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The travel and tourism industry grew out of increased leisure time for the middle class in Britain following the industrial revolution. The development of rail networks facilitated tourism, but cuts to rail under Dr. Beeching in the 1960s closed over half the lines and stations. While initially portrayed as a mistake, this shifted focus to roads and air travel. Increased leisure time from holidays, technology, affluence, and pre-requisites like improved transport and communication have underpinned growth in the UK travel and tourism industry since World War 2.
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Issues1
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Ch 2 unit 1
The document discusses several key factors that affect the travel and tourism industry:
1) Technological advances like e-commerce and new transportation methods have impacted the industry.
2) Political issues like terrorism and safety concerns have seriously impacted the industry through business failures, lost growth, and damaged destinations.
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Cruise1
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British Telecom Searching for a WinningStrategyCase.docx
British Telecom: Searching for a Winning
Strategy
Case
Author: Tuomo Summanen & Michael Pollitt
Online Pub Date: March 31, 2016 | Original Pub. Date: 2018
Subject: Competitive Strategy, Corporate Strategy
Level: Intermediate | Type: Indirect case | Length: 7742 words
Copyright: University of Cambridge, Judge Business School. © 2015. All rights reserved.
Organization: British Telecom | Organization size: Large
Region: Northern Europe | State:
Industry: Telecommunications
Originally Published in:
Summanen, T., & Pollitt, M. (2015). British Telecom: Searching for a winning strategy.
Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Judge Business School.
Publisher: University of Cambridge, Judge Business School
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473974517 | Online ISBN: 9781473974517
javascript:void(0);
javascript:void(0);
javascript:%20void(0);
javascript:%20void(0);
javascript:%20void(0);
javascript:%20void(0);
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473974517
University of Cambridge, Judge Business School. © 2015. All rights reserved.
This case was prepared for inclusion in SAGE Business Cases primarily as a basis for
classroom discussion or self-study, and is not meant to illustrate either effective or ineffective
management styles. Nothing herein shall be deemed to be an endorsement of any kind. This
case is for scholarly, educational, or personal use only within your university, and cannot be
forwarded outside the university or used for other commercial purposes. 2018 SAGE
Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
This content may only be distributed for use within Franklin Pierce University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473974517
SAGE SAGE Business Cases
University of Cambridge, Judge Business School. © 2015. All rights reserved.
British Telecom: Searching for a Winning StrategyPage 2 of 24
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473974517
Abstract
United Kingdom was – alongside the United States – among the first countries to
deregulate the telecommunications market in the early 1980s. Competition in the UK
telecommunications started gradually about ten years earlier than in most other
European countries. This paper traces the development of the corporate strategies of
the incumbent, British Telecom, after the reform of the telecommunications market in
the UK from the beginning of the 1980s. We explore how British Telecom utilised its
early mover advantage when technological, institutional and competitive forces were
shaping the telecommunications service industry in the 1980s and 1990s towards a
competitive market. The paper illustrates the complexity and uncertainty that corporate
strategists face in a fast changing environment. The paper suggests lessons for the
telecommunications, media, and information technology service sectors, as well as the
regulatory and institutional environment.
Case
Introduction
The development of the telecommunications market in the United Kingdom and the corporate
strategy and development of the incumbent, Bri ...
Indian Revolution
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Ch1 unit 2
This document discusses the retail travel environment in the UK, including the types of travel retailers and recent trends in the industry. It notes that ABTA members, which include most major travel companies, employ over 120,000 people in the UK. The largest travel firms employ over 27,000 people. Recent trends include travel agencies consolidating into larger multiples or consortia to achieve economies of scale and compete with internet retailers. Integration, both vertical and horizontal, has become more common as firms combine to form bigger operations.
History
The travel and tourism industry grew out of increased leisure time for the middle class in Britain following the industrial revolution. After World War 2, three prerequisites drove growth: improved communications like railroads, mass transportation options, and more leisure time. However, the British railway network was cut by about 50% in the 1950s-60s, disconnecting communities but failing to significantly reduce costs as projected. While roads were emphasized instead, air travel infrastructure has since expanded to support 500 million flyers by 2030. Increased workers' rights and consumer technologies have further augmented leisure time and driven tourism industry growth.
