This document provides standards and requirements for irrigation emitters. It defines emitters as devices used to slowly drip water into soil at plant root zones. The document outlines classifications for emitters, required construction materials, test procedures, and mechanical standards including resistance to pressure and pull-out forces. Emitters must maintain water flow paths and connections, withstand high pressure tests without damage, and not pull out of pipes under specified tensile forces. The document seeks to ensure proper operation and performance of emitters in irrigation systems.
This document discusses an Indian standard (IS 13488 - 2008) for irrigation equipment emitting pipe systems. It provides definitions and classifications for emitting pipes and describes tests to evaluate properties like uniformity of emission rates, resistance to pressure and tension, and carbon black content and dispersion. Emitting pipes are used in drip irrigation systems and are manufactured from polyethylene with emitters that slowly drip water to plant roots. The standard specifies requirements and test methods to ensure proper functioning under various pressures and environmental conditions.
The document provides an installation manual for Floco positive displacement meters. It discusses safety precautions, typical installation configurations including mounting on separators and flow lines, startup procedures, and proving methods. The meters work by separating fluid into segments and counting the segments as they pass through. Accuracy is affected by factors like fluid viscosity and meter component materials. Installation should include isolation valves and a bypass to allow operation if repairs are needed.
This document provides an operation manual for the Vortex Flow Meter Model LUGB. It describes the product's general information including its description, operational principle, structure, technical data, and cautions for installation. The document also covers electrical wiring details for the different meter models and programming/setup instructions.
The document provides an operating and maintenance manual for a Mini Mag magnetic separator. It includes:
- A table of contents listing the sections and pages of the manual.
- Sections covering warranty information, installation guidelines, operating parameters, components, operation, timers that control the purge sequence, start-up procedures, maintenance recommendations, troubleshooting tips, and recommended spare parts.
- The magnetic separator uses magnets inside a stainless steel tube to separate metal fines from fluids. It is controlled by timers that regulate the purge interval and duration to clear the fines.
This document provides specifications for a centralized dust extraction and filtration system for lime stores. The system includes a vacuum air extraction unit, dust filtration unit with two stages (cyclone separator and fine particle filter), fixed extraction pipework, flexible hoses, and electrical control equipment. The system is designed to simultaneously extract dust from any two connection points while maintaining minimum air flow rates and vacuum pressure. Testing will include checks of control functions, vacuum pressure under blockage, filtration efficiency, and self-cleaning of filters.
The document discusses selecting and installing hydraulic hose assemblies properly. It covers important factors like selecting hoses rated for the system's maximum pressure, ensuring chemical compatibility of hoses and fluids, and following proper installation procedures to maximize service life and safety. Improperly assembled hoses can fail and cause injury or damage. The document provides guidelines on hose selection, installation, storage, and safe use.
Hydrostatic pressure testing of PE pipelines (handbook) as per EN805Vladimir Popovic
1. Pipelines must be pressure tested with all venting facilities closed and intermediate valves open. Pipelines must be slowly depressurized with all venting facilities open when emptying.
2. Before pressure testing, pipes must be covered with backfill to prevent movement, though joints and connections may be left unbackfilled for inspection. Temporary supports at pipe ends must not be removed until depressurization.
3. The allowable water loss is calculated using a formula that considers the pipeline volume, measured pressure loss, material properties, and includes an allowance factor for air content. The test section passes if the measured water loss does not exceed the calculated allowable amount.
The flow meter clamps onto a pipe, with two flow sensing probes projecting into the pipe through 3/16- in. drilled holes. It seals directly to the pipe; no cutting or welding is required for installation. Because each flow meter is made and calibrated for a specific size of pipe, the display indicates flow directly, with no setup or adjustment.
This document discusses an Indian standard (IS 13488 - 2008) for irrigation equipment emitting pipe systems. It provides definitions and classifications for emitting pipes and describes tests to evaluate properties like uniformity of emission rates, resistance to pressure and tension, and carbon black content and dispersion. Emitting pipes are used in drip irrigation systems and are manufactured from polyethylene with emitters that slowly drip water to plant roots. The standard specifies requirements and test methods to ensure proper functioning under various pressures and environmental conditions.
The document provides an installation manual for Floco positive displacement meters. It discusses safety precautions, typical installation configurations including mounting on separators and flow lines, startup procedures, and proving methods. The meters work by separating fluid into segments and counting the segments as they pass through. Accuracy is affected by factors like fluid viscosity and meter component materials. Installation should include isolation valves and a bypass to allow operation if repairs are needed.
This document provides an operation manual for the Vortex Flow Meter Model LUGB. It describes the product's general information including its description, operational principle, structure, technical data, and cautions for installation. The document also covers electrical wiring details for the different meter models and programming/setup instructions.
The document provides an operating and maintenance manual for a Mini Mag magnetic separator. It includes:
- A table of contents listing the sections and pages of the manual.
- Sections covering warranty information, installation guidelines, operating parameters, components, operation, timers that control the purge sequence, start-up procedures, maintenance recommendations, troubleshooting tips, and recommended spare parts.
- The magnetic separator uses magnets inside a stainless steel tube to separate metal fines from fluids. It is controlled by timers that regulate the purge interval and duration to clear the fines.
