This study investigated using an exergame called the Makoto arena to improve executive function and motor skills in 17 school-aged children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. The study found improvements in all areas of executive function, including significant improvements in overall executive function and metacognition. Motor skills also improved in most areas, with significant gains in strength and agility. Participants increased their response speed, showing exergames may benefit children with autism by improving executive function and motor performance.
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...Sports Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of physical exercises and minor games on speed in mildly mentally challenged children. 45 children participated in the study and were divided into 3 groups: a physical exercise group, minor games group, and control group. The physical exercise and minor games groups underwent training for 18 weeks, while the control group did not receive training. Speed was measured before and after the training using a 50m dash test. Results of the ANCOVA and post-hoc tests showed that there was no significant difference in speed between the control group and physical exercise group after training. However, the minor games group showed a significant improvement in speed compared to the physical exercise and control groups after training. The study concluded that minor
Neurodevelopmental Treatment and Cerebral Palseyda5884
This document summarizes a PICO question about the effectiveness of neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT) in improving gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy compared to alternative or no therapy. NDT targets the neuromuscular and central nervous systems to improve postural control and movement patterns. The document reviews 3 articles that provide evidence that NDT is not more effective than alternative therapies in improving gross motor skills, though results may vary based on treatment techniques and protocols. Implications for practice include critically evaluating why NDT is used and identifying which aspects are most helpful through future research.
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health-Related Quality of Life"
Valovich McLeod is the John P. Wood, D.O., Endowed Chair for Sports Medicine and a Professor in the Athletic Training Program at A.T. Still University.
Panel 5 -- Injury Prevention and Treatment. While being physically active is important for positive youth development, injuries can result. This panel will discuss ways to minimize injury, particularly concussions, while addressing the impact of sport-related injury on quality of life. The panel will also provide a blueprint for encouraging life-long physical activity.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
Donna K. Broshek - "Sports Concussions in Children and Adolescents" youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Donna K. Broshek - "Sports Concussions in Children and Adolescents"
Broshek is an Associate Professor and Co-Director of the Neurocognitive Assessment Lab at the University of Virginia Medical School.
Panel 5 -- Injury Prevention and Treatment. While being physically active is important for positive youth development, injuries can result. This panel will discuss ways to minimize injury, particularly concussions, while addressing the impact of sport-related injury on quality of life. The panel will also provide a blueprint for encouraging life-long physical activity.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
“Pathological Motivations for Exercise and Eating Disorder Specific Health-Re...pmilano
This study examined the associations between pathological motivations for exercise (measured by exercise dependence), eating disorder (ED) severity, and ED-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Survey data was collected from 387 female university students assessing ED severity, HRQOL, and exercise dependence. Regression analyses found that higher ED severity and exercise dependence scores both predicted poorer HRQOL. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between ED severity and exercise dependence, such that those with an ED and higher exercise dependence reported the worst HRQOL. This suggests that pathological motivations for exercise may exacerbate the detrimental effects of ED on quality of life.
The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study examined the long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functioning in older adults. It was a 5-year randomized controlled trial with 2832 older adult participants assigned to memory, reasoning, speed of processing training or a control group. The reasoning training group reported significantly less difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) compared to the control group. Speed of processing and memory training did not have significant effects on IADLs. Booster training improved performance on a functional measure of speed of processing for the speed of processing group only. All training groups maintained improvements in the targeted cognitive ability through 5 years.
Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to ...youth_nex
The document discusses the relationship between childhood fitness, obesity, and cognitive and brain health. It summarizes research showing that higher fitness is associated with better performance on achievement tests and cognitive tasks involving inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Studies find higher fit children have larger basal ganglia volumes and better relational memory. An intervention study found an after-school physical activity program improved cognitive control as measured by ERPs. Higher adiposity is linked to poorer cognitive performance and brain health. Acute exercise benefits cognitive performance. Collectively, the findings suggest physical activity benefits academic performance and cognitive development by supporting brain health.
Russell Pate, Ph.D. - "Health Effects of Physical Activity in Children and Yo...youth_nex
This document summarizes the evidence on the health effects of physical activity in children and youth. It outlines current physical activity guidelines for children and discusses limitations in the scientific evidence. Specifically, it notes that there is little evidence on the effects of physical activity in children under age 6. Additionally, the influences of physical activity on weight status and the dose-response relationships for most health outcomes are poorly understood. The document also reviews limitations such as a lack of prospective longitudinal studies and large-scale clinical trials.
Effects physical exercises and minor games on speed in mild mentally challeng...Sports Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of physical exercises and minor games on speed in mildly mentally challenged children. 45 children participated in the study and were divided into 3 groups: a physical exercise group, minor games group, and control group. The physical exercise and minor games groups underwent training for 18 weeks, while the control group did not receive training. Speed was measured before and after the training using a 50m dash test. Results of the ANCOVA and post-hoc tests showed that there was no significant difference in speed between the control group and physical exercise group after training. However, the minor games group showed a significant improvement in speed compared to the physical exercise and control groups after training. The study concluded that minor
Neurodevelopmental Treatment and Cerebral Palseyda5884
This document summarizes a PICO question about the effectiveness of neurodevelopmental therapy (NDT) in improving gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy compared to alternative or no therapy. NDT targets the neuromuscular and central nervous systems to improve postural control and movement patterns. The document reviews 3 articles that provide evidence that NDT is not more effective than alternative therapies in improving gross motor skills, though results may vary based on treatment techniques and protocols. Implications for practice include critically evaluating why NDT is used and identifying which aspects are most helpful through future research.
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health-Related Quality of Life"
Valovich McLeod is the John P. Wood, D.O., Endowed Chair for Sports Medicine and a Professor in the Athletic Training Program at A.T. Still University.
Panel 5 -- Injury Prevention and Treatment. While being physically active is important for positive youth development, injuries can result. This panel will discuss ways to minimize injury, particularly concussions, while addressing the impact of sport-related injury on quality of life. The panel will also provide a blueprint for encouraging life-long physical activity.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
Donna K. Broshek - "Sports Concussions in Children and Adolescents" youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Donna K. Broshek - "Sports Concussions in Children and Adolescents"
Broshek is an Associate Professor and Co-Director of the Neurocognitive Assessment Lab at the University of Virginia Medical School.
Panel 5 -- Injury Prevention and Treatment. While being physically active is important for positive youth development, injuries can result. This panel will discuss ways to minimize injury, particularly concussions, while addressing the impact of sport-related injury on quality of life. The panel will also provide a blueprint for encouraging life-long physical activity.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
“Pathological Motivations for Exercise and Eating Disorder Specific Health-Re...pmilano
This study examined the associations between pathological motivations for exercise (measured by exercise dependence), eating disorder (ED) severity, and ED-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Survey data was collected from 387 female university students assessing ED severity, HRQOL, and exercise dependence. Regression analyses found that higher ED severity and exercise dependence scores both predicted poorer HRQOL. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between ED severity and exercise dependence, such that those with an ED and higher exercise dependence reported the worst HRQOL. This suggests that pathological motivations for exercise may exacerbate the detrimental effects of ED on quality of life.
The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study examined the long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functioning in older adults. It was a 5-year randomized controlled trial with 2832 older adult participants assigned to memory, reasoning, speed of processing training or a control group. The reasoning training group reported significantly less difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) compared to the control group. Speed of processing and memory training did not have significant effects on IADLs. Booster training improved performance on a functional measure of speed of processing for the speed of processing group only. All training groups maintained improvements in the targeted cognitive ability through 5 years.
Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to ...youth_nex
The document discusses the relationship between childhood fitness, obesity, and cognitive and brain health. It summarizes research showing that higher fitness is associated with better performance on achievement tests and cognitive tasks involving inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Studies find higher fit children have larger basal ganglia volumes and better relational memory. An intervention study found an after-school physical activity program improved cognitive control as measured by ERPs. Higher adiposity is linked to poorer cognitive performance and brain health. Acute exercise benefits cognitive performance. Collectively, the findings suggest physical activity benefits academic performance and cognitive development by supporting brain health.
Russell Pate, Ph.D. - "Health Effects of Physical Activity in Children and Yo...youth_nex
This document summarizes the evidence on the health effects of physical activity in children and youth. It outlines current physical activity guidelines for children and discusses limitations in the scientific evidence. Specifically, it notes that there is little evidence on the effects of physical activity in children under age 6. Additionally, the influences of physical activity on weight status and the dose-response relationships for most health outcomes are poorly understood. The document also reviews limitations such as a lack of prospective longitudinal studies and large-scale clinical trials.
