounded guidelines on how to handle marital conflicts when they arise. The present qualitative study was conducted using face to face interviews with nine participants in Kenya who had been identified as practicing Christians. The aim of the study was to explore how religiosity impacted the participant’s marital satisfaction. Results indicated that specific attributes related to religiosity like individual and partner prayer, reading the Bible, church attendance, impacted participants and their spouses lives positively and in turn their experiences in marriage. Engaging in religious practices was reported by the participants as eliciting qualities like perseverance, forgiveness and humility which in turn assisted them in keeping their marriages stable and thus resulting in marital satisfaction
The SA0 Group Reservoir ’S Compositive Evaluation In The Central Developing P...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Using the data from logging in a net of high density, the sand core from a airtight well, and the testing data for oil and gas , and then according to the experiment of exploitation, we studied the deposit visage in macroscopical way, the physical characteristics of the reservoir, and the partition of the oil and gas’s border. It is clear that the zero group of Sa’s oil floor is mainly deposit in the foreside of a delta under the background of lake incursion, and the ventro-delta express a character that there were some sandstones which was transited for two times. Make a certain that the oil and gas’s border of zero group in Sa is maybe 600m underground, and demarcated the maximal square is 26.8km2 about this reservoir, and tell us that it lies in the top of the anticline. Of course, this production can be used in the designing of the zero group of Sa’s exploitation
Down the Purgatory of Memories:The Pain of Remembering in M alayalam Naxal Ci...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Keralam, the southern most state in India is known for its cinema and politics. It is in Kerala that Communist Party came to power through Parliamentary election process for the first time in history. The political consciousness nurtured by the Communist movement found its reflections in Malayalam (language being spoken by the people of Keralam) Cinema as well. As a result films produced during the formative years of Malayalam Cinema were characterized by their political content. Having said this it should also be added that since those films are produced within the dominant production system with a view to garner profit they fail to politically stimulate the audience. But the situation had been changed after the Naxalite (radical left movement ideologically inclined to Maoism) uprising in 1969 during which both the feudal/bourgeois value orientations and the alleged degeneration of the Communist Party were challenged by the educated radical youths who fought for an immediate revolution. The state promptly intervened and contained Naxalite uprising with an iron fist. The repressive machinery of the state intervened whenever instances of resistance occurred. The Emergency declared in 1975 exposed the inhuman face of government that unleashed series of tortures against its citizens. The post -1980 political films, otherwise called as Naxalite films, try to recapture the tormenting experience of being political during the time of such mass oppression. Those movies resort to memory to expose the stark experience of the past.Remembering is a way of representing the past with all its nuances as it situates the remembering subject at close proximity with the past. At the same time Naxalite movies explored the possibility of forgetting also to unveil the subtle complexities of individual's relationship with the past. Here I consider two Malayalam films-AmmaAriyan(1986) directed by John Abraham and Margam (2003) directed by Rajeev Vijayaraghavan- to investigate how memory and oblivion are meticulously used by the filmic narratives to politicize a society already under the grip of political amnesia.
Professional Competences: An Integrative Approach for Defining The Training C...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper offers an integrative proposal for Business Administrationcurricular programs. For that purpose, we have carried out a survey with teachers from upper Business Administration courses so as to select a group of key competences for the contemporary Administrator, which has allowed us to elaborate an integrative proposal of curricular program for the Business Administration scholars in Brazil. As a qualitative research, it consists of a multiple case study with empirical approach and a triangular analysis based on Moraes (2014).Its main objective has been to analyze the curricular programs from five higher education institutions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and two other foreign institutions in South America. At first, we have asked ourselves the following question: How to adapt the Business Administration curricular program to the contemporary needs as far as the vocational training competences of Administrators are concerned?In order to answer it, we have analyzed the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) and the Political-Educational Projects of Business Administration Courses (PPC/CSA). After that, we have compared the Curricular Components (CC) of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) under analysis. After performing the triangular textual analysis of the DCN, PPC/CSA and CC of all HEIs under study, we have carried out a survey with 35 teachers from Business Administration upper courses through a computerized online questionnaire.We have sent a Survey Monkey link for a total of 40 teachers, however, only 35 answered it (87.5%); we have considered 100% valid answers. Previously, based on the doctrine of competences and curriculum according to the most renowned authors – suchas Vygostsky, Freire, Sacristán, Piaget, Saviani, Bloom, Libâneo (curriculum); Fleury & Fleury, Zarifian, Perrenoud, Lisboa (competences), among others – wehave concluded that implementing the integrative proposal will providemore well-prepared graduates from the Business Administration course right to the competitive and globalized labor market.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that explores how African American students attending predominantly white institutions (PWIs) develop their racial identity and achieve academic success despite facing marginalization. The paper examines how total marginality, defined as the cumulative dissonance Black students face on campus, impacts identity development and success. It reviews literature on racial identity and oppositional culture theories. The study was conducted through interviews at a Midwestern state university to understand how successful Black students resisted total marginality and developed their racial identity. The findings provide insight into how peer groups, environment, and embracing their racial identity can help Black students graduate from PWIs.