This document provides specifications for a centralized dust extraction and filtration system for lime stores. The system includes a vacuum air extraction unit, dust filtration unit with two stages (cyclone separator and fine particle filter), fixed extraction pipework, flexible hoses, and electrical control equipment. The system is designed to simultaneously extract dust from any two connection points while maintaining minimum air flow rates and vacuum pressure. Testing will include checks of control functions, vacuum pressure under blockage, filtration efficiency, and self-cleaning of filters.
The document discusses selecting and installing hydraulic hose assemblies properly. It covers important factors like selecting hoses rated for the system's maximum pressure, ensuring chemical compatibility of hoses and fluids, and following proper installation procedures to maximize service life and safety. Improperly assembled hoses can fail and cause injury or damage. The document provides guidelines on hose selection, installation, storage, and safe use.
Hydrostatic pressure testing of PE pipelines (handbook) as per EN805Vladimir Popovic
1. Pipelines must be pressure tested with all venting facilities closed and intermediate valves open. Pipelines must be slowly depressurized with all venting facilities open when emptying.
2. Before pressure testing, pipes must be covered with backfill to prevent movement, though joints and connections may be left unbackfilled for inspection. Temporary supports at pipe ends must not be removed until depressurization.
3. The allowable water loss is calculated using a formula that considers the pipeline volume, measured pressure loss, material properties, and includes an allowance factor for air content. The test section passes if the measured water loss does not exceed the calculated allowable amount.
The flow meter clamps onto a pipe, with two flow sensing probes projecting into the pipe through 3/16- in. drilled holes. It seals directly to the pipe; no cutting or welding is required for installation. Because each flow meter is made and calibrated for a specific size of pipe, the display indicates flow directly, with no setup or adjustment.
1. Ducts are sized using pressure drop and velocity criteria. The duct diameter is selected based on the air volume and desired constant pressure drop. Duct velocities are limited based on building type to control noise.
2. Elbows, T-branches, Y-branches, and reducers (transitions) are examples of duct fittings.
3. Volume dampers and fire dampers are examples of duct accessories.
4. Allowable duct velocities vary from 2-12 m/s depending on the building type, with typical office spaces around 6 m/s.
5. Supply ducts deliver conditioned air to spaces, return ducts remove air from spaces, and exhaust ducts remove
The Merlin is a point-of-use reverse osmosis system that provides continuous, on-demand water for residential and light commercial uses like restaurants and coffee shops. It features a new membrane technology that provides significantly higher flow rates than standard home RO systems, up to 5 times greater. The document provides guidelines for water treatment professionals to determine the best application of the Merlin system based on factors like inlet water pressure and temperature, tubing length and fittings used, and elevation differences that impact system performance and flow rates. Worksheets are included to help estimate flow rates for given installation conditions.
1. The document provides instructions for various surface preparation methods including oil and grease removal, rust and millscale removal through abrasive blasting or water jetting, and procedures for testing air supply cleanliness, surface profile, and soluble salt levels on prepared steel surfaces.
2. Key steps are outlined for using common surface profile measurement tools like comparators and replica tapes to obtain a surface profile reading in microns and ensuring it meets the specified requirement.
3. Detailed method is given for using the Bresle extraction method to measure surface chloride levels through water extraction and conductivity measurement, with correction factors provided.
Electrofusion installation requires proper training and certification. The document provides guidelines for preparing polyethylene pipe for electrofusion joining, including removing a minimum of 0.007-0.010 inches of outer pipe material using an approved scraping tool. Pipe must be re-rounded if ovality exceeds 5% to ensure proper contact between the pipe and fitting for fusion. The document details power requirements, acceptable markers, cleaning methods, and joining procedures for various electrofusion fitting types. Operators are responsible for only installing fittings in suitable applications and qualifying joints through destructive testing.
The document summarizes modifications made to a two-stage centrifugal compressor to convert it into a single-stage compressor suitable for laboratory testing. Key modifications included replacing the refrigerant fluid with air, installing an external drive motor instead of the internal hermetic motor, and adding static pressure taps to the vaneless diffuser and volute casing. Experimental results showed the compressor was operating off-design, with the vaneless diffuser and volute being too large for the mass flow rates tested. Pressure maps revealed distortion in the diffuser and volute due to the tongue region, reducing stage performance.
The document discusses standards and procedures for inspecting used drill pipe components according to API RP7G and DS-1 specifications. It outlines inspection methods for various parts of drill pipe including visual examination of the tube body and tool joints, OD/ID gauging, wall thickness checks, electromagnetic scanning, and MPI of slip/upset areas. Acceptance criteria are provided for dimensions, defects and wear limits for classifying used drill pipe into premium or class 2 conditions. The inspection procedures define how to properly conduct and record each test to ensure drill pipe meets quality standards.
This document provides standard specifications for pipe, valves, and fittings for Andes Petroleum Ecuador Ltd. It outlines requirements for materials, fabrication, welding, inspection, testing, and identification. The specifications cover piping classes from ANSI 150 to 900 and include requirements for pipe, fittings, flanges, valves, and other components. The document has been revised 3 times, with the last revision in 2011 adding new material specifications and updating requirements throughout.