Michael Bergeron, Ph.D., FACSM - "Youth Sports: Encouraging Participation and...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Panel 5 - Injury Prevention and Treatment
Michael F. Bergeron, Ph.D. FACSM - "Youth Sports: Encouraging Participation and Life-long Physical Activity, Fitness and Health"
Bergeron is the Executive Director of the National Youth Sports Health & Safety Institute and a Professor in the Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota at the Sanford USD Medical Center.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
Promotion of Physical Education for Children with CerebralSydney Williams
This document discusses the promotion of physical education for children with cerebral palsy. It begins with an introduction to cerebral palsy, describing it as a neurological disorder affecting muscle movement. It then provides background on the history and research of cerebral palsy. The analysis section discusses how physical fitness can improve health and reduce secondary conditions for children with cerebral palsy, recommending inclusion of aquatic exercise. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of promoting physical fitness for improving quality of life.
A Persuasive mHealth Behavioral Change Intervention for Promoting Physical Ac...Sanaul Haque
Background: Employees in an office setting are more likely to remain physically inactive. Physical inactivity has become one of the major barriers to overcoming the risk factors for anxiety, depression, coronary heart disease, certain cancers, and type 2
diabetes. Currently, there is a gap in mobile health (mHealth) apps to promote physical activity (PA) for workers in the workplace. Studies on behavior change theories have concluded that health apps generally lack the use of theoretical constructs.
Objective: The objective of this study was to study the feasibility of a persuasive app aimed at encouraging PA among employees and to understand the motivational aspects behind the implementation of mHealth apps among office workers.
Methods: A 4-week study using a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) design was conducted with office-based employees in cities in 4 countries: Oulu, Finland; Carlow, Ireland; London, United Kingdom; and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Of the 220 invited participants (experimental group, n=115; control group, n=105), 84 participated (experimental group, n=56; control group, n=28), consisting of working-age volunteers working in an office setting. Participants used 2 different interventions: The experimental group used an mHealth app for PA motivation, and the control group used a paper diary. The purpose was to motivate employees to engage in healthier behavior regarding the promotion of PA in the workplace. A user-centered design process was followed to design, develop, and evaluate the mHealth app, incorporating self-determination theory (SDT) and using game elements. The paper diary had no specific theory-driven approach, design technique, nor game elements.
Results: Compliance with app usage remained relatively low, with 27 participants (experimental group, n=20; control group,
n=7) completing the study. The results support the original hypothesis that the mHealth app would help increase PA (ie, promoting daily walking in the workplace) in comparison to a paper diary (P=.033). The mHealth app supported 2 of the basic SDT psychological needs, namely autonomy (P=.004) and competence (P=.014), but not the needs of relatedness (P=.535).
Conclusions: The SDT-based mHealth application motivated employees to increase their PA in the workplace. However,
compliance with app usage remained low. Future research should further develop the app based on user feedback and test it in a larger sample.
The document summarizes a study that examined whether using screen time as a reward for physical activity is associated with differing levels of physical activity and screen time in children. The study involved surveying 49 children ages 5-18 about their physical activity, screen time habits, and whether parents used screen time as a reward. Results showed that children whose parents used screen time as a reward reported significantly higher levels of physical activity but similar levels of screen time compared to children whose parents did not use this reward system. This suggests that screen time rewards may help increase children's physical activity levels.
Dianne Ward, Ed.D. - "Moving Kids at Preschool and at Home" youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Ward is Professor of Nutrition in the Gillings School of Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina.
Panel 2 - How can we increase physical activity in children and adolescents? The presentations in this panel will describe programs that have successfully increased physical activity at preschool, in the home, at school, in communities, and in the private sector.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
This study aimed to identify factors predicting stretching exercise behavior among office employees. 385 office employees at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Iran participated. Questionnaires assessed factors from the Health Promotion Model and a developed version adding counterconditioning, self-regulation, and stimulus control. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of both models, though the developed model fit the data better. Regression analysis found the developed model explained more variance in stretching exercise behavior. Perceived barriers, self-efficacy, commitment to action, interpersonal influences, and stimulus control significantly predicted stretching exercise behavior.
The document summarizes a study that compared the mental health of active elderly individuals who participated in regular physical activity to inactive elderly individuals.
The study found that:
1) Active elderly individuals had significantly better mental health across physical, stress, social, and depression measures than inactive elderly individuals.
2) There was no significant difference in mental health between active elderly males and females, indicating that both benefit equally from physical activity.
3) Regular physical activity was concluded to enhance not just physical fitness but also mental health and quality of life for elderly individuals.
1) The document discusses a study that examined the effect of acute aerobic exercise on selective attention in college students.
2) The researchers used the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) to measure selective attention before and after exercise sessions in members of a college rowing team.
3) The results showed that all participants increased their scores on the PASAT after exercise, and statistical analysis found this change to be significant, indicating acute aerobic exercise can positively impact selective attention.
This document summarizes research on the effects of physical activity on attention in school-aged children. Several studies found that physical activity breaks during the school day improved children's time spent focused and on-task, as well as decreasing disruptive behaviors. One study found improved cognitive performance and attention on days when children had physical education class compared to sedentary days. The research suggests physical activity can positively impact attention, behavior, and academic performance in children.
This document discusses a research study investigating predictive factors that influence the mental health status of Australia's university students. The study examines physical activity, social and emotional wellbeing, and sporting club involvement as predictive factors. It measures these factors across personal, university, home, and community domains. The study aims to establish patterns of association between the predictive factors and students' mental health status using a mixed methods approach involving quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.
The document discusses the history and development of suit therapy. It began with the development of the Penguin suit in Russia's space program to counter the harmful effects of weightlessness on the body during space flights. Suit therapy aims to normalize sensory and motor inputs, bone density, muscle strength, balance, and body fluid balance that are impacted by reduced weight bearing.
The Adeli suit, developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences, showed successful results in treating cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders, opening the door for suit therapy as a new treatment method. The modified TheraSuit was designed by Polish therapists Richard and Izabela Koscielny for intensive suit therapy in the US and abroad. Research shows TheraSuit can
Cerebral Palsy: From Disability to Different Abilityjalenhammond
Cerebral palsy is a motor disability caused by brain damage that affects movement, balance, and posture. It is the most common motor disability in children. While the exact cause is unknown, it is often due to complications before or during birth such as prematurity or infection. Treatment focuses on therapies to improve mobility and independence as well as adapted physical education. Physical education teachers must understand cerebral palsy and adapt activities to students' abilities while promoting inclusion.
This document summarizes a study that explored psychological resilience in athletes who had recovered from a sports injury. It reviewed previous literature on resilience in sports and injury recovery. The study conducted semi-structured interviews with 6 previously injured male athletes to identify themes around protective factors that facilitated their successful return from injury. The interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis to explore key themes. Seven higher-order themes emerged as protective factors in the injury recovery process: being motivated, having previous adversity experience, having support systems, using faith, being confident, being positive, and being focused. These findings added to previous research on resilience in Olympic athletes by specifically examining resilience in relation to sports injury recovery.
Deanna Hoelscher, Ph.D, R.D., L.D. - "Eat Your Vegetables! Benefits of Health...youth_nex
This document summarizes a presentation on healthy eating in youth. It discusses:
- Why children need a healthy diet for energy, growth, and preventing chronic diseases.
- Current dietary recommendations and guidelines for children's nutrition.
- Trends showing youth diets are high in unhealthy foods like sugary drinks and low in fruits and vegetables.
- Options for improving children's diets through nutrition education, parenting practices, and environmental changes.
This document summarizes a white paper from the ASC-HELM Committee at Adams State University about infusing physical activity into classrooms and meetings to boost learning and productivity. The committee proposes incorporating 3-8 minute "Brain Booster" physical activity breaks into meetings and classes. Research shows physical activity improves cognitive functioning, concentration, memory, and academic achievement. The committee believes these short activity breaks would increase student engagement and achievement as well as employee health and productivity without being an extensive exercise program. They aim to promote a culture of wellness at ASU through these fun, easy-to-implement physical activity breaks.
This document summarizes a research article that applies the salutogenic model of health to research on positive youth development through sport. The salutogenic model focuses on how individuals maintain health and well-being when facing stressors. The key points are:
1) The salutogenic model provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying life skill development in sports, such as enhancing comprehension, manageability, and meaningfulness.
2) It recognizes that youth development arises from the interaction between an individual's resources, sense of coherence, and stressors across different life domains, not just in sports.
