The document describes the operation of a high volume air sampler used to measure particulate matter concentrations in the atmosphere. It works by pulling a large volume of air through a filter over a period of up to 24 hours, trapping particulate matter. The mass of particulate collected is measured and divided by the volume of air sampled to determine the concentration in micrograms per cubic meter. Factors like filter selection and conditioning, flow rate measurement, and sampling time are important for accurate measurement of particulate concentrations.
Microplastics (MPs) are small plastic pieces with size less than 5mm that have entered and polluted the environment.
While many investigations including several critical reviews on MPs in the environment have been
conducted, most of them are focused on their occurrences in marine environment
The document describes a high volume air sampler, which is an instrument used to monitor ambient air quality. It works by passing a high volume of air through a filter paper using a blower, which retains airborne particles on the filter based on Stokes' law. Key components include a blower, flow meter, timer, filter holder, and voltage stabilizer. It measures particulate levels by determining the change in weight of the filter paper after sampling a known volume of air over a set time period.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Measurement of ambient air pollutants, sampling and analysisAbhishek Tiwari
The document summarizes air pollution monitoring training conducted at the Analytical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory in Ranchi, India. Over the course of 5 days, participants learned air sampling techniques and how to use equipment like a respirable dust sampler to measure concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 in ambient air. Samples collected during fieldwork were then analyzed, and concentrations of pollutants were found to be within regulatory limits set by India's Central Pollution Control Board.
Material recovery facilities receive recyclables collected from curbside pickups. Trucks dump the loads which are then sorted through a process involving breaking open bags, conveying materials to sorting lines where staff separate items into bins by material type. The sorted materials are baled and stored for shipment. MRFs use various mechanical and manual techniques like size reduction, air classification, screening, and magnetic separation to efficiently separate and prepare recyclables for end users.
To minimize the initial generation of waste materials through source reduction, then through reusing and recycling to further reduce the volume of the material being sent to landfills or incineration compared to the conventional approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste.
Ocean dumping involves disposing of various materials directly into ocean waters, including garbage, construction debris, sewage sludge, dredged materials, chemicals, and nuclear waste. Some hazardous and nuclear wastes are also disposed of illegally but pose serious dangers to aquatic and human life. The document discusses incidents where nuclear and toxic waste dumping in Somalia in the 1990s and off the coast of Japan in 2011 contaminated the marine environment and local populations with radiation and other pollutants. International laws now largely ban ocean dumping due to its harmful environmental and health impacts.
Microplastics (MPs) are small plastic pieces with size less than 5mm that have entered and polluted the environment.
While many investigations including several critical reviews on MPs in the environment have been
conducted, most of them are focused on their occurrences in marine environment
The document describes a high volume air sampler, which is an instrument used to monitor ambient air quality. It works by passing a high volume of air through a filter paper using a blower, which retains airborne particles on the filter based on Stokes' law. Key components include a blower, flow meter, timer, filter holder, and voltage stabilizer. It measures particulate levels by determining the change in weight of the filter paper after sampling a known volume of air over a set time period.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Measurement of ambient air pollutants, sampling and analysisAbhishek Tiwari
The document summarizes air pollution monitoring training conducted at the Analytical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory in Ranchi, India. Over the course of 5 days, participants learned air sampling techniques and how to use equipment like a respirable dust sampler to measure concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 in ambient air. Samples collected during fieldwork were then analyzed, and concentrations of pollutants were found to be within regulatory limits set by India's Central Pollution Control Board.
Material recovery facilities receive recyclables collected from curbside pickups. Trucks dump the loads which are then sorted through a process involving breaking open bags, conveying materials to sorting lines where staff separate items into bins by material type. The sorted materials are baled and stored for shipment. MRFs use various mechanical and manual techniques like size reduction, air classification, screening, and magnetic separation to efficiently separate and prepare recyclables for end users.
To minimize the initial generation of waste materials through source reduction, then through reusing and recycling to further reduce the volume of the material being sent to landfills or incineration compared to the conventional approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste.
Ocean dumping involves disposing of various materials directly into ocean waters, including garbage, construction debris, sewage sludge, dredged materials, chemicals, and nuclear waste. Some hazardous and nuclear wastes are also disposed of illegally but pose serious dangers to aquatic and human life. The document discusses incidents where nuclear and toxic waste dumping in Somalia in the 1990s and off the coast of Japan in 2011 contaminated the marine environment and local populations with radiation and other pollutants. International laws now largely ban ocean dumping due to its harmful environmental and health impacts.
Water treatment-WATER TREATMENT PROCESS-OZONISATION AND UV APPLICATIONGowri Prabhu
The document discusses different methods of water treatment including ozone treatment and UV treatment. For ozone treatment, it describes the process of generating ozone using electrical discharge, injecting ozone into water, the contact time needed for ozone to disinfect, and filtering out oxidized particles. It lists advantages such as strong germicidal properties and ability to eliminate various problems, and disadvantages like higher costs and potential byproducts. For UV treatment, it explains how UV light damages microorganisms' DNA to prevent reproduction and provides advantages like not adding chemicals, but disadvantages include need for regular maintenance and inability to treat turbid water.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
The document discusses procedures for sampling suspended particulates using a high volume sampler (HVS). Some key points:
- The HVS uses vacuum to draw ambient air through a filter at a rate of 40-60 cubic feet per minute for 24 hours, collecting 0.5 grams of particulate matter.