Parker Balston is a division of Parker Hannifin, world’s leading diversified manufacturer of motion and control technologies and systems. Balston manufacturers industrial filters and filtration technology, replacement filter elements, compressed air dryers, nitrogen generators, and compressed air microbial detection.
This document summarizes an analysis of the fatigue life of a tubesheet used in an industrial filtration system. The analysis involved:
1) Calculating the dimensions of the tubesheet based on client specifications.
2) Performing static and transient dynamic finite element analyses to determine stress and deformation values under different loading conditions.
3) Using the stress and deformation results to predict the fatigue life of the tubesheet according to ASME codes.
4) Validating the FEA results by comparing predicted and measured deformation values from an actual hydrotest.
The analysis found that the tubesheet could withstand the alternating stresses from the filtration process cycles for an infinite fatigue life.
This document appears to be a catalogue from Super Seal Flexible Hose Limited listing their various hose products and specifications. It includes an index of contents which lists various hose series for applications like hydraulic, steam, liquefied petroleum gas, fuel dispensing, and more. It also includes sections about the company's infrastructure, SAE recommended practices for hose selection and installation, factors that affect hose service life, and how to analyze hose failures.
This document provides instructions for installing and using an electromagnetic flow meter. Key points include:
- The meter has no moving parts and uses electromagnetic induction to measure flow rate.
- It can be installed horizontally, vertically, or radially and has minimal straight pipe requirements.
- Proper grounding and positioning are required to ensure accurate measurements. Instructions are provided for installing the meter in metal or plastic pipes.
- The circuit boards and power supply can be replaced without needing to re-calibrate the meter. Range changes can be made by adjusting links on the circuit board.
Design and testing of automobile exhaust systemeSAT Journals
This document discusses the design and testing of an automobile exhaust system. It begins with an introduction describing the purpose of an exhaust system. It then describes the modeling and finite element analysis of an exhaust system design. Various tests are performed on the system including material testing, leak testing, and weld testing. The material testing confirms the suitability of the material chosen. The leak and weld tests find the system meets specifications. In conclusions, the exhaust system dynamics are analyzed and the models are found to correlate well with experimental results. The design is verified to meet the objectives of lower back pressure and vibration levels.
- The document describes the design and testing of an automobile exhaust system. It discusses modeling and simulation of the exhaust system to better understand its dynamics and performance.
- A newly designed exhaust system is compared to an existing system. The new design shows lower back pressure, which improves engine performance. Various tests are conducted on the system, including material testing and leak testing, to evaluate its durability and ability to withstand internal pressures.
- The design aims to minimize exhaust noise while withstanding high temperatures and pressures from the engine. Finite element analysis is used to optimize the muffler design to maximize gas storage capacity within weight constraints. Test results show the material and design meet required specifications.
Pressure Reducing Valve or simply PRV is a type of valve which is used to reduce the downstream pressure to the desired level in any piping system. It is generally used where the main line carries the fluid at very high pressure and it is advisable to reduce the pressure in the branch line to save the appliances from getting damaged due to the impact of high pressure. Not only the pressure, it also helps in reducing the water wastages, noise and vibration, water hammering effect thus minimizing the maintenance cost and maximizing the life of the appliances like pipe fittings, taps, water heater etc
This document provides specifications for renovating and upgrading two dust extraction systems. Key points include:
- The systems will include bag filters, cyclones, centrifugal fans, ducting, and other components to collect dust from machinery and exhaust clean air.
- The bag filters must be capable of handling 20,000 cubic meters per hour and have components like filter bags, manifolds, and pulse valves.
- The ducting design must meet standards for materials, supports, and velocities to efficiently convey dust to the filtration equipment.
- The upgraded systems must limit worker exposure to respirable dust and ensure stack emissions do not exceed regulatory limits.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of plastics in everyday life and agriculture. It begins by acknowledging those who guided and supported the project. It then defines plastics and describes common types. It outlines various uses of plastics in daily life and agriculture, including benefits like increased crop yields from practices like plastic mulching. However, it also discusses problems with plastic pollution in soil and the environment. Microplastics in particular can harm earthworms and reduce soil fertility. The document concludes by suggesting methods to reduce plastic pollution like alternative materials and reducing single-use plastics.
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on testing PET containers. It discusses the purpose and common materials used for plastic containers. It then describes various tests conducted on containers, including transparency testing, closure leakage testing, vibration leakage testing, air pressure leakage testing, drop testing, migration testing, and color migration testing. The document provides details on the procedures for each of these tests.
1. Ducts are sized using pressure drop and velocity criteria. The duct diameter is selected based on the air volume and desired constant pressure drop. Duct velocities are limited based on building type to control noise.
2. Elbows, T-branches, Y-branches, and reducers (transitions) are examples of duct fittings.
3. Volume dampers and fire dampers are examples of duct accessories.
4. Allowable duct velocities vary from 2-12 m/s depending on the building type, with typical office spaces around 6 m/s.
5. Supply ducts deliver conditioned air to spaces, return ducts remove air from spaces, and exhaust ducts remove
The Merlin is a point-of-use reverse osmosis system that provides continuous, on-demand water for residential and light commercial uses like restaurants and coffee shops. It features a new membrane technology that provides significantly higher flow rates than standard home RO systems, up to 5 times greater. The document provides guidelines for water treatment professionals to determine the best application of the Merlin system based on factors like inlet water pressure and temperature, tubing length and fittings used, and elevation differences that impact system performance and flow rates. Worksheets are included to help estimate flow rates for given installation conditions.