3) Sense of coherence plays a vital role in transferring life skills between domains, so youth programs should aim to
Intensive therapy involves 45-60 hours of therapy over 3-4 weeks, with sessions lasting 3-4 hours per day. It uses strength training and repetitive movements to improve functional mobility. Therapy is broken into preparation and secondary phases, and patients are given home exercise programs. Studies show intensive therapy can improve gross motor skills in patients with neurological and orthopedic conditions, though more research is still needed.
400
6500 new champions
added to ASAP network
300
1002 grant recipients
named in all 50 states
200
- $1000 each = $1 million
100
1. The document summarizes the Shape Up Somerville study, a community-based intervention to prevent childhood obesity through environmental and policy changes across schools, homes, and the community.
2. Key results showed decreases in BMI z-scores and unhealthy behaviors like screen time and sugary drinks in the intervention group compared to controls after 2 years.
3. A qualitative analysis using a systems perspective found that engaging leaders across sectors, using evidence, and blending
This document discusses a literature review on the impact of physical activity on medication dosage for patients taking antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications. Several studies are summarized that show physical activity can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and may decrease the need for medication. The PICOT question asks how daily physical activity compared to a sedentary lifestyle affects medication dosage over one year for patients currently prescribed these medications. The background provides evidence that exercise positively impacts mental health through neurotransmitter release and reducing harmful immune chemicals.
The document discusses the main components of a computer's motherboard. It describes how the motherboard contains the processor, memory chips, and input/output chips. It also discusses the expansion slots that connect peripherals to the motherboard and how the motherboard facilitates data transfer between components. Booting processes are initialized by the motherboard reading configuration settings from memory chips.
El documento habla sobre el Carnaval en Quito. Tradicionalmente durante el Carnaval, la gente celebraba con música, flores y serpentinas. También jugaban con agua como símbolo de limpieza antes de la Cuaresma. Con el tiempo, el juego con agua ha cambiado en algunas áreas y ahora se reemplaza con festivales artísticos y desfiles. El Carnaval ocurre justo antes de la Cuaresma y combina disfraces, desfiles y fiestas callejeras.
Michael Bergeron, Ph.D., FACSM - "Youth Sports: Encouraging Participation and...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Panel 5 - Injury Prevention and Treatment
Michael F. Bergeron, Ph.D. FACSM - "Youth Sports: Encouraging Participation and Life-long Physical Activity, Fitness and Health"
Bergeron is the Executive Director of the National Youth Sports Health & Safety Institute and a Professor in the Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota at the Sanford USD Medical Center.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
Promotion of Physical Education for Children with CerebralSydney Williams
This document discusses the promotion of physical education for children with cerebral palsy. It begins with an introduction to cerebral palsy, describing it as a neurological disorder affecting muscle movement. It then provides background on the history and research of cerebral palsy. The analysis section discusses how physical fitness can improve health and reduce secondary conditions for children with cerebral palsy, recommending inclusion of aquatic exercise. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of promoting physical fitness for improving quality of life.
A Persuasive mHealth Behavioral Change Intervention for Promoting Physical Ac...Sanaul Haque
Background: Employees in an office setting are more likely to remain physically inactive. Physical inactivity has become one of the major barriers to overcoming the risk factors for anxiety, depression, coronary heart disease, certain cancers, and type 2
diabetes. Currently, there is a gap in mobile health (mHealth) apps to promote physical activity (PA) for workers in the workplace. Studies on behavior change theories have concluded that health apps generally lack the use of theoretical constructs.
Objective: The objective of this study was to study the feasibility of a persuasive app aimed at encouraging PA among employees and to understand the motivational aspects behind the implementation of mHealth apps among office workers.
Methods: A 4-week study using a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) design was conducted with office-based employees in cities in 4 countries: Oulu, Finland; Carlow, Ireland; London, United Kingdom; and Dhaka, Bangladesh. Of the 220 invited participants (experimental group, n=115; control group, n=105), 84 participated (experimental group, n=56; control group, n=28), consisting of working-age volunteers working in an office setting. Participants used 2 different interventions: The experimental group used an mHealth app for PA motivation, and the control group used a paper diary. The purpose was to motivate employees to engage in healthier behavior regarding the promotion of PA in the workplace. A user-centered design process was followed to design, develop, and evaluate the mHealth app, incorporating self-determination theory (SDT) and using game elements. The paper diary had no specific theory-driven approach, design technique, nor game elements.
Results: Compliance with app usage remained relatively low, with 27 participants (experimental group, n=20; control group,
n=7) completing the study. The results support the original hypothesis that the mHealth app would help increase PA (ie, promoting daily walking in the workplace) in comparison to a paper diary (P=.033). The mHealth app supported 2 of the basic SDT psychological needs, namely autonomy (P=.004) and competence (P=.014), but not the needs of relatedness (P=.535).
Conclusions: The SDT-based mHealth application motivated employees to increase their PA in the workplace. However,
compliance with app usage remained low. Future research should further develop the app based on user feedback and test it in a larger sample.
The document summarizes a study that examined whether using screen time as a reward for physical activity is associated with differing levels of physical activity and screen time in children. The study involved surveying 49 children ages 5-18 about their physical activity, screen time habits, and whether parents used screen time as a reward. Results showed that children whose parents used screen time as a reward reported significantly higher levels of physical activity but similar levels of screen time compared to children whose parents did not use this reward system. This suggests that screen time rewards may help increase children's physical activity levels.
Dianne Ward, Ed.D. - "Moving Kids at Preschool and at Home" youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Ward is Professor of Nutrition in the Gillings School of Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina.
Panel 2 - How can we increase physical activity in children and adolescents? The presentations in this panel will describe programs that have successfully increased physical activity at preschool, in the home, at school, in communities, and in the private sector.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
This study aimed to identify factors predicting stretching exercise behavior among office employees. 385 office employees at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Iran participated. Questionnaires assessed factors from the Health Promotion Model and a developed version adding counterconditioning, self-regulation, and stimulus control. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of both models, though the developed model fit the data better. Regression analysis found the developed model explained more variance in stretching exercise behavior. Perceived barriers, self-efficacy, commitment to action, interpersonal influences, and stimulus control significantly predicted stretching exercise behavior.
The document summarizes a study that compared the mental health of active elderly individuals who participated in regular physical activity to inactive elderly individuals.
The study found that:
1) Active elderly individuals had significantly better mental health across physical, stress, social, and depression measures than inactive elderly individuals.
2) There was no significant difference in mental health between active elderly males and females, indicating that both benefit equally from physical activity.
3) Regular physical activity was concluded to enhance not just physical fitness but also mental health and quality of life for elderly individuals.
1) The document discusses a study that examined the effect of acute aerobic exercise on selective attention in college students.
2) The researchers used the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) to measure selective attention before and after exercise sessions in members of a college rowing team.
3) The results showed that all participants increased their scores on the PASAT after exercise, and statistical analysis found this change to be significant, indicating acute aerobic exercise can positively impact selective attention.
This document summarizes research on the effects of physical activity on attention in school-aged children. Several studies found that physical activity breaks during the school day improved children's time spent focused and on-task, as well as decreasing disruptive behaviors. One study found improved cognitive performance and attention on days when children had physical education class compared to sedentary days. The research suggests physical activity can positively impact attention, behavior, and academic performance in children.
This document discusses a research study investigating predictive factors that influence the mental health status of Australia's university students. The study examines physical activity, social and emotional wellbeing, and sporting club involvement as predictive factors. It measures these factors across personal, university, home, and community domains. The study aims to establish patterns of association between the predictive factors and students' mental health status using a mixed methods approach involving quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.
The document discusses the history and development of suit therapy. It began with the development of the Penguin suit in Russia's space program to counter the harmful effects of weightlessness on the body during space flights. Suit therapy aims to normalize sensory and motor inputs, bone density, muscle strength, balance, and body fluid balance that are impacted by reduced weight bearing.
The Adeli suit, developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences, showed successful results in treating cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders, opening the door for suit therapy as a new treatment method. The modified TheraSuit was designed by Polish therapists Richard and Izabela Koscielny for intensive suit therapy in the US and abroad. Research shows TheraSuit can
Cerebral Palsy: From Disability to Different Abilityjalenhammond
Cerebral palsy is a motor disability caused by brain damage that affects movement, balance, and posture. It is the most common motor disability in children. While the exact cause is unknown, it is often due to complications before or during birth such as prematurity or infection. Treatment focuses on therapies to improve mobility and independence as well as adapted physical education. Physical education teachers must understand cerebral palsy and adapt activities to students' abilities while promoting inclusion.