“To the Truthful Death, From the Shining Life” By Joe VargheseQUESTJOURNAL
1. The document contains 5 poems by Joe Varghese exploring themes of death, mortality, and the realization that death proves one's life was real.
2. The poems cover topics like capturing moments through photography, writing love letters to one's dead body, being inspired by a heavenly muse, being shaped by life experiences like failures and betrayals, and viewing one's grave as the greatest monument ever built.
3. Overall, the poems reflect on death as enlightening humans to the reality of their existence and that death is what proves a person was truly alive.
Alternative dispute resolution and civil litigation barriers to access to jus...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Civil law is the predominate system of law in the world. Civil law as a legal system is often compared with common law. The main difference that is usually drawn between the two system is that common law drawn abstract rules from specific cases, whereas civil law with abstract rules which judges must then apply to the various cases before them. Civil law has its roots in Roman law, Common law and the Enlightenment, alongside influence from other religious laws such as Islamic Law. The legal system in many civil law countries are based around one or several codes of law which set out the main principles that guide the law. On the other hand, Criminal Law as offences and prescribes punishment for them. It not only precludes or prevents crimes but also punish the offender. It is necessary for the maintenance of law, order and peace within state. In criminal cases, it is the state which initiates proceeding against the offender. Laws relating to the Civil Proceeding as the Code of Civil Procedure 1908; the Civil Courts Act 1887; the Suit Valuation Act 1887; the Limitation Act 1908; the Registration Act 1908; & the Specific Relief Act 1877.
Challenges to Traditional Gender Norms in Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication...QUESTJOURNAL
Mary Wollstonecraft challenged traditional gender norms of the late 18th century in her work A Vindication of the Rights of Women. She argued that women deserved equal rights to education and independence as men, as they possessed the same rational capacities. Wollstonecraft criticized views that saw women's purpose as pleasing men and focused solely on domestic duties. She believed women should have the opportunity to develop their minds through education instead of being limited by their gender. Wollstonecraft's radical arguments for women's rights and education still resonate today in discussions of gender equality.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
2. History and Selection of Pit and Fissure Sealents – A Review.
*Corresponding Author: Rahul VC Tiwari7
6 | Page
II. CRITERIA FOR SELECTING TEETH FOR SEALANT PLACEMENT
Following are the criteria for selecting teeth for sealing. Because no harm can occur from sealing, when
in doubt, seal and monitor.A deep occlusal fissure, fossa, or incisal lingual pit is present.A sealant is
contraindicated if: Patient behavior does not permit use of adequate dry-field techniques throughout the
procedure. An open carious lesion exists. Caries exist on other surfaces of the same tooth in which restoring will
disrupt an intact sealant. A large occlusal restoration is already present. A sealant is probably indicated if: The
fossa selected for sealant placement is well isolated from another fossa with a restoration. The area selected is
confined to a fully erupted fossa, even though the distal fossa is impossible to seal due to inadequate eruption.