1. The document provides instructions for various surface preparation methods including oil and grease removal, rust and millscale removal through abrasive blasting or water jetting, and procedures for testing air supply cleanliness, surface profile, and soluble salt levels on prepared steel surfaces.
2. Key steps are outlined for using common surface profile measurement tools like comparators and replica tapes to obtain a surface profile reading in microns and ensuring it meets the specified requirement.
3. Detailed method is given for using the Bresle extraction method to measure surface chloride levels through water extraction and conductivity measurement, with correction factors provided.
Electrofusion installation requires proper training and certification. The document provides guidelines for preparing polyethylene pipe for electrofusion joining, including removing a minimum of 0.007-0.010 inches of outer pipe material using an approved scraping tool. Pipe must be re-rounded if ovality exceeds 5% to ensure proper contact between the pipe and fitting for fusion. The document details power requirements, acceptable markers, cleaning methods, and joining procedures for various electrofusion fitting types. Operators are responsible for only installing fittings in suitable applications and qualifying joints through destructive testing.
The document summarizes modifications made to a two-stage centrifugal compressor to convert it into a single-stage compressor suitable for laboratory testing. Key modifications included replacing the refrigerant fluid with air, installing an external drive motor instead of the internal hermetic motor, and adding static pressure taps to the vaneless diffuser and volute casing. Experimental results showed the compressor was operating off-design, with the vaneless diffuser and volute being too large for the mass flow rates tested. Pressure maps revealed distortion in the diffuser and volute due to the tongue region, reducing stage performance.
The document discusses standards and procedures for inspecting used drill pipe components according to API RP7G and DS-1 specifications. It outlines inspection methods for various parts of drill pipe including visual examination of the tube body and tool joints, OD/ID gauging, wall thickness checks, electromagnetic scanning, and MPI of slip/upset areas. Acceptance criteria are provided for dimensions, defects and wear limits for classifying used drill pipe into premium or class 2 conditions. The inspection procedures define how to properly conduct and record each test to ensure drill pipe meets quality standards.
This document provides standard specifications for pipe, valves, and fittings for Andes Petroleum Ecuador Ltd. It outlines requirements for materials, fabrication, welding, inspection, testing, and identification. The specifications cover piping classes from ANSI 150 to 900 and include requirements for pipe, fittings, flanges, valves, and other components. The document has been revised 3 times, with the last revision in 2011 adding new material specifications and updating requirements throughout.
Parker Balston is a division of Parker Hannifin, world’s leading diversified manufacturer of motion and control technologies and systems. Balston manufacturers industrial filters and filtration technology, replacement filter elements, compressed air dryers, nitrogen generators, and compressed air microbial detection.
This document summarizes an analysis of the fatigue life of a tubesheet used in an industrial filtration system. The analysis involved:
1) Calculating the dimensions of the tubesheet based on client specifications.
2) Performing static and transient dynamic finite element analyses to determine stress and deformation values under different loading conditions.
3) Using the stress and deformation results to predict the fatigue life of the tubesheet according to ASME codes.
4) Validating the FEA results by comparing predicted and measured deformation values from an actual hydrotest.
The analysis found that the tubesheet could withstand the alternating stresses from the filtration process cycles for an infinite fatigue life.
This document appears to be a catalogue from Super Seal Flexible Hose Limited listing their various hose products and specifications. It includes an index of contents which lists various hose series for applications like hydraulic, steam, liquefied petroleum gas, fuel dispensing, and more. It also includes sections about the company's infrastructure, SAE recommended practices for hose selection and installation, factors that affect hose service life, and how to analyze hose failures.
This document provides instructions for installing and using an electromagnetic flow meter. Key points include:
- The meter has no moving parts and uses electromagnetic induction to measure flow rate.
- It can be installed horizontally, vertically, or radially and has minimal straight pipe requirements.
- Proper grounding and positioning are required to ensure accurate measurements. Instructions are provided for installing the meter in metal or plastic pipes.
- The circuit boards and power supply can be replaced without needing to re-calibrate the meter. Range changes can be made by adjusting links on the circuit board.
Design and testing of automobile exhaust systemeSAT Journals
This document discusses the design and testing of an automobile exhaust system. It begins with an introduction describing the purpose of an exhaust system. It then describes the modeling and finite element analysis of an exhaust system design. Various tests are performed on the system including material testing, leak testing, and weld testing. The material testing confirms the suitability of the material chosen. The leak and weld tests find the system meets specifications. In conclusions, the exhaust system dynamics are analyzed and the models are found to correlate well with experimental results. The design is verified to meet the objectives of lower back pressure and vibration levels.
- The document describes the design and testing of an automobile exhaust system. It discusses modeling and simulation of the exhaust system to better understand its dynamics and performance.
- A newly designed exhaust system is compared to an existing system. The new design shows lower back pressure, which improves engine performance. Various tests are conducted on the system, including material testing and leak testing, to evaluate its durability and ability to withstand internal pressures.