This document summarizes a study that explored psychological resilience in athletes who had recovered from a sports injury. It reviewed previous literature on resilience in sports and injury recovery. The study conducted semi-structured interviews with 6 previously injured male athletes to identify themes around protective factors that facilitated their successful return from injury. The interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis to explore key themes. Seven higher-order themes emerged as protective factors in the injury recovery process: being motivated, having previous adversity experience, having support systems, using faith, being confident, being positive, and being focused. These findings added to previous research on resilience in Olympic athletes by specifically examining resilience in relation to sports injury recovery.
Deanna Hoelscher, Ph.D, R.D., L.D. - "Eat Your Vegetables! Benefits of Health...youth_nex
This document summarizes a presentation on healthy eating in youth. It discusses:
- Why children need a healthy diet for energy, growth, and preventing chronic diseases.
- Current dietary recommendations and guidelines for children's nutrition.
- Trends showing youth diets are high in unhealthy foods like sugary drinks and low in fruits and vegetables.
- Options for improving children's diets through nutrition education, parenting practices, and environmental changes.
This document summarizes a white paper from the ASC-HELM Committee at Adams State University about infusing physical activity into classrooms and meetings to boost learning and productivity. The committee proposes incorporating 3-8 minute "Brain Booster" physical activity breaks into meetings and classes. Research shows physical activity improves cognitive functioning, concentration, memory, and academic achievement. The committee believes these short activity breaks would increase student engagement and achievement as well as employee health and productivity without being an extensive exercise program. They aim to promote a culture of wellness at ASU through these fun, easy-to-implement physical activity breaks.
This document summarizes a research article that applies the salutogenic model of health to research on positive youth development through sport. The salutogenic model focuses on how individuals maintain health and well-being when facing stressors. The key points are:
1) The salutogenic model provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying life skill development in sports, such as enhancing comprehension, manageability, and meaningfulness.
2) It recognizes that youth development arises from the interaction between an individual's resources, sense of coherence, and stressors across different life domains, not just in sports.
3) Sense of coherence plays a vital role in transferring life skills between domains, so youth programs should aim to
Intensive therapy involves 45-60 hours of therapy over 3-4 weeks, with sessions lasting 3-4 hours per day. It uses strength training and repetitive movements to improve functional mobility. Therapy is broken into preparation and secondary phases, and patients are given home exercise programs. Studies show intensive therapy can improve gross motor skills in patients with neurological and orthopedic conditions, though more research is still needed.
400
6500 new champions
added to ASAP network
300
1002 grant recipients
named in all 50 states
200
- $1000 each = $1 million
100
1. The document summarizes the Shape Up Somerville study, a community-based intervention to prevent childhood obesity through environmental and policy changes across schools, homes, and the community.
2. Key results showed decreases in BMI z-scores and unhealthy behaviors like screen time and sugary drinks in the intervention group compared to controls after 2 years.
3. A qualitative analysis using a systems perspective found that engaging leaders across sectors, using evidence, and blending
This document discusses a literature review on the impact of physical activity on medication dosage for patients taking antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications. Several studies are summarized that show physical activity can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and may decrease the need for medication. The PICOT question asks how daily physical activity compared to a sedentary lifestyle affects medication dosage over one year for patients currently prescribed these medications. The background provides evidence that exercise positively impacts mental health through neurotransmitter release and reducing harmful immune chemicals.
The document discusses the main components of a computer's motherboard. It describes how the motherboard contains the processor, memory chips, and input/output chips. It also discusses the expansion slots that connect peripherals to the motherboard and how the motherboard facilitates data transfer between components. Booting processes are initialized by the motherboard reading configuration settings from memory chips.
El documento habla sobre el Carnaval en Quito. Tradicionalmente durante el Carnaval, la gente celebraba con música, flores y serpentinas. También jugaban con agua como símbolo de limpieza antes de la Cuaresma. Con el tiempo, el juego con agua ha cambiado en algunas áreas y ahora se reemplaza con festivales artísticos y desfiles. El Carnaval ocurre justo antes de la Cuaresma y combina disfraces, desfiles y fiestas callejeras.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the academic and professional experience of Samantha Vice, a Distinguished Professor in the Philosophy Department at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa. It outlines her positions held at various universities in South Africa since 1999, as well as her educational background. It also provides a lengthy list of her publications, conference presentations, and academic activities.
This document is a resume for Agho Kingsley Otabor. It summarizes his personal details, including being single, born in 1983 in Edo State, Nigeria. It outlines his educational qualifications including a Bachelor's degree in Public Administration. It also details his professional experience, having worked as an Admin Manager since 2015 and previously as a System Administrator and Administrative Staff. It lists his roles and responsibilities in these positions. Finally, it outlines his computer skills, interests and availability of references.
Factor de seguridad contra deslizamiento de una Represa de TierraJOHNNY JARA RAMOS
Este documento describe cómo calcular el factor de seguridad contra deslizamiento (FS) de una presa de tierra de 43 metros de altura con pendientes de 4:1. Se proporcionan los parámetros del material de la presa y su fundación. Usando la solución de Bishop y Morgenstern y tablas de coeficientes de estabilidad, se calcula el FS para diferentes condiciones, obteniendo valores mínimos de 1.550 para c/γH=0.025 y 1.812 para c/γH=0.050. Por interpolación, el FS para c/
Only 12% of the workforce in India is in the organized sector with proper standards and benefits, while 88% lacks protections in the unorganized sector. Public sector units are often mismanaged and use outdated technology, resulting in poor performance. Improving human resource policies is needed to optimize resource allocation, enhance employee performance and retention, and improve productivity in India's industries.
El documento describe varios métodos para medir el caudal de una corriente de agua, incluyendo aforos con flotadores, aforos volumétricos, aforos químicos, aforos con vertederos y aforos con correntómetros. Explica cómo cada método mide el caudal aplicando principios como la ecuación de continuidad o la conservación de la materia y requiere medir parámetros como la velocidad, el área de la sección transversal, el volumen o la carga sobre el vertedero.
586 personas fueron juramentadas como facilitadores de justicia en 9 departamentos de El Salvador para mediar problemas legales en las comunidades sin necesidad de acudir a los tribunales. Los facilitadores son capacitados y proveen kits con materiales para implementar su trabajo apoyando a jueces de paz. En Honduras, 1600 facilitadores en 13 departamentos y 201 municipios auxilian a jueces, fiscales y defensores públicos, difunden leyes y asesoran a la población en trámites legales. El programa ha beneficiado a más de 900,000 personas.
Abhay Jain is seeking a senior managerial role in finance and commercial sectors with nearly 24 years of experience. He has extensive expertise in financial management, accounting, budgeting, working capital management, audits, and financial reporting. His experience includes roles at RSPL Steel Private Limited, Sharda Solvent Limited, and B.K. Group of cement companies where he managed accounting functions, implemented financial controls, and ensured statutory compliance. He has strengths in analysis, budgeting, cash flow management, and internal controls.
The document discusses the history and role of management studies in India. It notes that prior to economic reforms in the 1990s, education was more theoretical and not as practical. However, lessons learned from World War II about minimizing losses through strategic management techniques led to the emergence of management as a professional course of study. While India has expanded access to education significantly since the 1950s, quality remains an issue and management studies need to focus more on developing employable skills to meet global standards and demands.
CONCEPCIÓN FILOSÓFICA DE LA EVALUACIÓN DE LOS APRENDIZAJES IrlandaBarriosUpel
Esta investigación girará en torno a la concepción filosófica de la evaluación de aprendizajes, y cuál es el aporte que le brinda la filosofía a la evaluación, además describirá ¿Por qué la evaluación se considera parte de la ciencia?, así como también se establecerá una construcción teórica de la evaluación de los aprendizajes, diferencia entre evaluación y medición, tipos de evaluación y funciones de la evaluación, para lo que será necesario desarrollar una análisis de diversos documentos, que permitan obtener información relevante al caso y posteriormente establecer conclusiones del mismo.
Physical Fitness Involvement Among Young Adults and its Relation to other Act...Vinay Ghosh
You can visit our blog below, for more such kinds of free research paper downloads: --
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Physical activity is one of the major traits among young adults and children. The level of
physical activities among children is found to be directly related to some common diseases like
obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer. This paper consists of
a literature review of various research papers, which have been published in the context of
physical fitness. The various papers have been discussed to prove that physical fitness is directly
related to these diseases.
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS COR...Shabana2428
The document discusses several research studies related to physical independence and participation in physical activities for children with disabilities:
1. One study examined the gap between independence and frequency of participation in daily activities for children with disabilities in Taiwan. It found that restrictions in frequency of participation were greater than restrictions in independence, especially in neighborhood settings.
2. Another study identified important quality of life domains for children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities through parent interviews, such as physical health, social connections, and access to services.
