This document discusses cartilage tissue. It defines cartilage tissue as a specialized connective tissue composed of special cells called chondrocytes and extracellular fibers embedded in a gel-like matrix. It describes the three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - and discusses their histological structure, localization in the body, and growth and regeneration processes. The key roles and functions of cartilage tissue are also outlined.

1. Tema 16: TEJIDO
CARTILAGINOSO
Prof. Luis Betancourt

2. Contenidos Tema 16
I - Definición de tejido cartilaginoso
II – Histogénesis
III - Variedades de cartílago:
1.- Hialino
2.- Elástico
3.- Fibroso (fibrocartílago)
IV - Estructura histológica del cartílago hialino, elástico y fibroso
1.- Células: condroblastos, condrocitos y condroclastos
2.- Matriz:
a.- fibras: colágenas y elásticas
b.- sustancia fundamental
3.- Pericondrio
4.-Localización
V - Mecanismos de crecimiento y regeneración del cartílago
VI - Histofisiología del tejido cartilaginoso

3. Tejido Cartilaginoso
• “ Forma especializada de tejido conectivo, constituidos por células
especiales llamadas condrocitos, y fibras extracelulares embebidas
en una matriz con aspecto de gel”

4. Histology and Cell Biology - Abraham Kierszenbaum

5. ESTRUCTURA HISTOLÓGICA DEL CARTÍLAGO
a) Células:
• Condroblastos
• Condrocitos
• Condroclastos
b) Matriz:
• Fibras colágenas y elásticas
• Sustancia Fundamental
c) Pericondrio

6. Condrocito

8. Summary of the chondrocyte channelome. Many studies have now identified ion channels
and porins in chondrocytes. Frequently the function of these channels is either unknown or
controversial. This figure illustrates some of the major channel proteins identified to date,
either by electrophysiological, immunological or molecular biological techniques. Note in this
figure, K(Ca) is taken to be equivalent to any calcium activated potassium channel including BK
and SK. AQP, aquaporin channel; BK, calcium-activated potassium cannel, high conductance;
ClC, chloride channel; ENaC, epithelial sodium channels; KATP, ATP dependent potassium
channel; Kv, voltage-gated potassium channel; NMDA, N-methyl D-aspartate; SK, calcium-
activated potassium channel, low conductance; TRP, transient receptor potential channel;
VGCC, voltage-gated calcium channels; VGSC, voltage-gated sodium channel.

11. The mesengenic process.
Caplan A I , Dennis J E J Exp Med 2000;191:1-4
© 2000 The Rockefeller University Press

12. Chen and Tuan Arthritis Research & Therapy 2008 10:223

13. Junqueira and Carneiro, 2005

14. http://www.comparativesportsmedicine.life.ku.dk/Projects/~/media/Compa
rativesportsmedicine/Emnebilleder/Research_images/chondrogenesis.ashx

15. Crecimiento Intersticial Crecimiento Aposicional

16. Tejido Cartilaginoso. Clasificación.
HIALINO ELÁSTICO. FIBROSO

17. Cartílago Hialino.

19. Cartílago Elástico.

20. Cartílago Elástico.
Condrocitos:
• Distribución aislada o en grupos isogenicos
de 2-4 células
Sustancia intersticial:
• Fibras ramificadas que se colorean para
elastina
• Red elástica muy condensadas, algo mas
laxa en las cercanías al pericondrio.
Ubicación:
Pabellon auricular
Conducto auditivo externo
Trompa de Eustaquio
Epiglotis
Cartílagos corniculados y
cuneiforme

21. Cartílago Fibroso.

22. Cartílago Fibroso.
No Presenta pericondrio
Células cartilaginosas aisladas o en
parejas, a veces alineadas en cadenetas
UBICACIÓN
Discos intervertebrales
Ciertos cartílagos articulares
Sínfisis pubiana
Ligamento redondo del fémur
Sitios de inserción en el hueso de
algunos tendones

23. http://www.imp.ac.at/typo3temp/pics/471e46717d.jpg

25. Model of BMP2-dependent osteo/chondrogenic development in mesenchymal
stem cells. BMP2 predominantly determines osteo/chondrogenic development via
BMPR-IA, while BMPR-IB only exerts maturing functions on osteoblast
development in C3H10T1/2 cells (in preparation). Therefore, Smad1 is a signaling
mediator of osteogenesis rather than of chondrogenesis (Ju et al., 2000).
Osteogenesis is controlled by R-Smad-signaling during the entire osteoblast-
developmental sequence, also by recruiting CBFA1 into an heteromeric complex
(Hanai et al., 1999). BMP2-dependent determination of chondrogenesis in
mesenchymal progenitors C3H10T1/2 seems to involve the immediate
upregulation of FGFR3 by an R-Smad-independent mechanism. After this triggering
event, chondrogenesis is then predominantly controlled by BMP-independent
mechanisms. Therefore, FGF-mediated signaling leads to MAPK-activation and
upregulation of T-box factor (Brachyury) expression that is sufficient for de novo
chondrogenesis in mesenchymal progenitors C3H10T1/2. Brachyury is able to
maintain FGFR3 and FGFR2 expression in an autoregulatory loop. FGFR-mediated
MAPK-signaling also upregulates mRNA levels of transcription factor Sox9, which is
necessary for chondrogenic development (Murakami et al., 2000).

27. Tejido Cartilaginoso. Crecimiento.
• Crecimiento Intersticial,
– Por las secreciones de los condrocitos
– Mitosis de condrocitos preexistentes
– Crecimiento embrionario y en la adolescencia
– A nivel de discos epifisiales (osificación endocondral)
– Dentro del cartílago articular.
• Crecimiento Aposicional,
– Repetidos ciclos de células pericondriales
– Diferenciación de condrocitos de pericondrio
– Secreción de la matriz
– El nuevo cartílago se agrega al cartílago preexistente
– Aumento del contorno del cartílago
Junqueira and Carneiro, 2005

28. Tejido Cartílago.
• Soporta grandes pesos
• Fácil movilidad
• Impide el colapso de órganos tubulares
• Soporte flexible y resistente
• Crecimiento en longitud
• Determina el tamaño y la forma de los huesos

29. Credit: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Caption: Cartilage cell. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a section through a chondrocyte cell
(centre) in cartilage. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue formed of chondrocyte cells embedded in a matrix
(blue) of collagen fibres and proteoglycans. The chondrocyte has a large nucleus (orange). The space in the
matrix occupied by a chondrocyte cell is called the lacuna. Cartilage provides support for the walls of the airway,
and caps the ends of long bones. Magnification: x3150 when printed 10cm wide.