An intact occlusal surface is present where the contralateral tooth surface is carious or restored; this is because
teeth on opposite sides of the mouth are usually equally prone to caries. An incipient lesion exists in the pit-and-
fissure. Sealant material can be flowed over a conservative class I composite or amalgam to improve the
marginal integrity, and into the remaining pits and fissures to achieve a de facto extension for prevention.13
III. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN TOOTH SELECTION
All teeth meeting the previous criteria should be sealed and resealed as needed. Where the cost-benefit
is critical and priorities must be established, such as occurs in many public health programs, ages 3 and 4 years
are the most important times for sealing the eligible deciduous teeth; ages 6 to 7 years for the first permanent
molars;14
and ages 11 to 13 years for the second permanent molars and premolars.15
Currently, 77% of the
children 12-to-17-years-old in the United States have dental caries in their permanent teeth.1
Many school days
would be saved, and better dental health would be achieved in School Dental Health Clinic programs by
combining sealant placement and regular fluoride exposure.16
The disease susceptibility of the tooth should be
considered when selecting teeth for sealants, not the age of the individual. Sealants appear to be equally retained
on occlusal surfaces in primary, as well as permanent teeth.3
Sealants should be placed on the teeth of adults if
there is evidence of existing or impending caries susceptibility, as would occur following excessive intake of
sugar or as a result of a drug- or radiation-induced xerostomia. They should also be used in areas where fluoride
levels in community water is optimized, as well as in non-fluoridated areas.17
The following are two good
illustrations of this philosophy. After a 3-year study, Ripa and colleagues18
concluded that the time the teeth had
been in the mouth (some for 7 to 10 years) had no effect on the vulnerability of occlusal surfaces to caries
attack. Also, the incidence of occlusal caries in young Navy19
and Air Force20
recruits (who are usually in their
late teens or early 20s) is relatively high.
IV. BACKGROUND OF SEALANTS
Buonocore first described the fundamental principles of placing sealants in the late 1960s.10,21
He
describes a method to bond poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) to human enamel conditioned with phosphoric
acid. Practical use of this concept however, was not realized until the development of bisphenol A-glycidyl
methacrylate (Bis-GMA), urethane dimethacrylates (UDMA) and trithylene glycol dimethacrylates (TEGDMA)
resins that possess better physical properties than PMMA. The first successful use of resin sealants was reported
by Buonocore in the 1960s.22
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methylacrylate Sealants. Bisphenol A-glycidyl
methylacrylate (Bis-GMA) is now the sealant of choice. It is a mixture of Bis-GMA and methyl methacrylate.23
Products currently accepted by the American Dental Association (ADA) include:24
. Baritone L3, Type II Confi-
Dental Products Co. Alpha-Dent Chemical Cure Pit and Fissure Sealant Dental Technologies, Inc. Alpha-Dent
Light Cure Pit and Fissure Sealant Dental Technologies, Inc. Prisma-Shield Compules Tips VLC Tinted Pit &
Fissure Sealant Dentsply L.D. Caulk Division. Prisma-Shield VLC Filled Pit & Fissure Sealant Dentsply L.D.
Caulk Division. Helioseal F, Type II Ivoclar-Vivadent, Inc. Helioseal, Type II Ivoclar-Vivadent, Inc. Seal-Rite
Low Viscosity, Type II Pulpdent Corp. Seal-Rite, Type II Pulpdent Corp.
The ADA National Standard sets aside specific criteria of pit-and-fissure sealants stating; Specification
No. 39 established the following requirements: That the working time for type I sealants is not less than 45
seconds; That the setting time is within 30 seconds of the manufacturer's instruction and does not exceed three
minutes; That the curing time for type II sealants is not more the 60 seconds; That the depth of cure for type II
sealant is not less than 0.75 millimeter; That the uncured film thickness is not more than 0.1 millimeter; That
sealants meet the bicompatibility requirements of American Nation a Standard/American Dental Association
Document No. 41 for Recommended Standard Practices for Biological Evaluation of Dental Materials.25
Sealant
products accepted by the American Dental Association carried the statement: "[Product name] has been shown
to be acceptable as an agent for sealing off an anatomically deficient region of the tooth to supplement the
regular professional care in a program of preventive dentistry."26
Nuva-Seal was the first successful commercial
sealant to be placed on the market, in 1972. The first sealant clinical trials used cyanoacrylate-based materials.