Issues1
Consistent customer service is important for travel and tourism organizations to succeed. Providing a good customer experience some of the time is not enough - customers want to know what to expect each time. Inconsistent service can cause customers to choose competitors instead. It is much more expensive for a business to attract new customers than it is to keep existing satisfied ones. To achieve consistency, organizations must have the right systems in place and employ staff that are empowered and take pleasure in ensuring customers are happy.
Ch 1 unit 1
The document discusses several factors that affect the travel and tourism industry, including technological advances like e-commerce and new transportation options, political issues such as security concerns, changes in customer types and preferences for certain destinations, an increased variety of activities available for travelers, and a trend toward more flexible trip lengths to accommodate different lifestyles.
Marketing1
The document discusses marketing in the travel and tourism industry. It defines marketing and explains the importance of understanding customer demands through research. It describes how customers can be classified into segments based on factors like demographics. It then outlines the traditional 4 P's of marketing (Product, Price, Promotion, Place) and expands it to 6 P's for the travel industry, covering elements like product quality, pricing strategies, promotional methods, distribution channels, employees, and planning objectives.
Ch 2 unit 1
The document discusses several key factors that affect the travel and tourism industry:
1) Technological advances like e-commerce and new transportation methods have impacted the industry.
2) Political issues like terrorism and safety concerns have seriously impacted the industry through business failures, lost growth, and damaged destinations.
3) Security and health issues present challenges in protecting travelers and can discourage certain travel options through increased inconvenience.
Mix1
The marketing mix in travel and tourism consists of 5 key elements - product, price, place, promotion, and planning. The product is the service offered to customers and its unique characteristics. Price is used to meet objectives and can change based on market conditions. Promotion involves communicating the product to customers. Place refers to where and how the product is distributed. Planning establishes objectives and strategies through tools like mission statements.
Mix2
The document discusses the remaining two elements of the marketing mix for travel and tourism: place and promotion. Place refers to how organizations distribute their services and products to customers, including through channels of distribution, technology, and physical location. Promotion involves communicating the product/service offer to customers through methods like advertising, media, brochures, PR, and sales promotions with the goals of identifying target audiences and promoting the facility within budget.
Cruise1
The development of the cruise sector occurred in four phases:
1. Beginnings (1920s) - Cruise tourism was for the elite and air travel reduced cruising after WWII.
2. Consolidation (1950s-1970s) - Cruises became popular for affluent, older demographic and conjured luxury lifestyles and winter sun without mass tourism.
3. Re-birth (1980s-) - The sector grew steadily since 1980 at 8% annually, targeting new segments and differentiating offerings. Fly-cruise options and variable durations/prices increased choice.
4. Future - Analysts expect more mega-ships, product differentiation for families/youth, on
Potential1
This document discusses factors to consider when assessing the potential for tourism development in locations affected by war or ongoing conflict. Some key factors include the attractions and features that make a destination appealing to visitors; the availability of accommodations; and accessibility including location, topography, and climate. Developing tourism can help post-conflict rebuilding and economic growth by attracting tourists interested in visiting unusual places and contributing to recovery. Areas within countries may have different levels of tourism potential depending on these types of practical considerations and resources.
Products1
Travel and tourism organizations provide products and services to both industry customers and the general public. These organizations can be from the public sector, private sector, or a combination of both sectors. Services for industry customers include business travel arrangements, conference facilities, and marketing assistance. Services for consumers include tour operations, travel agents, tourist information centers, and events at cultural attractions.
Country side
The document discusses tourism in the countryside in the UK. It provides definitions of the countryside and outlines the government's view that rural landscapes are highly valued. Walking is identified as the most popular tourist activity in the countryside. The development of countryside tourism is then summarized, noting the expansion of tourism starting in the late 1700s and key milestones like the establishment of national parks and areas of outstanding natural beauty to preserve natural landscapes and provide recreation.