3. A third study explored perceptions of post-traumatic growth in spinal cord injured athletes participating in parasports and found benefits like improved physical functioning and identity.
4. The document discusses several
Assessment of Physical Activity Level in Adults with Intellectual Disabilitie...Remedypublications1
This study assessed the physical activity levels and quality of life of 36 adults with intellectual disabilities who use habilitation programs in Zagreb, Croatia. The results showed that:
1) The total physical activity level of participants, measured in MET-minutes/week, was high on average. Half of participants engaged in a high level of physical activity.
2) Physical activity levels did not differ by gender or degree of intellectual disability. Those involved in competitive sports had higher activity levels than those in recreational sports.
3) Quality of life, as rated by parents, was positively correlated with inclusion in physical activity for individuals with intellectual disabilities. This highlights the importance of their participation in rehabilitation and occupational programs.
STUDY PROTOCOL Open AccessA family based tailored counsell.docxpicklesvalery
STUDY PROTOCOL Open Access
A family based tailored counselling to increase
non-exercise physical activity in adults with a
sedentary job and physical activity in their young
children: design and methods of a year-long
randomized controlled trial
Taija Finni1*, Arja Sääkslahti2, Arto Laukkanen1, Arto Pesola1 and Sarianna Sipilä3
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests that decrease in sedentary behaviour is beneficial for health. This
family based randomized controlled trial examines whether face-to-face delivered counselling is effective in
reducing sedentary time and improving health in adults and increasing moderate-to-vigorous activities in children.
Methods: The families are randomized after balancing socioeconomic and environmental factors in the Jyväskylä
region, Finland. Inclusion criteria are: healthy men and women with children 3-8 years old, and having an
occupation where they self-reportedly sit more than 50% of their work time and children in all-day day-care in
kindergarten or in the first grade in primary school. Exclusion criteria are: body mass index > 35 kg/m2, self-
reported chronic, long-term diseases, families with pregnant mother at baseline and children with disorders
delaying motor development.
From both adults and children accelerometer data is collected five times a year in one week periods. In addition,
fasting blood samples for whole blood count and serum metabonomics, and diurnal heart rate variability for 3
days are assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months follow-up from adults. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle
activities providing detailed information on muscle inactivity will be used to realize the maximum potential effect
of the intervention. Fundamental motor skills from children and body composition from adults will be measured at
baseline, and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. Questionnaires of family-influence-model, health and physical activity,
and dietary records are assessed. After the baseline measurements the intervention group will receive tailored
counselling targeted to decrease sitting time by focusing on commute and work time. The counselling regarding
leisure time is especially targeted to encourage toward family physical activities such as visiting playgrounds and
non-built environments, where children can get diversified stimulation for play and practice fundamental of motor
skills. The counselling will be reinforced during the first 6 months followed by a 6-month maintenance period.
Discussion: If shown to be effective, this unique family based intervention to improve lifestyle behaviours in both
adults and children can provide translational model for community use. This study can also provide knowledge
whether the lifestyle changes are transformed into relevant biomarkers and self-reported health.
Trial registration number: ISRCTN: ISRCTN28668090
* Correspondence: [email protected]
1Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity,
University of ...
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cognition in Children: A Meta-...videosplay360
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively combine and examine the re- sults of studies pertaining to physical activity and cognition in children. Stud- ies meeting the inclusion criteria were coded based on design and descriptive characteristics, subject characteristics, activity characteristics, and cognitive assessment method.
The document discusses strategies to increase student motivation and participation in physical education classes. It notes that low physical activity is linked to health issues, and activity levels decline with age. Barriers to participation include lack of skills, time, support and self-motivation. The Bilateral Integration exercise program and Better Movers and Thinkers approach aim to develop motor skills and executive functioning to help students experience success in PE and be more engaged. Individualized programs and varying activities may help address barriers and encourage lifelong physical activity.
Running head Background and Significance2Background and Sig.docxsusanschei
Running head: Background and Significance 2
Background and Significance 2
Effects of ADHD and Executive Functioning on Brain Development
#7
PSY625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Jennifer Weniger
July 30, 2018
Background
Techniques for maintaining and enhancing executive function in children with ADHD is great potential benefit to children and to society. Improved executive function improves daily performance in children and adults suffering from ADHD. There is more and more research for brain deficits associated with ADHD. ADHD symptoms can include inattention and/or hyperactivity and acting impulsively. This disorder affects more than one in 20 under the age of 18, and two-thirds of those diagnosed continue to deal with symptoms as adults. Further research on the effects of ADHD and executive functioning would be beneficial for those suffering from the disorder. Symptoms of ADHD create significate impairment in social, academic, occupational functioning, and relationships (Bressert, 2018). Higher executive functioning would lead to the ability to perform task of daily living and the improvement of quality of life.
There are more and more studies of normal and abnormal brain development in children and adolescents. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study ADHD. The ones who will be helped by further studies and an increased understanding of ADHD and executive function deficit are the children and their families. Students who have these challenges need coaching from professionals who specialize in executive functioning problems. Students need to be taught the skills necessary to overcome their deficits. Executive function skills are not a guarantee to school success but without these skills the child will have difficulty at a certain point, which can be followed by a loss of self-esteem. Further knowledge will help children suffering from ADHD and executive disorder succeed in school and in life (Eckerd, Ruden, 2011).
There are seven skills associated with executive function, 1) self-awareness, 2) inhibition, 3) non-verbal working memory, 4) verbal working memory, 5) emotional self- regulation, 6) self-motivation, 7) planning and problem solving. Anyone exhibiting ADHD symptoms will have problems with all or most of these seven executive functions. These seven functions develop over time in chronological order. Starting with self-awareness at age 2 and ending with planning and problem-solving at age 30 in a neurotypical individual. An individual with ADHD id generally 30 to 40 percent behind in transitioning from one executive function to the next (Barkley, 2018).
There is need for more research in the significance of executive functioning deficits on ADHD. In the article, Interventions to improve executive functioning and working memory in school-aged children with AD(HD): a randomized controlled trail and stepped-care approach, the researchers investigated one executive function, working memory which pl ...
Cognitive Benefits of Exercise for Children and TeensMark Dreher PhD
The brain evolves during our childhood years as it continues to develop and is affected by lifestyle habits such as physical activity, cognitive activity, nutrition and sleep.
Although there is growing scientific evidence that exercise is associated with improved cognitive function, academic performance, and overall health in children, the limited amount of time generally dedicated to physical activity during the school day continues to decline in many schools.
The activity requirements for healthy brain and cognitive function are really relatively modest. For children, moderate aerobic activity of about 60 minutes a day can make a big difference, especially in children that are currently low-performers. There is work to be done in the United States and other countries to meet these activity goals as only about 30% of high school students achieve them.
This presentation provides a current summary of the human research on aerobic exercise and cognitive function in children and teens.
Mark Dreher PhD
This document summarizes research on the effects of hippotherapy on several disorders. It discusses studies that found hippotherapy improved outcomes for children with cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. For cerebral palsy, hippotherapy reduced spasticity, improved gross motor functions and muscle activity. For autism, it increased engagement, social behaviors and self-regulation. For ADHD, hippotherapy improved executive functioning. The document reviews participant characteristics, assessment scales, and results from multiple clinical studies on hippotherapy for each of these disorders.
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L ERelationship Between Frequenc.docxcatheryncouper
This research article examined the relationship between frequency and intensity of physical activity and health behaviors in adolescents. Researchers analyzed survey data from over 800 high school students regarding their physical activity levels and health behaviors over the past 30 days. They found that adolescents who engaged in high levels of vigorous physical activity were less likely to use marijuana or engage in heavy marijuana use, consumed more healthy carbohydrates and fats, used stress management techniques more frequently, and reported better quality of sleep compared to those with low vigorous physical activity. Few differences were seen based on frequency of moderate physical activity. The findings suggest frequent vigorous physical activity in adolescents may reduce risky behaviors and promote healthy behaviors. More research is needed to better understand these relationships.
AbstractThis informative report focuses on filling information.docxbartholomeocoombs
Abstract
This informative report focuses on filling information gaps regarding adherence to physical activity and exercise in the health care spectrum of older adults and an overview of the benefits of physical activity for OAs. Healthy People 2000, 2010, and 2020 are public health programs from the US Department of Health and Human Services that set national goals and objectives for promoting health and preventing disease. The programs include ten leading health indicators that reflect major health problems, which concern OAs. Exercise and physical activity are among the most important factors affecting health and longevity, but exercise adherence is a significant hindrance in achieving health goals in the elderly. Exercise adherence in OAs is a multifactorial problem encompassing many bio-psychosocial factors. Factors affecting adherence in the elderly include socioeconomic status, education level, living arrangements, health status, pacemakers, physical fitness, and depression. Improving adherence could have a significant impact on longevity, quality of life, and health care costs.