Dimethacrylate-based products replaced these. The primary difference between sealants is their method of
polymerization. First-generation sealants were initiated by ultraviolet light, second-generation sealants are
3. History and Selection of Pit and Fissure Sealents – A Review.
*Corresponding Author: Rahul VC Tiwari7
7 | Page
autopolymerized, and third-generation sealants use visible light. Some sealants contain fillers, which makes it
desirable to classify the commercial products into filled and unfilled sealants. The filled sealants contain
microscopic glass beads, quartz particles, and other fillers used in composite resins. The fillers are coated with
products such as silane, to facilitate their combination with the Bis-GMA resin. The fillers make the sealant
more resistant to abrasion and wear. Because they are more resistant to abrasion the occlusion should be
checked and the sealant height may need to be adjusted after placement. In contrast, unfilled sealants wear
quicker but usually do not need occlusal adjustment.
V. POLYMERIZATION OF THE SEALANTS
The liquid resin is called the monomer. When the catalyst acts on the monomer, repeating chemical
bonds begin to form, increasing in number and complexity as the hardening process (polymerization) proceeds.
Finally, the resultant hard product is known as a polymer. Two methods have been employed to catalyze
polymerization: (1) light curing by use of a visible blue light (synonyms: photocure, photoactivation, light
activation) and (2) self-curing, in which a monomer and a catalyst are mixed together (synonyms: cold cure,
autopolymerization, and chemical activation). The two original Caulk products, Nuva-Seal and Nuva-Cote, were
the only sealants in the United States requiring ultraviolet light for activation. Both have been replaced by other
light-cured sealants that require visible blue light. In the manufacture of these latter products, a catalyst, such as
camphoroquinone, which is sensitive to visible blue-light frequencies, is placed in the monomer at the time of
manufacture. Later, when the monomer is exposed to the visible blue light, polymerization is initiated. With the
autopolymerizing sealants, the catalyst is incorporated with the monomer; in addition, another bottle contains an
initiatorusually benzoyl peroxide. When the monomer and the initiator are mixed, polymerization begins.
VI. OCCLUSAL AND INTERPROXIMAL DISCREPANCIES
At times an excess of sealant may be inadvertently flowed into a fossa or into the adjoining
interproximal spaces. To remedy the first problem, the occlusion should be checked visually or, if indicated,
with articulating paper. Usually any minor discrepancies in occlusion are rapidly removed by normal chewing
action. If the premature contact of the occlusal contact is unacceptable, a large, no. 8. round cutting bur may be
used to rapidly create a broad resin fossa. The integrity of the interproximal spaces can be checked with the use
of dental floss. If any sealant is present, the use of scalers may be required to accomplish removal. These
corrective actions are rarely needed once proficiency of placement is attained.
VII. EVALUATING RETENTION OF SEALANTS
The finished sealant should be checked for retention without using undue force. In the event that the
sealant does not adhere, the placement procedures should be repeated, with only about 15 seconds of etching
needed to remove the residual saliva before again flushing, drying, and applying the sealant. If two attempts are
unsuccessful, the sealant application should be postponed until remineralization occurs. Resin sealants are
retained better on recently erupted teeth than in teeth with a more mature surface; they are retained better on first
molars than on second molars. They are better retained on mandibular than on maxillary teeth. This latter
finding is possibly caused by the lower teeth being more accessible, direct sight is also possible; also, gravity
aids the flow of the sealant into the fissures.27
Teeth that have been sealed and then have lost the sealant have
had fewer lesions than control teeth. This is possibly due to the presence of tags that are retained in the enamel
after the bulk of the sealant has been sheared from the tooth surface. When the resin sealant flows over the
prepared surface, it penetrates the finger-like depressions created by the etching solution. These projections of
resin into the etched areas are called tags. The tags are essential for retention. Scanning electron microscopic
studies of sealants that have not been retained have demonstrated large areas devoid of tags or incomplete tags,
usually caused by saliva contamination. If a sealant is forcefully separated from the tooth by masticatory
pressures, many of these tags are retained in the etched depressions. The number of retained sealants decreases
at a curvolinear rate.27
Over the first 3 months, the rapid loss of sealants is probably caused by faulty technique
in placement. The fallout rate then begins to plateau, with the ensuing sealant losses probably being due to
abnormal masticatory stresses. After a year or so, the sealants become very difficult to see or to discern tactilely,
especially if they are abraded to the point that they fill only the fissures.