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Digital content briefing_tour_may2010
The document provides an overview of opportunities in the digital content sector in the UK, including key industries like games, media, publishing, and film/animation. It discusses the UK's strengths such as access to creative/technical talent, spending consumers, and infrastructure. Market trends are outlined for sectors like creative agencies, film, gaming, music, publishing, radio, and television that involve digital distribution, social media, and new devices. Case studies and investor opportunities are also mentioned.
Industrial Change In The Uk
De-industrialization is the decline in importance of manufacturing industries and reduction in their percentage of the total workforce. Traditional heavy industries like shipbuilding, steel, and textiles in the UK have suffered, with shipbuilding declining in areas like South Wales and northeast England for many years. The closure of the steel industry in Consett, County Durham in 1980 due to economic reasons resulted in 4,000 job losses and 30% male unemployment. New manufacturing industries have developed in electronics and computing in the UK, attracted by a qualified labor force, university research, good communications, government incentives, and a pleasant work environment. Cambridge Science Park is the largest science park in the UK, home to over 700 hi-tech companies employing over 20
Bill Murphy, Next Generation Access- Ready for partnership, Beyond 2010
BT is investing £2.5 billion to expand fibre broadband access in the UK. By 2015, fibre will be available to two-thirds of UK premises through the installation of over 30,000 cabinets and laying of over 50,000 km of fibre. BT supports partnerships with local authorities and the private sector to develop comprehensive broadband plans and stimulate customer demand. Examples provided demonstrate collaborative projects in Cornwall, Northern Ireland, and Iwade that aim to bring next-generation broadband access to entire regions and communities.
Growth Boosting Railway Upgrade
Recently the Parliamentary Information Office of the Parliamentary Yearbook has been reporting on the Government’s plans for railway upgrades including plans for High Speed 2. Improvements to our transport infrastructure will form part of a major feature in the next edition of the publication
Brexit
The document discusses the potential impacts of the UK's decision to leave the European Union, known as "Brexit", on trade relationships with the US and EU. It finds that Brexit will negatively impact US exporters in the short term due to currency fluctuations. It also examines UK trade relationships, finding that the UK accounts for a significant portion of EU exports, particularly in financial services, and Brexit could threaten these trade flows. Brexit may also discourage foreign investment in UK infrastructure projects and cause economic uncertainty.
Routes to Clean Air 2015 - Prof. Jim Longhurst
The document summarizes the history of air pollution and efforts to manage it. It discusses how air pollution has been a problem since ancient Rome, but early warnings from figures like John Evelyn in the 17th century and Robert Angus Smith in the 19th century were often ignored. Major air pollution events in the 20th century like the Great Smog of London also failed to spur sufficient action. While policies have sought to reduce air pollution, it remains a significant public health issue, with estimates of thousands of premature deaths annually in the UK and millions globally. The document argues we have historically chosen air pollution through political and economic priorities over public health, and must decide if we want to change this pattern.
Railway transportation 2.1
Rail transportation primarily moves raw materials and low-value manufactured goods over long distances. Rail can be classified into four categories based on shipment size: less than wagonload, wagonload, trainload, and intermodal. Developments in technologies like RO-LA systems have increased rail's use for intermodal shipping. The European Commission aims to shift 30% of highway cargo to rail and sea by 2030 and 50% by 2050 through infrastructure investments and policies. High-speed rail lines have reduced travel times between major cities in several countries.
NS Heathrow Supplement Nov 2015
1) The document discusses the economic benefits of expanding Heathrow Airport through the addition of a third runway.
2) It argues that expansion would create tens of thousands of new jobs, both directly at the airport and indirectly throughout the UK, benefiting regions like Scotland and the Northern Powerhouse.
3) The economic benefits are estimated to be between £100-200 billion for the UK economy through increased trade, exports, and international connectivity that a larger Heathrow could provide.