- The design aims to minimize exhaust noise while withstanding high temperatures and pressures from the engine. Finite element analysis is used to optimize the muffler design to maximize gas storage capacity within weight constraints. Test results show the material and design meet required specifications.
Pressure Reducing Valve or simply PRV is a type of valve which is used to reduce the downstream pressure to the desired level in any piping system. It is generally used where the main line carries the fluid at very high pressure and it is advisable to reduce the pressure in the branch line to save the appliances from getting damaged due to the impact of high pressure. Not only the pressure, it also helps in reducing the water wastages, noise and vibration, water hammering effect thus minimizing the maintenance cost and maximizing the life of the appliances like pipe fittings, taps, water heater etc
This document provides specifications for renovating and upgrading two dust extraction systems. Key points include:
- The systems will include bag filters, cyclones, centrifugal fans, ducting, and other components to collect dust from machinery and exhaust clean air.
- The bag filters must be capable of handling 20,000 cubic meters per hour and have components like filter bags, manifolds, and pulse valves.
- The ducting design must meet standards for materials, supports, and velocities to efficiently convey dust to the filtration equipment.
- The upgraded systems must limit worker exposure to respirable dust and ensure stack emissions do not exceed regulatory limits.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of plastics in everyday life and agriculture. It begins by acknowledging those who guided and supported the project. It then defines plastics and describes common types. It outlines various uses of plastics in daily life and agriculture, including benefits like increased crop yields from practices like plastic mulching. However, it also discusses problems with plastic pollution in soil and the environment. Microplastics in particular can harm earthworms and reduce soil fertility. The document concludes by suggesting methods to reduce plastic pollution like alternative materials and reducing single-use plastics.
This document summarizes the key points from a presentation on testing PET containers. It discusses the purpose and common materials used for plastic containers. It then describes various tests conducted on containers, including transparency testing, closure leakage testing, vibration leakage testing, air pressure leakage testing, drop testing, migration testing, and color migration testing. The document provides details on the procedures for each of these tests.
This document provides a presentation on IS-4985, the specification for unplasticized PVC pipes for potable water supplies. It discusses the composition and manufacturing process of UPVC pipes. It also outlines the required test report format and specifications for pipe dimensions, visual appearance, opacity, and other tests according to the Indian standard. The presentation was submitted to Mr. Jagan Mehta by Aman Tiwari for their course at CIPET:IPT-Ahmedabad.
The document provides test results from testing HDPE pipes according to Indian Standard IS-4984-2016. Various tests were conducted to evaluate the geometric characteristics, dimensions, hydraulic characteristics under pressure at different temperatures and durations, carbon black content, density, tensile strength, and slow crack growth rate of the HDPE pipes. All test results obtained were found to meet the specified requirements laid out in the Indian Standard.
This document discusses different types of computer viruses and how to prevent them. It defines viruses and explains how they spread by attaching to other program files or through external storage devices. Common symptoms of a virus are slow computer performance, low memory, and files being deleted. The presentation recommends using up-to-date antivirus software, enabling firewalls, and being cautious of email attachments to prevent virus infection. Various virus types are outlined, including boot sector viruses, program file viruses, macro viruses, and malware like worms and spyware.
This presentation discusses various topics related to wave motion, including:
1. The wave equation, which is an important differential equation used to describe waves in various fields like acoustics and fluid dynamics.
2. Plane progressive waves in fluid media, which travel continuously in the same direction without changing amplitude.
3. The principle of superposition, which states that when two or more waves pass through the same medium at the same time, the net displacement at any point is the sum of the individual wave displacements.
The document discusses parallel axis theorem and radius of gyration. It states that parallel axis theorem can be used to calculate the moment of inertia about any parallel axis through the centroidal axis using a formula that considers the first moment of area and distance between the two axes. Radius of gyration is defined as the root mean square distance of particles from the axis of rotation and represents the equivalent radius of a rotating body. Rotational energy is the kinetic energy due to an object's rotation and is part of its total kinetic energy, calculated as the torque times the angular velocity of a rotating body.
The document is a presentation on periodic properties of elements. It discusses how elements arranged in order of atomic number show recurring patterns of properties. These properties include metallic/nonmetallic character, atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and reactivity. The modern periodic table organizes elements into periods and groups, with elements in the same group having similar properties due to their outer electron configuration. Periodic trends are shown for atomic size, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.
This document is a presentation submitted by Aditya Verma, a first year BSC student, to Dr. Sharad Kumar on the topic of simple harmonic motion. Aditya Verma thanks Dr. Kumar for reviewing his presentation.
This presentation discusses xenon compounds, including xenon fluorine compounds and xenon oxygen compounds. It also mentions the use of noble gases and was submitted by Aditya Verma to Dr. Parul Mishra for a BSC first year course.
The document discusses parallel axis theorem and how it relates to moment of inertia. It states that the moment of inertia of an area about a parallel axis can be calculated as the sum of the moment of inertia about the centroidal axis and the first moment of area about the centroid. It also provides definitions for radius of gyration, which is the root mean square distance of particles from the axis of rotation, and rotational energy, which is the kinetic energy due to an object's rotation.