In research studies this lack of visibility often leads to underestimating the effectiveness of the sealants
that remain but cannot be identified. Because the most rapid falloff of sealants occurs in the early stages, an
initial 3-month recall following placement should be routine for determining if sealants have been lost. If so, the
teeth should be resealed. Teeth successfully sealed for 6 to 7 years are likely to remain sealed.28
In a review of
the literature, longest-term study reported that at the follow-up examination of the first molars, 20-years after
sealant had been applied, 65% showed complete retention and 27% partial retention without caries. At a 15-year
follow-up of the same sealants the second molars demonstrated the corresponding figures 65% and 30%,
respectively. This study showed that pit-and-fissure sealants applied during childhood have a long-lasting, caries
4. History and Selection of Pit and Fissure Sealents – A Review.
*Corresponding Author: Rahul VC Tiwari7
8 | Page
preventive effect. Mertz-Fairhurst28
cited studies in which 90 to 100% of the original sealants were retained over
a 1-year period. One 10-year study using 3M Concise Sealant had a 57% complete retention and a 21% partial
retention of sealant, all with no caries. Another study, using Delton, registered 68% retention after 6 years.108.
These are studies in which the sealant was placed and then observed at periodic intervals; there was no resealing
when a sealant was lost. Where resealing is accomplished as needed at recall appointments, a higher and more
continuous level of protection is achieved. More recent studies report 82% of the sealants placed are retained for
5 years.29
VIII. THE HIGH-INTENSITY LIGHT SOURCE
The light-emitting device consists of a high-intensity white light, a blue filter to produce the desired
blue color, usually between 400 to 500 nm, and a light-conducting rod. Some other systems consist of a blue
light produced by light-emitting diodes (LED). Most have timers for automatically switching off the lights after
a predetermined time interval. In use, the end of the rod is held only a few millimeters above the sealant during
the first 10 seconds, after which it can be rested on the hardened surface of the partially polymerized sealant.
The time required for polymerization is set by the manufacturer and is usually around 20 to 30 seconds. The
depth of cure is influenced by the intensity of light, which can differ greatly with different products and length
of exposure. Often it is desirable to set the automatic light timer for longer than the manufacturer's
instructions.30
Even after cessation of light exposure, a final, slow polymerization can continue over a 24-hour
period.31
It is not known whether long-term exposure to the intense light can damage the eye. Staring at the
lighted operating field is uncomfortable and does produce afterimages. This problem is circumvented by the use
of a round, 4-inch dark-yellow disk, which fits over the light housing. The disk filters out the intense blue light
in the 400- to 500-nanometers range as well as being sufficiently dark to subdue other light frequencies.
IX. INCREASING THE SURFACE AREA
Sealants do not bond directly to the teeth. Instead, they are retained mainly by adhesive forces.32
To
increase the surface area, which in turn increases the adhesive potential, tooth conditioners (also called
etchants), which are composed of a 30 to 50% concentration of phosphoric acid, are placed on the occlusal
surface prior to the placement of the sealant.33
The etchant may be either in liquid or gel form. The former is
easier to apply and easier to remove. Both are equal in abetting retention.34,35
If any etched areas on the tooth
surface are not covered by the sealant or if the sealant is not retained, the normal appearance of the enamel
returns to the tooth within 1 hour to a few weeks due to a remineralization from constituents in the saliva.36
The
etchant should be carefully applied to avoid contact with the soft tissues. If not confined to the occlusal surface,
the acid may produce a mild inflammatory response. It also produces a sharp acid taste that is often
objectionable.
X. PIT-AND-FISSURE DEPTH
Deep, irregular pits and fissures offer a much more favorable surface contour for sealant retention
compared with broad, shallow fossae. The deeper fissures protect the resin sealant from the shear forces
occurring as a result of masticatory movements. Of parallel importance is the possibility of caries development
increasing as the fissure depth and slope of the inclined planes increases.37,38
Thus, as the potential for caries
increases, so does the potential for sealant retention.
XI. SURFACE CLEANLINESS
The need and method for cleaning the tooth surface prior to sealant placement are controversial.