Keywords: Geriatric Medicine, Health Care, Health Professionals, Exercise Adherence
Introduction
Geriatric health care delivery is a major public health issue. Geriatrics refers to diagnosing and treating older adults (OA) with complex medical conditions and social problems. A recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO) stated, “OA are generally defined according to a range of characteristics including chronological age, change in social role and changes in functional capabilities. In high-resourced countries older age is generally defined in relation to retirement from paid employment and receipt of a pension, at 60 or 65 years. With increasing longevity some countries define a separate group of oldest people, those over 85 years. In low-resourced countries with shorter life-spans, older people may be defined as those over 50 years” (World Health Organization, 2010a). OA are the largest and fastest growing segment of the population, which present significant challenges to the health care system. Understanding the factors contributing to the health practices of OA is important for professionals, paraprofessionals, and paid and unpaid caregivers who need basic and continuing geriatric education to improve care. Adherence to physical activity and exercise programs is a critical but poorly understood area for promoting health and longevity.
The terms physical activity and exercise are often used interchangeably, but they are different. Physical activity involves movement produced by skeletal muscles that require energy from metabolism. It is grouped as occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive. It promotes health, fitness, and skill and the results of the program can be measured with specific tests (Caspersen, Powell, & Christenson, 1985; F.
Comparison of Executive Functions in Addicted Young People who Referred to Ad...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The document compares the executive functions of 25 male students to 25 male young people in addiction treatment camps in Ardebill, Iran. Executive functions tested included set shifting, working memory, and inhibition using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Digit Span subscale, and Stroop Color Word Test. Results showed significant differences between the two groups in all three executive functions, with the addicted group performing worse. Specifically, the addicted group had lower mean scores on categories completed and higher mean scores on perseveration errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The study concludes addicted young people have weaknesses in executive functions like response inhibition, set shifting, and working memory updating compared to normal peers.
Effects of Strength Training in Multiple sclerosis patientsDaniel Yazbek
1) A systematic review of 4 randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) in patients with multiple sclerosis found that PRT can improve muscle strength and size.
2) Meta-analysis of the 3 studies measuring leg strength showed a significant mean increase in strength for patients undergoing PRT compared to controls.
3) While the studies had some limitations, overall they provide evidence that PRT can provide health benefits for MS patients and help increase muscle strength and size. Larger and higher quality studies are still needed.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 9 on the psychological foundations of physical education and sport. It discusses motor learning and control models, factors that influence learning and development, and the psychological benefits of participation in physical activity. It also covers concepts like anxiety, attention, personality, and strategies to promote exercise adherence and reduce dropout.
A Master’s Thesis for OTH-670- Research Seminar IIJulia Christian
This document appears to be a thesis submitted by two occupational therapy students to fulfill requirements for a master's degree. It includes an abstract that summarizes a study on the effects of physical activity on adolescent well-being. The thesis contains sections on literature review, methods, results, and discussion. The literature review explores trends in adolescent physical activity, definitions of wellness, the impact of physical activity on different aspects of wellness, and environmental factors related to physical activity. The purpose is to examine the association between physical activity and adolescent wellness. The methods section describes the mixed methods study design, including surveys distributed to high school students to collect data on physical activity and wellness. The results and discussion sections analyze and interpret the findings of
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a model approved by WHO in 2001 to like health with functioning and disability.
This power-point presentation contains all the relevant information regarding ICF and ICF model for third year physiotherapist students.
Hope it helps to whosoever refers these slides.
I hope this content helps you in understanding this condition. Thank You for sparing your precious time and going through this PowerPoint presentation.
2. • Page 2 of 6 •Hilton et al. Int J Sports Exerc Med 2015, 1:3
Motor impairment has been linked to specific functional skills in
children with ASD. Linkenauger, Lemer, Ramenzoni and Proffitt [29]
found that, compared with controls, individuals with ASD showed
gross motor impairments in relating information about their bodies’
action capabilities to visual information specifying the environment
and that the magnitude of these deficits strongly predicted the
magnitude of social/communicative impairments in those individuals
with ASD. They concluded that social/communicative impairments
in ASD may derive, at least in part, from motor deficits. In another
study, MacDonald, Lord, & Ulrich [30] determined that fine
motor performance skills were predictive of adaptive behavior skill
performance (p<0.01), while gross motor performance skills were
predictive of daily living skill performance (p<0.05). The authors later
determined that greater motor deficits predicted greater deficits in
adaptive behavior skills [31].
Relationship between Executive Function and
Comorbidities
Several studies have shown that EF has a crucial relationship
with other autistic comorbidities. Links between EF and repetitive
behaviors [32], anxiety [33], and comorbid psychopathology [34]
have been identified in children with ASD. Lopez and colleagues [32]
compared 17 adults with ASD and 17 controls and found that the
occurrence of repetitive behaviors in the group with ASD was strongly
correlated with cognitive flexibility, working memory, and response
inhibition, all aspects of EF. They postulated that when individuals
with ASD experience executive dysfunction, it impairs the ability to
produce, plan, and manage behaviors, which results in the atypical
behavior associated with ASD. Because engagement in repetitive
behaviors acts as a barrier to social and community participation and
integration, these results suggest that interventions which improve
EF could also have the added positive effect of decreasing repetitive
behaviors [35]. Hollocks and associates [33] examined 90 adolescents
with ASD between 14 and 16 years of age and found a significant
association between poorer executive functioning and higher levels of
anxiety. Findings from a study of 70 children and adolescents between
age 6 and 16 years diagnosed with ASD by Lawson and associates [34]
indicate EF problems as a predictor of comorbid psychopathology
(anxiety/depression and aggression/oppositionality) and as crucial
intervention targets for potential prevention and mitigation of
comorbid symptoms. EF and motor impairment in children may also
be related. Studies of typically developing children suggest that EF
and motor performance have underlying processes in common that
relate to planning, monitoring, and detecting and correcting errors
[36-40]. Hartmann, Houwen, & Visscher [41] found that children
with intellectual disabilities experience difficulty with EF and motor
performance, specifically object control skills, and that EF and motor
performance were positively correlated.
Exercise and Cognition in Children with ASD
Physical exercise has been found to improve cognitive processes,
specifically EF, in typically developing individuals [42-44]. Likewise,
it has been found to have a positive influence on symptoms seen in
children and adolescents with ASD, including improvement in EF
and a reduction in repetitive behaviors [45-48]. The mechanism
of improvement in these cognitive functions as a result of physical
exercise is only partially understood, and is thought to be caused
by increased cerebral blood flow, up-regulation of neuroprotective
growth factors, and the cardiovascular benefits of exercise, which lead
to an improvement in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients [43,48].
Children with ASD often participate in limited physical activities
[49] enjoy them less than do typically developing children [50]
experience weight gain from medications [51] and encounter
problems with reduced physical fitness and obesity [52]. Lack of
interest or motivation to exercise may make it difficult for them to
comply with daily physical activity recommendations [53].
The use of virtual reality electronic games that combine physical
activity and play, known as exergames or active video games, has been
found to be an effective intervention to increase cognitive capabilities
and to enhance body movement and energy expenditure in healthy
individuals [20,54-57].
Several studies have found the use of exergames to have beneficial
effects on cognitive performance in children with ASD. Anderson-
Hanley et al. [58] found an improvement in behavioral and cognitive
performance, specifically a decrease in repetitive behavior and an
increase in EF, after participation in an exergame intervention called
Dance Dance Revolution by 12 school-aged children with ASD.
Similarly, Hilton et al. [45] examining earlier pilot data from the
current study, found an improvement in the EF areas of working
memory and metacognition, the motor areas of strength and agility,
and response speed, in children with ASD following participation
in the Makoto arena, an exergaming intervention. These findings
suggest that the use of exergaming has the potential to be an effective
intervention tool to improve EF and motor functioning in children
with ASD.
Other studies investigating the use of exergames as intervention
tools in children with other conditions have found positive results
as well. A study investigating the effects of Wii®
interactive games
on sensorimotor function in children with Down syndrome found
an improvement in motor proficiency, visual integration skills,
and sensory integrative functions [59]. In addition, Sandlund et al.