British Telecom Searching for a WinningStrategyCase.docx
British Telecom: Searching for a Winning
Strategy
Case
Author: Tuomo Summanen & Michael Pollitt
Online Pub Date: March 31, 2016 | Original Pub. Date: 2018
Subject: Competitive Strategy, Corporate Strategy
Level: Intermediate | Type: Indirect case | Length: 7742 words
Copyright: University of Cambridge, Judge Business School. © 2015. All rights reserved.
Organization: British Telecom | Organization size: Large
Region: Northern Europe | State:
Industry: Telecommunications
Originally Published in:
Summanen, T., & Pollitt, M. (2015). British Telecom: Searching for a winning strategy.
Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Judge Business School.
Publisher: University of Cambridge, Judge Business School
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473974517 | Online ISBN: 9781473974517
javascript:void(0);
javascript:void(0);
javascript:%20void(0);
javascript:%20void(0);
javascript:%20void(0);
javascript:%20void(0);
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473974517
University of Cambridge, Judge Business School. © 2015. All rights reserved.
This case was prepared for inclusion in SAGE Business Cases primarily as a basis for
classroom discussion or self-study, and is not meant to illustrate either effective or ineffective
management styles. Nothing herein shall be deemed to be an endorsement of any kind. This
case is for scholarly, educational, or personal use only within your university, and cannot be
forwarded outside the university or used for other commercial purposes. 2018 SAGE
Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
This content may only be distributed for use within Franklin Pierce University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473974517
SAGE SAGE Business Cases
University of Cambridge, Judge Business School. © 2015. All rights reserved.
British Telecom: Searching for a Winning StrategyPage 2 of 24
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473974517
Abstract
United Kingdom was – alongside the United States – among the first countries to
deregulate the telecommunications market in the early 1980s. Competition in the UK
telecommunications started gradually about ten years earlier than in most other
European countries. This paper traces the development of the corporate strategies of
the incumbent, British Telecom, after the reform of the telecommunications market in
the UK from the beginning of the 1980s. We explore how British Telecom utilised its
early mover advantage when technological, institutional and competitive forces were
shaping the telecommunications service industry in the 1980s and 1990s towards a
competitive market. The paper illustrates the complexity and uncertainty that corporate
strategists face in a fast changing environment. The paper suggests lessons for the
telecommunications, media, and information technology service sectors, as well as the
regulatory and institutional environment.
Case
Introduction
The development of the telecommunications market in the United Kingdom and the corporate
strategy and development of the incumbent, Bri ...
Indian Revolution
The Industrial Revolution transformed the textile industry through innovations like the spinning jenny and power loom in the late 18th century. These machines greatly increased productivity while requiring less human labor. The iron industry also played a key role through developments like Darby's coke-fueled furnace and Bessemer's inexpensive steel production process in the 1850s. The steam engine was integral as well, first being developed as a pumping engine and later powering machinery, transportation and ships through Watt's improvements in the 1770s. Transportation underwent significant changes with innovations like Fulton's steamboat in the early 1800s and the development of railways in the 1830s.
Bristol Port - PESTEL and SWOT
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- Fuel taxes increase transport costs, incentivizing minimizing transport distances which benefits Bristol Port.
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- Population aging may reduce consumer goods demand long-term but population is moving south toward Bristol Port.
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1. The document discusses the railway budget of 2014-15 in India and highlights key focus areas such as safety, project delivery, passenger amenities, financial discipline, and IT initiatives.
2. It outlines major challenges for the railway system including expanding rail connectivity, balancing commercial and welfare needs, and operating services at a loss of over 20,000 crore rupees annually.
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Broadband deployment: Comparative approaches between Europe, UK, and Australia
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Invest in Manchester
- Manchester is the second largest city in the UK and is experiencing significant population and economic growth as people move there from London. It has a large student population from two major universities.
- Manchester has extensive transportation infrastructure including an international airport and tram system, and continues to invest in new projects. Housing prices are rising faster than inflation as demand outstrips supply.
- The city has a diverse economy focused on technology, media and communications and unemployment is low, though there are still social issues around deprivation and homelessness.
Invest in Manchester
57,000 jobs created in central Manchester since 2011.