Usually the acid etching alone is sufficient for surface cleaning. This is attested to by the fact that two of the
most cited and most effective sealant longevity studies by Simonsen39
and Mertz-Fairhurst40
were accomplished
without use of a prior prophylaxis. Recently, however, it was shown that cleaning teeth with the newer
prophylaxis pastes with or without fluoride (NuPro, Topex) did not affect the bond strength of sealants,41
composites,42
or orthodontic brackets. Other methods used to clean the tooth surface prior to placing the sealant
included, air-polishing, hydrogen peroxide, and enameloplasty.42-44
The use of an air-polisher has proven to
thoroughly clean and removes residual debris from pits and fissures.44-47
Hydrogen peroxide has the
disadvantage that it produces a precipitate on the enamel surface.47
Enameloplasty, achieved by bur or air
abrasion has proven effective. Yet, no significant differences were observed in comparison with either etching
or bur preparation of the fissures on the penetration to the base of the sealant. However, the use of
enameloplasty, even if equal or slightly superior would have very serious ramifications. The laws of most states
require a dentist to use air abrasion and/or to cut a tooth, a requirement that would severely curtail hygienists
and assistants participation in office and school preventive dentistry programs.69
Whatever the cleaning
preferences either by acid etching or other methods all heavy stains, deposits, debris, and plaque should be
removed from the occlusal surface before applying the sealant.
5. History and Selection of Pit and Fissure Sealents – A Review.
*Corresponding Author: Rahul VC Tiwari7
9 | Page
XII. DRYNESS
The teeth must be dry at the time of sealant placement because sealants are hydrophobic. The presence of
saliva on the tooth is even more detrimental than water because its organic components interpose a barrier
between the tooth and the sealant. Whenever the teeth are dried with an air syringe, the air stream should be
checked to ensure that it is not moisture-laden. Otherwise, sufficient moisture sprayed on the tooth will prevent
adhesion of the sealant to the enamel. A check for moisture can be accomplished by directing the air stream onto
a cool mouth mirror; any fogging indicates the presence of moisture. Possibly the omission of this simple step
accounts for the inter-operator variability in the retention of fissure sealants. A dry field can be maintained in
several ways, including use of a rubber dam, employment of cotton rolls, and the placement of bibulous pads
over the opening of the parotid duct. The rubber dam provides an ideal way to maintain dryness for an extended
time. Because a rubber dam is usually employed in accomplishing quadrant dentistry, sealant placement for the
quadrant should also be accomplished during the operation. Under most operating conditions, however, it is not
feasible to apply the dam to the different quadrants of the mouth; instead it is necessary to employ cotton rolls,
combined with the use of an effective high-volume, low-vacuum aspirator. Under such routine operating
conditions, cotton rolls, with and without the use of bibulous pads, can usually be employed as effectively as the
dam for the relatively short time needed for the procedure.
The two most successful sealant studies have used cotton rolls for isolation.39,40
In one study in which
retention was tested using a rubber dam versus cotton rolls, the sealant retention was approximately equal.49
Others have shown excellent sealant retention after 3 years50
and after 10 to 20 years.60,
In programs with high
patient volume where cotton rolls are used, it is best to have two individuals involved the operator, whose main
task is to prepare the tooth and to apply the sealant, and the assistant, whose task is to maintain dryness. An
operator working alone, however, can maintain a maximum dry field for the time needed to place the sealants,
although it is not recommended, particularly for young children or those that are difficult to manage. For the
maxilla, there should be little problem with the placement of cotton rolls in the buccal vestibule and, if desirable,
the placement of a bibulous pad over the parotid duct. For the mandible, a 5-inch segment of a 6-inch cotton roll
should be looped around the last molar and then held in place by the patient using the index and third fingers of
the opposite hand from the side being worked on. With aid from the patient and with appropriate aspiration
techniques, the cotton rolls can usually be kept dry throughout the entire procedure. Cotton roll holders may be
used, but they can be cumbersome when using the aspirator or when attempting to manipulate or remove a roll.
If a cotton roll does become slightly moist, many times another short cotton roll can be placed on top of the
moist segment and held in place for the duration of the procedure. In the event that it becomes necessary to
replace a wet cotton roll, it is essential that no saliva contacts the etched tooth surface; if there is any doubt, it is
necessary to repeat all procedures up to the time the dry field was compromised.51
This includes a 15-second
etch to remove any residual saliva, in lieu of the original 1-minute etch. Another promising dry-field isolating
device that can be used for single operator use, especially when used with cotton rolls, is by using ejector
moisture-control systems. In one study comparing the Vac-Ejector versus the cotton roll for maintaining
dryness, the two were found to be equally effective.52
XIII. MANPOWER
The cost of sealant placement increases directly with the level of professional education of the operator.