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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2. What are emitters used for?
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the plants. They are usually spaced more than 1 meter apart with one or more emitters
used for a single plant such as a tree. For row crops more closely spaced emitters may
be used to wet a strip of soil.
3. Benefits of Using Emitters :-
• The emitters force water out at a much slower rate than your tap does, ensuring your
plants don't get over watered. Without emitters, your irrigation system would run like
a tap.
• The emitters slowly drip water into the soil at the root zone. Because moisture levels
are kept at an optimal range, plant productivity and quality improve.
4. 1 SCOPE -
This standard specifies mechanical and functional requirements
of irrigation emitters, test methods and the data to be supplied by
the manufacturer to permit correct installation and operation in
the field. It applies to emitters, with or without pressure regulation,
intended for irrigation; it does not apply to emitters which form an
integral part of the pipe during manufacture as well as microtubes.
REFERENCES –
For the purpose or this standard the following standards are necessary adjunct to this
standard:
IS No. Title
12786 : 1989 Polyethylene pipes for irrigation laterals
13479 : 1992 Assembled joints between fittings and polyethylene
pressure pipes - Test of resistance to pull out
5. DEFINITIONS -
For the purpose or this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
3.1 Emitter -
Device fitted to an irrigation lateral and intended to emit water in the
form of drops or continuous flow at emission rates not exceeding IS liters
per hour per outlet except during flushing.
3.2 In-Line Emitter -
Emitter intended for installation between two lengths of pipe ( irrigation
lateral ).
3.3 On-Line Emitter –
Emitter intended for direct or indirect (for example by means or tubing)
installation in the wall 01 the irrigation lateral
6. 3.4 Multiple-Outlet Emitter –
Emitter in which the output flow Is divided and directed to several
distinctly different locations.
3.5 Unregulated ( Non-Compensating ) Emitter –
Emitter of varying emission rate at varying water pressure at emitter
inlet.
3.6 Regulated ( Pressure-Compensating) Emitter –
Emitter of relatively constant emission rate at varying water pressures at
the emitter inlet within the limits specified by the manufacturer.
3.7 Emitter Inlet –
Point at which water enters the emitter.
7. 3.8 Emitter Outlet –
Opening, or group of all the openings in an emitter, from which water is
emitted and directed to one clearly distinguishable location.
3.9 Irrigation Lateral –
Branch supply pipe or tubing fitted with emitters.
3.10 Nominal Test Pressure, 𝑷𝒏
Reference pressure of 100 kPa at the inlet of the unregulated emitter: or any
other pressure so designated In the manufacturer’s publications.
3.11 Range of Working Pressure –
Range of water pressures at the emitter inlet, between and including the
minimum working pressure, Pmin, and the maximum working pressure, Pmax,
recommended by the emitter manufacturer to ensure proper operation.
8. 3.12 Range of Regulation –
Range of pressures at the inlet of the regulated emitter in which the emitter
discharges water within the range of the emission rates, as specified by the
manufacturer.
3.13 Nominal Emission Rate, 𝑞𝑛
3.13.1 Unregulated Emitter Nominal Emission Rate -
Emission rate, in liters per hour, of the emitter at nominal test pressure and at a
water temperature of 27°C, HS specified by the manufacturer.
3.13.1 Regulated Emitter Nominal Emission Rate -
Emission rate, in liters per hour, of the emitter operating in the range of regulation
and at a water temperature of 27°C, as specified by the manufacturer·
3.13.3 Multiple-Outlet Emitter Nominal Emission Rate -
Emission rate of the emitter
9. 4 CLASSIFICATION
Emitters are classified, according to their uniformity of emission rate
and of regulation, Into two uniformity categories:
a) Uniformity Category A : Emitters having a higher uniformity of
emission rates and smaller deviations from the specified
nominal emission rate ( and for regulated emitters, better
regulation of emission rates ).
b) Uniformity Category B : Emitter having a lower uniformity of
emission rate and greater deviations from the specified
nominal emission rate ( and for regulated emitters, inferior
regulation of emission rates ).
NOTE - 8.1 and 8.2 define the requirement for each category.
10. 5 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
5.1 Connections -
Emitter connections to the supply shall be as required by the
manufacturer, provided that the connection complies with the
requirements of this Indian Standard relating to resistance to internal
hydraulic pressure and to pull-out. The manufacturer shall supply and
special tools required Cor installation.
5.2 Emitter Ends -
When polyethylene ( PE) pipe is used, in-tine emitter ends shall not
increase the diameter of the polyethylene ( PE ) pipe by more than 20
percent.
NOTE - Dimensions of the polyethylene( PR ) pipe laterals shall be ‘is
given in 5 of IS 12786 : 1989.
11. 5.3 Materials -
The materials used in emitter construction shall be suitable for
for use with water, fertilizers and chemicals commonly used in
irrigation, including treated sewage water.
The materials shall, insofar as possible, not support the growth
of algae and bacteria, nor be of metal which will corrode. Plastics
parts of the emitter that are exposed to light shall be opaque
and protected against UV degradation.