We expect MediaCity and Salford Quays to continue to evolve as 'the Canary Wharf of the North'. (home of BBC & ITV).
Manchester homes are more affordable at seven times average earnings, compared with London where homes cost 16 times the average wage.
The-Role-of-the-Wind-Industry-Inside-the-UK-Electricity-Market-Now-and-in-the...
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3) Uncertainty in the UK, as measured by Thomson Reuters sentiment indices, peaked around the time of the Brexit vote and triggering of Article 50.
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Products1
Travel and tourism organizations provide products and services to both industry customers and the general public. These organizations can be from the public sector, private sector, or a combination of both sectors. Services for industry customers include business travel arrangements, conference facilities, and marketing assistance. Services for consumers include tour operations, travel agents, tourist information centers, and events at cultural attractions.
Potential1
This document discusses factors to consider when assessing the potential for tourism development in countries affected by war or ongoing conflict. Some key factors include location, availability of accommodations, special features of the destination, and existing attractions. Developing tourism can help post-conflict recovery and rebuilding by contributing economically. While some areas may show more potential than others, considering location, infrastructure, natural and cultural resources can help identify opportunities for tourism.
Mix2
The document discusses the remaining two elements of the marketing mix for travel and tourism: place and promotion. Place refers to how organizations distribute their services and products to customers, including through distribution channels, technology, and facility locations. Promotion involves communicating the product/service offer to customers through methods like advertising, media, brochures, PR, and sales promotions with the goals of identifying target audiences and promoting the facility within budget.
Mix1
The marketing mix in travel and tourism consists of 5 key elements - product, price, place, promotion, and planning. The product is the service offered to customers and its unique characteristics. Price is used to meet objectives and can change based on market conditions. Promotion involves communicating the product to customers. Place refers to where and how the product is distributed. Planning establishes objectives and strategies through tools like mission statements.
Issues1
Consistent customer service is important for travel and tourism organizations to succeed. Providing a good customer experience some of the time is not enough - customers want to know what to expect every time. Inconsistent service can cause customers to lose trust and take their business elsewhere. It is much more expensive for businesses to acquire new customers than retain existing ones. To achieve consistency, organizations must have the right systems in place and hire employees who take pleasure in ensuring customer happiness. Empowering staff to deliver excellent service is key to maintaining consistent high levels of customer satisfaction.
Cruise1
The development of the cruise sector occurred in four phases:
1. Beginnings (1920s) - Cruise tourism was for the elite and air travel reduced cruising after WWII.
2. Consolidation (1950s-1970s) - Cruises became popular for affluent, older demographic and conjured luxury lifestyles and winter sun without mass tourism.
3. Re-birth (1980s-) - The sector grew steadily since 1980 at 8% annually, targeting new segments like younger passengers with differentiated offerings.
4. Future - Trends include larger ships for economies, more diversified offerings, recreational activities, design/technical innovations, and new regions as traditional areas become congest
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The document discusses several key factors that affect the travel and tourism industry:
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The document discusses several factors that affect the travel and tourism industry, including technological advances like e-commerce and new transportation options, political issues such as terrorism, the variety of activities available to tourists like adventure sports, changes in customer types and destinations as some fall out of favor and new ones emerge, and trends toward more flexible vacation lengths and segmented customer groups.
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This document discusses the retail travel environment in the UK, including the types of travel retailers and recent trends in the industry. It notes that ABTA members, which include most major travel companies, employ over 120,000 people in the UK. The largest travel firms employ over 27,000 people each. Recent trends include travel agencies consolidating into larger multiples or consortia to achieve economies of scale and compete with internet retailers. Integration through mergers and acquisitions allows larger operations to cut costs.
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The document discusses marketing in the travel and tourism industry. It defines marketing and explains the importance of understanding customer demands through research. It describes how customers can be classified into segments based on factors like demographics. It then outlines elements of the marketing mix that tourism organizations use to satisfy customer needs, including the traditional 4 Ps of product, price, promotion, and place as well as additional elements like people and planning.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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