Dentists, hygienists, assistants, and other auxiliaries can be trained to place sealants.53-55
In view of the cost-
effectiveness, dental auxiliaries should be considered as the logical individuals to place sealants. This is
important if manpower is to be increased. Often auxiliaries who have received sealant instruction, either through
continuing-education courses or as part of a curriculum, are stymied either because of state laws interdicting
their placing sealants or by the nature and philosophy of the practice of the employing dentist.56
Only fourteen
states allow hygienists to practice under less restrictive or unsupervised practice models in which they can
initiate treatment based on assessment of patient, treat the patient, and maintain a provider-patient relationship
without the participation of the patients' dentist of record. For example, Maine and New Hampshire have a
separate supervision for settings outside of the dental office public-health supervision, which is less restrictive
than general supervision. New Mexico allows for a collaborative-practice agreement between dentists and
hygienists in outside settings. Yet, in states such as Georgia and Illinois, hygienists are required to practice
under direct supervision. This means the dentist must be present in the office while the care is being provided.57
In a Swedish study, 77 dental assistants working in 12 dental clinics sealed 3,218 first and second molars with a
5-year retention rate of between 74 and 94%.58
Because many dentists consider the placement of sealants to be a
relatively simple procedure, few are returning for continuing-education programs to learn the exacting and
precise process necessary to ensure maximum sealant retention. Even when the dental professionals desire to
participate in such continuing education, a survey found relatively few courses available.59
XIV. ECONOMICS
6. History and Selection of Pit and Fissure Sealents – A Review.
*Corresponding Author: Rahul VC Tiwari7
10 | Page
Bear in mind that not every tooth receiving a sealant would necessarily become carious; hence the cost
of preventing a single carious lesion is greater than the cost of a single sealant application. For instance, Leverett
and colleagues calculated that five sealants would need to be placed on sound teeth to prevent one lesion over a
5-year period,60
and Rock and Anderson estimated one tooth for every three sealant applications are prevented
from becoming carious.61
Sealants would be most cost-effective if they could be placed in only those pits and
fissures that are destined to become carious. Unfortunately, we do not have a caries predictor test of such
exactitude, but, the use of vision plus an economic, portable electronic device that objectively measures
conductance (or resistance) would greatly aid in evaluating occlusal risk.62
Without such a device, it is necessary
to rely on professional judgment, based on the severity of the caries activity indicators: number of "sticky"
fissures, level of plaque index, number of incipient and overt lesions, and microbiologic test indications. In an
office setting, it is estimated that it costs 1.6 times more to treat a tooth than to seal. The Task Force on
Community Preventive Services, an independent, non-federal group formed to evaluated oral-health
interventions, was charged with determining interventions that promote and improve oral health. The Task
Force examined six public-health programs cost of placing pit-and-fissure sealants revealing a mean cost of
$39.10 per person.63
However, even these numbers are misleading. For instance, what is the value of an intact
tooth to its owner? How much does it cost for a dentist and assistant to restore a tooth, compared to the cost of
sealing a tooth? Later in life, what is the cost of bridges and dentures that had their genesis when children were
at high risk with little access to dental care?
XV. CONCLUSION
The surfaces that are to receive the sealant must be completely isolated from the saliva during the entire
procedure, and etching, flushing, and drying procedures must be timed to ensure adequate preparation of the
surface for the sealant. Sealants are comparable to amalgam restorations for longevity and do not require the
cutting of tooth structure. Sealants do not cost as much to place as amalgams. Despite their advantages, the use
of sealants has not been embraced by all dentists, even though endorsed by the ADA and the U.S. Public Health
Service. Even when small overt pit-and-fissure lesions exist, they can be dealt with conservatively by use of
preventive dentistry restorations. What now appears to be required is that the dental schools teach sealants as an
effective intervention, that the dental professional use them, that the hygienists and the auxiliary personnel be
permitted to apply them, and the public demand them.
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