[60] found an increase in physical activity participation and motor
performance in children with cerebral palsy following a PlayStation2®
exergame. These findings provide evidence to suggest that motion-
interactive videogames may help to improve functioning in children
with various conditions and could lead to an enhanced quality of
life. However, review of literature done by Best [61] identified only
2 studies in typically developing youth [20,62]and one study in
children with developmental disorders [58] that examined the utility
of exergaming in improving cognitive function in youth; further
research is needed to study the short and long-term influences of
exergaming on cognition, specifically EF, in children.
This study aimed to investigate whether EF, motor skills, and
response speed in children and adolescents with ASD, aged 8 to 18
years of age, would be positively affected by participating in 30 or
more Makoto arena sessions. Developed as a motor response speed
game, the Makoto training arena was initially used in sports, schools,
and medical rehabilitation to improve response speed, attention and
physical fitness of participants (Makoto, USA, Inc., n.d.). [63]. The
Makoto arena consists of three 6-foot tall towers, spaced 6 feet apart
in a triangular configuration. Each of the three towers has 10 lights,
which illuminate with an associated tone in random order. Lower
tones signify that the illuminated light is near the bottom of a tower,
while higher tones indicate a location near the top. Different speed
progressions and games are offered, with the goal of being able to
identify and tap the light as rapidly as possible before the allocated
time expires. Measuring overall accuracy and response speed, the
Makoto device also provides instant auditory reinforcement.
The current study combines novel data with data collected
from our previous pilot study [45] to address the following research
questions: 1) Does participation in the Makoto arena as an OT
intervention improve EF among school-aged, high-functioning
children on the autism spectrum? 2) Does participation in the Makoto
arena intervention positively affect motor skills and performance
among school-aged, high-functioning children on the autism
spectrum? and 3) Does participation in the Makoto arena result in
improved response speeds among school-aged, high-functioning
children on the autism spectrum?
Method
Research design
Using a repeated-measures study, we compared pre-intervention
assessments with post-intervention assessments to determine whether
these outcomes were affected by the Makoto arena intervention. IRB
approval was obtained prior to data collection.
3. • Page 3 of 6 •Hilton et al. Int J Sports Exerc Med 2015, 1:3
Participants
Study participants were high functioning children and adolescents
with ASD, between the ages of 8 and 18 years, who were recruited
from two schools that provided services for children and adolescents
with ASD. One school was a public school and the other was private.
In comparing the students who went to the private school versus the
public school, no demographic or socioeconomic differences were
observed. Additional study participants were recruited through a
parent network comprised of families having children with ASD in
the St. Louis, MO, greater metropolitan area. Inclusion criteria were
having been diagnosed with ASD, an IQ score of 65 or higher, and
a willingness on the part of the child to participate in the Makoto
intervention for approximately 3 times per week. Students with IQs
lower than 65 were excluded from the study. Our concern was that
students with IQs lower than 65 might serve as potential confounders
of the study outcome of EF. For students without available IQ
scores, researchers administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of
Intelligence [64]. Additional exclusion criteria included students with
sensory impairments or behavioral problems who would be unable
to see or hear the cues provided by the Makoto arena intervention,
or those children and adolescents who were unable or unwilling to
follow the directions of the researchers. The ASD diagnosis of study
participants was made by an experienced clinician following the
criteria of the fourth edition, text revision, of the DSM [65].
Measures
Study participants were evaluated before and after intervention
with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd
Edition
(BOT–2) [66] and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive
Function [67]. During each Makoto arena session, the average
reaction speed of each study participant was recorded.
The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd
Edition
(BOT–2) [66] was used to assess motor proficiency, which includes
fine motor coordination and integration, manual coordination
(manual dexterity and upper extremity coordination), bilateral body
coordination and balance, and strength and agility. Gender- and age-
specific standard subscale scores are generated, as is a total motor
composite score, which have been normed for participants between
ages 4 and 21 years. For this study, all BOT–2 assessments interrater
reliability at the item level was >90% before scoring the assessments.
Greater motor performance is correlated with higher scores on
the BOT–2. The BOT–2 has strong internal subtest consistency
(0.71–0.95), internal composite consistency (0.93-0.97), test– retest
reliability (0.48–0.94), and interrater reliability (0.92–0.99) [66].
Good content and construct validity have been established for this
instrument.
The BRIEF [67] was used to assess the behavioral and cognitive
characteristics of EF with a standardized 86-item, parent-report
questionnaire. Higher BRIEF scores indicate greater EF impairment
and the instrument is standardized for age and gender. BRIEF t-scores
of greater than 65 indicate executive impairments. The BRIEF is
comprised of two indices, behavioral regulation (modulations of
emotions and behavior) and metacognition (ability to initiate, plan,
organize, and sustain future-oriented problem solving in working
memory), and one global executive composite summary score.
Internal consistency of the BRIEF is strong (0.82–0.98) as is test–
retest reliability (0.72–0.83) [67]. Content and construct validity for
this assessment are good and moderate inter-rater reliability (overall
mean r = 0.32) have been established.
Behavioral regulation components of the BRIEF include inhibit
(not acting on impulse), shift (transferring without difficulty from
one situation to another), and emotional control (ability to temper
emotional reactions). Components of metacognition include initiate
(beginning a task or generating ideas), working memory (ability to
hold information in memory for task completion), plan/organize
(ability to balance and handle different task demands), organization
of materials (orderliness of spaces in which the child works and plays),
and monitor (observe and adjust on-task habits).
The Makoto arena provides average response time and accuracy
information for each session played. Accuracy measures the
percentage of times the participant hits the target within the time limit
set by the speed level. Before each speed level increase, the participant
needed to attain at least 95% accuracy.
Participants were also asked a group of questions after completing
the protocol indicating how much they enjoyed participating in the
game, if they thought it helped them get better at other things, and
if they were glad to have participated in the study. Answer choices
were a Likert scale (1 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = somewhat/sort of, 4
= pretty much, 5 = very much).
Intervention
Participants were allowed choices on the frequency of the
intervention. They usually completed up to three 2-minute Makoto
arena sessions in a row each day with rest periods between, and up to
6 sessions per week, with a total average duration of 8 weeks, with a
range of 6 to 10 weeks, to complete the 30 sessions. Response speed
was generated from approximately 1,800 attempts to hit the Makoto
arena targets during the 30 sessions. We began each participant at the
slowest speed and we increased to the next faster speed each time they
mastered the previous speed level by at least 95%. The levels were set
at: 3 seconds (s), 2.5 s, 2.25 s, 2.0 s, 1.75 s, 1.5 s, 1.3 s, 1.17 s, 1.04 s, 1.0
s, and 0.95 s.
Procedures
After training, graduate students or the principle investigator
administered the assessments and interventions in quiet rooms with
limited distractions at the Clayton Child Center, Edgewood Center,
and Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri.
We conducted the interventions within one month of pretesting
for each child and we completed post-testing within one month of
completion of the intervention. To assure safety, participants were
required to wear stable shoes, such as athletic shoes, while engaging
in the Makoto arena. All participants were either at a school with a
school nurse available or accompanied by a parent in case they might
be injured during participation in the game.
Statistical analyses
The IBM SPSS Statistics 20 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY)
was used for data analysis. Nonparametric measures were used to
analyze the BRIEF and BOT–2 data because of the small sample size
and skewed distributions in two of the motor variables. We compared
standardized scores with test norms and examined Spearman rho
correlation coefficients between EF and motor subscale standardized
scores for pretests. Standardized scores for pre- and post-tests were
compared and analyzed by using paired Wilcoxon signed rank tests
to detect significant effects related to the intervention. We analyzed
reaction speeds between Sessions 6 and 30, allowing five practice
trials for each child before scores were included in the analyses, using
paired Wilcoxon signed rank tests to determine significant changes.
Additionally, we calculated standardized effect sizes using standard
approaches (0.10-0.24 = small, 0.25-0.39 = medium, >0.40 = large;
[68,69] for the pretest–posttest scores. Effect size calculations for
non-parametric data analyses followed the method used by Weberg,
Hjermstad, Hilmarsen, and Oldervoll [70]. The p value for significance
was set at p < 0.05.
Results
Recruitment produced 18 participants with ASD for study
enrollment. One child was discontinued from the study because
he would not follow the Makoto study protocol and baseline data
collection was not possible to complete. The remaining 17 participants
completed the protocol. Four of the parents did not return the
BRIEF post-test forms so those were not included in the analyses.
Participants were between 8 and 18 years of age (mean = 11.76) at the
time intervention began with 12 males and 5 females. Participants had
occasional falls while engaged in the intervention, but none involved
any sustained injuries. Full-scale IQs ranged from 66 to 136 (mean =
4. • Page 4 of 6 •Hilton et al. Int J Sports Exerc Med 2015, 1:3
(p = 0.005). The behavioral regulation index, which represents a
child’s ability to shift cognitive set and modulate emotions and
behavior via appropriate inhibitory control, showed a large effect size,
but was not significant. See table 3 for details. BOT-2 t scores showed
significant improvement only in the motor area of strength and agility
(p = 0.002), which showed a large effect size (r = 0.54). See table 3 for
details.