12. 6 TEST SPECIMENS AND CONDlTIONS
6.1 Test Specimens –
Test specimens shall be selected at random by the representative of the
test laboratory from a lot of at least 500 units. The total number of test
specimens shall be at least 25. The number of test specimens required for
each test is specified in the relevant clause.
6.2 Test Conditions –
For test purpose, test specimens shall be assembled on a pipe following the
recommendations of the manufacturer as to type of pipe, assembly tools and
connection. When polyethylene (PE) pipe is used, the pipe shall comply with the
requirements of IS 12716 : 1989
13. The use of grease or chemicals that mar affect the properties of the pipe or the
emitters is prohibited when attaching emitters to pipes. If the manufacturer supplies
the emitters normally attached to the pipe, lengths or such emitter assemblies may be
used as test samples.
All the tests shall be carried out at a water temperature of 27 ± 3°C. The water
used shall be filtered through a filter with nominal aperture of 75 to 100 μm (
micrometer ) ( 160 to 200 mesh ), or as recommended by the manufacturer.
6.3 Accuracy or Measuring Devices
The water pressure shall be measured with aft error not more than 0.002 MPa.
During the test the pressure shall not vary by more than ±0.002 MPa and emission rate
of the emitter shall be measured with an error not more than ± 2% .
14. 7 MECHANICAL TESTS AND REQUIREMENTS
7.1 Construction and Workmanship -
If designed for disassembly, disassemble at least three emitters into their
component parts. If not, prepare a Cross-section of the emitters. Inspect for
visual defects.
The emitter and its parts shall show no manufacturing defect , such as grooves
or projections in flow path surfaces, cracks or cavities, which may adversely affect
emitter operation.
7.2 Flow Paths In Emitter –
Measure in at least three emitters, accurately to the nearest 0·02 mm and under no
pressure. the smallest dimension of the flow path. (This does not apply to a dimension
that varies with pressure. )
The smallest measured flow path dimension shall not be smaller than the
dimension declared by the manufacturer.
15. 7.3 Resistance to Hydrostatic Pressure –
Connect one end of the emitter pipe assembly to a source or hydraulic pressure and plug the other
end of the assembly. Perform the test on at least five emitters connected to a lateral. Carry out the test
in two stages –
7.3.1 Test the watertightness of the assembly as follows:
Increase the pressure in three steps : -
1. 5 minutes at 0.4 times maximum working pressure;
2. then another 5 minutes at 0.8 times maximum working pressure;
3. Then 60 minutes at 1.2 times maximum working pressure.
No leakage shall occur through the emitter bodies or their connections to the pipe, except at points of
emitter discharge
7.3.2 Immediately after completion of first stage 7.3.1, raise the pressure to twice the maximum
working pressure and maintain for 5 minutes. The emitters shall withstand the test pressure without
suffering damage and without pulling out from the assembly
16. 7.3.3 If the emitters contains parts that can be disassembled for cleaning or replacement and
reassembled. the test in 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 shall be performed after reassembling the emitter,
according to the manufacturer's instructions, three times in succession.
7.4 Emitter Pull-out
This test shall be conducted at an ambient temperature of 27 ± 1°C .
7.4.1 In-Line Emitters
Perform the test on at least three lengths of lateral, each containing one emitter. Gradually apply an axial tensile force,
F, on the two lengths of pipe connected to the emitter, where F is calculated from the following formula, but not greater
than 500 N.
𝐅 = 𝟏 ⋅ 𝟓𝛑 𝛔𝐭 ⅇ (D-e)
where --
F = Pullout force , N
σt = permissible induced stress for pipe material ( N/𝑚𝑚2
);
e == pipe wall thickness, minimum ( mm ); and
D -= outside diameter of pipe ( mm )
17. Apply this tensile force, F, for J hour, with the emitter vertic~1 and apply the pull-out force by means of a weight or
by the apparatus described in IS 13479 : 1992.
The emitters shall withstand the tensile force, F, without the pipes pulling out.
7.4.2 On-Line Emitters
Gradually apply a pulling force of 40 N on the emitter. perpendicular to the pipe, for 1 hour ( see Fig. 1 ). The
emitter shall withstand the pulling force without pulling out the pipe wall
18. 8 FUNCTIONAL TESTS AND REQUIREMENTS -
8.1 Uniformity of Emission Rate -
8.1.1 Number of Test Samples –
The number of test samples shall be as follows:
A ) Single-outlet emitter; at least 25 emitters; and
B ) Multiple-outlet emitter; at least 25 outlets and not less than 10 emitters. All
the outlets of the emitters in the sample shall be open, and all of them shall be
included in the test.
19. 8.1.2 Unregulated Emitters -
• Measure the emission rates of the emitters in the test sample when the water pressure at the
emitter inlets equals the nominal test pressure. Record separately the measured emission rate at
each emitter outlet.
NOTE - If the emitter contains movable parts, condition the emitter as described in 8.1.3
before conducting the test.
Calculate the coefficient of variation, 𝐶𝑣 from the following formula –
𝑪𝒗 =
𝒔𝒒
𝑞
𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎
where –
𝐬𝐪 = standard deviation of the emission rates for the sample
𝑞 = mean emission rate of sample,
20. The following requirements shall be met :
a) The mean emission rate of the test sample shall not deviate from the nominal emission rate, qn, by more than 5
percent Cor Category At nor more than 10percent for Category B.
b) The coefficient of variation, Cv of the emission rate of the test sample shall not exceed S percent for Category A nor
more than 10 percent for Category B.
For multiple - outlet emitters, the requirements in (a) and (b) shall apply both to the emission rates or the
individual outlets and to the emission rates or the complete emitters.
Table 1 Uniformity Values ( According to 8.1.2 )
Category Deviation of q from qn Max
Coefficient of Variation 𝑪𝒗 Max
(1) (2) (3)
A 5 PERCENT 5 PERCENT
B 10 PERCENT 10 PERCENT
21. 8.1.3 Regulated Emitter –
• Condition the emitters in the test sample by operating them for 1 hour minimum at an emitter inlet
pressure equal to the pressure at the middle of the working pressure range. At the beginning of
conditioning, the emitters shall be operated three times at about 𝑃max and three times at about
𝑃min , each operation to be maintained for at least 3 minutes. During the last 10 minutes of
conditioning, the pressure shall be maintained at the mid-point of the regulation range.
Immediately after, and without altering the inlet pressure, test the emitters according to 8.1.2 but at
the mid-point of the regulation range.
• The emitters shall comply with the requirements of 8.1.2
8.2 Emission Rate as a Function of Inlet Pressure –
• The tests to be performed to determine emission rate as a function of pressure shall be made
• in continuation of the tests performed under 8.1
22. 8.2.1 Selection of Test Sample –
• Number the emitters tested according to 8.1 in ascending order according to the
measured emission rate, No. 1 being the lowest emission rate emitter, No. 25 the
highest.
• Take four emitters from the series obtained - Nos. 3 , 12, 13, 23 - and measure
their change in emission rate as a function of the inlet pressure.
• Test each emitter in steps not greater than 50 kPa, from zero pressure up to 1.2
𝑃max . Regulated emitters shall be tested at three or more different pressure within
the range of regulation at rising and fulling inlet pressures, The reading of the
results shall be taken at least 3 minutes after reaching the test pressure.
• If the inlet pressure exceeds the desired pressure by more than 10 kPa during its
rise or fall, return to zero pressure and repeal the test.
23. 8.2.2 Unregulated Emitters –
• Calculate, for each pressure level, the average emission rate 𝐪 obtained by measuring the emission rates of the four
emitters at rising pressure.
• Plot the curve, 𝐪 a function of inlet pressure. The curve of 𝐪 shall conform 10 the curve presented in manufacturer's
publications within an allowable deviation of ±5 percent at any pressure.
8.2.3 Regulated Emitters –
• Calculate, for each inlet pressure level p, the average emission rate 𝐪 obtained by measuring the emission rates of
the four emitters at rising and falling pressure (the average of eight emission rate measurements ).
• The value of 𝐪 shall not deviate from the nominal emission rate 𝐪𝐧 by more than 5 percent for Category A, not more
than 10 percent for Category B.
24. 8.3 Determination of Emitter Exponent –
• This determination applies only to regulated emitters.
The relation between the emission rate q in liters per hour (l/h) and the inlet pressure
in an emitter, p in kilopascals is given by the formula:
𝑞 = 𝑘𝑝𝑚
Where –
q = emission rate ( l/h );
k = constant;
p = inlet pressure ( kPa ); and
m = emitting unit exponent
25. Using aII the q and p values obtained in 8.2.3 calculate m from the following formula:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒑𝒊 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒒ⅈ − 𝟏
𝒏 𝜮 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒑𝒊 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒒ⅈ
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒑𝒊
𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒑𝒊
𝟐
where -
i = 1,2, 3 ………..n
N = the number of pressure value. used in 8.2.3;
Q = emission rate value (lib);
p = pressure value (kPa)
8.3.1 The value of the emitting unit exponent m shall not exceed 0.2.'
26. 9 MARKING :-
9.1 Each emitter shall bear clear and permanent markings including the following
details:
a) Name of manufacturer or his registered trademark;
b) Nominal emission rate, in liters per hour;
c) Arrow indicating the direction of flow ( if Important for proper operation );
d) Batch or Code No.; and
e) Uniformity category.
Nominal emission rate may be indicated by the colour of any part of the emitter, or by
any other method described in the manufacturer's literature.
27. 10 DATA TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE MANUFACTURER :-
The manufacturer shall make available to the user, together with the emitters, catalogues or information sheets that
include the following data :-
1) catalogue number of irrigation emitter: 10) emission rates as function of inlet pressures at different
water temperatures
2) the words 'Uniformity category A' or "Uniformity
category D' as applicable, including the relevant values
given in Table 1;
11) instruction for emitter assembly un pipe;
3) type of pipes suitable for use with the emitter and
their dimensions:
12) instruction for cleaning and replacement of emitters
4) type of connection of emitter to pipe; 13) instruction for prevention or clogging in emitters
5) the dimensions of the smallest now path in the
emitter;
14) instruction for prevention or clogging in emitters
6) nominal emission rate 15) filtration requirements;
7) nominal lest pressure; 16) maintenance and storage requirements;
8) range of working pressures 17) nominal emission rate during ftushins, if applicable
9) range of regulation ( if any);