Answers to questionnaires showed that 88% of participants
experienced some degree of enjoyment from playing the Makoto
games, 82% felt like they improved in other areas outside of the game,
and 82% were glad that they participated in the study. Other areas
that were identified as improved included sports, gym, running, speed,
coordination, having a little fun, focus better in class, the way I look at
life, school, and my anger issues at home.
Discussion
Findings from this study corroborate previous studies, which
found motor impairment [11,14-18] and EF impairment [12,13] in
children with ASD. They also suggest that the relationship between
motor performance and EF observed in typically developing children
[36-40] and those with intellectual disability [41] may also exist in
children with ASD.
Improvements seen in this study in reaction speed, EF, and motor
performance after participation in the Makoto arena intervention
support previous findings from use of the Makoto arena [45]. They
also support previous studies that found physical exercise to improve
cognitive processes in children and adolescents with ASD [46,47].
Significant improvement in EF in the entire section of metacognition,
beyondthesinglesubtestofworkingmemory,strengthensandexpands
previous findings from Hilton et al. [45]. These changes may arise
from increased cerebral blood flow, which leads to an improvement
in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the brain [43,48] Changes
may also be attributed to generalization of skills learned through the
intervention. For example, the game requires cognitive flexibility and
inhibition of prepotent responses in order to respond to new stimuli.
These learned skills may generalize beyond the game context, as
captured by improvements on the BRIEF. The repeated demands of
rigorously moving their whole bodies to increase speed in hitting the
targets is likely the reason for improvement in strength and agility as
captured by improvements in the BOT-2. The participants’ reports of
improvements in other areas of their lives suggest the possibility of
more generalizable improvement effects.
The fact that all of the qualified participants who began the study
andwerewillingtofollowtheprotocoldidcompletetheentiresequence
of the intervention indicates their willingness to participate in this type
of substantial physical activity. Interest and motivation to participate
seemed to carry them to completion of the protocol, even though some
reported not enjoying it. The formal structure of the protocol of this
exergame qualifies it as being a formal activity. Formal activities showed
more diverse participation among children with ASD, more similar to
typically developing children, in a prior study [49]. This suggests that
participation in this type of formal physical activity may be helpful
in motivating children and adolescents with ASD to comply with
daily physical activity recommendations to help deal with common
problems of weight gain from medications and reduced physical fitness
and obesity experienced by this population [51-53].
93.82), verbal from 63 to 151 (mean = 98.18), performance from 58
to 143 (mean = 90.06). Participant family income was reported as less
than $30,000 per year (3 families), $31,000 to 75,000 (4), $76,000 to
110,000 (5), $111,000 to 250,000 (1), more than $250,000 (1) and not
reported (3).
Standardized scores for BRIEF pretesting indicated that the
behavioral regulation and metacognition indexes; and the global
executive composite were all >65, indicating clinically significant
impairments in these areas. Standardized BOT–2 scores for manual
coordination and strength and agility were <40, indicating impairment
in these areas. See table 1 for details.
Pretest total motor scores were negatively correlated with EF
metacognition index (r = -0.57, p = 0.016), and the EF global executive
composite (r = -0.55, p = 0.023). Pretest manual coordination scores
were negatively correlated with the EF metacognition index (r = -0.50,
p = 0.043).
Mean speeds from the sixth and last (30th
) Makoto arena
intervention sessions were compared. Participants’ response speed
increased resulting in a large effect size of -0.62 [69]. See table 2
for details. We compared the means of pretest and post-test scores
for the BRIEF and BOT–2. Improvement was observed in all areas
of the BRIEF and in all except fine manual control of the BOT-2.
Because of the small sample size, effect size was considered to be a
more valid measure than significance levels. Large effect sizes were
observed in the global executive composite and both the behavioral
and metacognition indices of the BRIEF. The BRIEF overall score,
the global executive composite, showed a significant improvement (p
= 0.016). The metacognition index change, which indicates general
improvement in the ability to initiate, plan, organize, and sustain
future-oriented problem solving in working memory, was significant
Table 1: Executive Function and Motor Impairments of Participants
Category *Percent Impaired
Pre
*Percent
Impaired Post
BRIEF
Behavior Regulation Index 71 54
Metacognition Index 71 62
Global Executive Composite 71 46
BOT2
Fine Manual Control 53 59
Manual Coordination 65 59
Body Coordination 53 47
Strength & Agility 65 42
Total Motor Composite 76 59
*Percent Impaired indicates % of participants with a score considered to have
potential clinical significance (t score >65 for BRIEF, t score < 40 for BOT-2).
BOT-2: Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency- Second Edition, BRIEF:
Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function.
Table 2: Pre & Post Intervention Executive Function Scores (n = 13)
BRIEF t score
(mean = 50, SD = 10) Median Pre Median Post Z-score Effect size (r)
Behavioral Regulation Index 77 69 -1.51 -0.50
Metacognition Index 72 66** -2.81 -0.55
Global Executive Composite 75 64.5* -2.40 -0.47
* p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, BOT-2: Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-
Second Edition, BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Lower
scores represent better functioning.
Table 3: Pre & Post Intervention Motor Scores (n = 17)
Test Median Pre Median Post Z-score Effect Size (r)
BOT-2 Standard Scores (mean = 50, SD = 10)
Fine Manual Control 39 38 -.086 0
Manual Coordination 34 39 -1.72 0.29
Body Coordination 36 40 -.87 0.15
Strength and Agility 38 40* -3.17 0.54
Makoto Response Speed (seconds)
Session 6 & Session 30 1.46 1.18** -3.62 -0.62
* p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, BOT-2: Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency- Second Edition, BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function.
5. • Page 5 of 6 •Hilton et al. Int J Sports Exerc Med 2015, 1:3
This study is limited by its small sample size and lack of a
randomized control group. Lack of a control group does not allow
for comparison of the experimental group to the improvements that
might be seen through normal development and familiarity with the
assessments, although each test is standardized for age and gender. In
addition, use of subjects as their own controls in a repeated measures
study such as this one has potential merit as a small n study in the
rehabilitation field [71]. Portney and Watkins [72] indicate the major
advantage of this design as “the ability to control for the potential
influence of individual differences.” The range in length of time to
complete the intervention was also a limitation, since it varied as much
as two months among participants. Another limitation of this study
is that this particular exergame is expensive for individual families
and is best used in a school, therapy center or community recreation
center. Scientific rigor could be increased by adding a randomized
controlled trial with a larger cohort and including an observation-
based measure of EF. Adding a measure to examine maintenance
of improvements would also add to the value of these findings and
strengthen their generalizability. Additional research should be
conducted to replicate and extend these findings, to examine dosage
and alternative exergames, to clarify exergaming components that
may influence cognitive and motor outcomes, and to examine the
long-term and applied utility of exergaming for ASD. Additional
work is also needed to examine the effects on children who are not
defined as high functioning, who might, indeed, benefit from this type
of intervention.
Conclusion
It is important to identify effective, interesting, and motivating
interventions to be able to provide the optimal impact through
therapy for children and adolescents with ASD. The findings from
this study suggest that the use of exergaming, specifically the Makoto
arena, may be useful for improving EF and motor skills in children
and adolescents with ASD, although further examination of dosage,
alternative exergames, long-term effects, and specific effects on school
performance are warranted. Significant correlations between certain
EFandmotorscoressuggestarelationshipbetweenthetwoconstructs.
Continued work addressing this line of inquiry to further understand
and possibly increase the benefits of various types of exergaming for
people with ASD will be helpful to inform best practice.
Acknowledgements
This study was partially funded by Washington University School of
Medicine, Program in Occupational Therapy. The authors would like to thank
the participants and their families, the Clayton Child Center, and the education
director, Kelly McCrary, the teachers and the staff at Edgewood Children’s Center.
They would also like to thank Shannon Gaetke, Sarah Dugan, Alisha Munoz, Ben
Olch, Kristin Seefeldt, Caitlin Stockelman, Stephanie Zaepfel, Amanda Artner,
Kristina Cumpata, Lisa Colton, Sarah Dobbs, Hailey Johnson, Jill Phillips, Kelly
Schwieterman, Sophie Goloff, Andrea Bennett, Ashlyn Hudson and Danielle Vest
for their help with testing, scoring, and data entry.
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