- Common filters used are Whatman No. 41 glass fiber filters, which have a collection efficiency over 99% for particles over 0.3 microns.
- Sampling procedures involve conditioning the filter, recording start/stop times and flow rates, and calculating mass concentration based on initial/final filter weights and total air volume.
- Results are reported as milligrams or micrograms of particulate matter per
Crude Oil Separation
Ampac USA provides wide range of products that can efficiently separate crude oil from water. These water purification systems are produced using high end technology. The team at Ampac USA understands how crucial it can be for anyone to use water that has crude oil mixed in it and many times, people have no choice but to use such contaminated water. It can be a serious threat to life of people.
INTRODUCTION TO WATER POLLUTION PARAMETERS -CONCEPT, OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF W...Arvind Kumar
This document provides an introduction to water pollution parameters. It discusses sources of water pollution including point sources like factories and non-point sources like agricultural fields. It also covers water quality issues in India like seasonal variations and pollution from industrial and domestic activities. The document outlines major categories of water pollution such as infectious agents, organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, and discusses their sources and harmful effects.
This document summarizes fabric filters, also known as baghouses, which are air pollution control devices that remove particles from gas streams using filter bags. It describes the key mechanisms by which particles are collected, including inertial collection, interception, Brownian motion, and electrostatic forces. The document outlines different types of baghouses - mechanical shakers, reverse air, and pulse jet - and explains their cleaning processes. Key factors that influence baghouse performance and efficiency are also summarized.
1. Water sampling is the process of taking water samples for analysis to check water quality.
2. There are two main types of water sampling: grab sampling, which collects discrete samples at a point in time, and composite sampling, which mixes multiple grab samples.
3. The water sampling procedure involves identifying sampling points, collecting samples using proper containers and labels, and transporting samples to a laboratory for testing of various physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters.
This document discusses different methods for shredding solid waste materials. It describes four main types of shredders: strip-cut, cross-cut, micro-cut, and hammer mills. Strip-cut shredders produce long strips, cross-cut produces squares or diamonds, and micro-cut shreds materials into very small pieces. Shredding and compacting waste makes it cheaper and easier to transport to landfills, helping to extend their usable lifetimes as solid waste volumes increase.
Surface water monitoring that how we do and what are the most objectives, methodology and scope that are in this ppt and it is very important for monitor a surface water that are shown in it
Wetlands provide important ecosystem services but face many threats. On-site threats include draining wetlands for agriculture, dumping waste, and pollution from nearby activities. Off-site threats involve upstream deforestation, dams altering water flows, and pollution from distant sources. A key threat is conversion to aquaculture through draining or filling wetlands. Wetlands are drained and filled to make way for shrimp or fish farms, eliminating natural habitat.
Arsenic in food chain and ground water and its mitigation options in West Be...P.K. Mani
This document summarizes arsenic contamination issues in West Bengal, India, with a focus on contamination pathways and mitigation options. It discusses how arsenic enters the food chain through irrigation with contaminated groundwater, accumulating in crops, livestock, and humans. Rice is a particular concern as it is grown under flooded conditions where arsenic is more mobile. The document reviews arsenic chemistry and behavior in the environment, uptake and accumulation in plants, and health effects on humans. It also evaluates various technologies for removing arsenic from groundwater and mitigation strategies within the food chain, such as alternative irrigation sources, crop varieties resistant to arsenic, and organic amendments to soils.
This document discusses different types of equipment used to control particulate matter in gaseous streams, including settling chambers, inertial separators, and cyclones. Settling chambers use gravity to remove large particles over 50μm but require a large space. Inertial separators like baffle, louver, and dust trap designs use changes in gas flow direction to remove particles over 20-30μm. Cyclones create a centrifugal force in an enclosed vortex to efficiently remove smaller particles between 10-40μm without moving parts. The document compares the designs and suitable applications of these particulate control equipment.
this presentation is about the reuse of treated wastewater.Different application and technologies involved. I have also put four case studies taken from some journals mentioned.
Measurement of Respirable Suspended Pm10 ParticlesECRD IN
This document provides a detailed method for measuring respirable particulate matter (PM10) in ambient air using a cyclone flow technique. Key steps include:
1) Drawing air through a size-selective inlet and filter to collect particles under 10 micrometers.
2) Weighing the filter before and after to determine the mass of collected particles.
3) Calculating the PM10 concentration by dividing the weight gain by the sampled air volume.
4) Specifying equipment such as the high volume air sampler, cyclone inlet, and controlled environment for filter weighing.
The document outlines an environmental management plan (EMP) for a project. It discusses the purpose and components of an EMP, which is to ensure environmental sustainability and compliance. The EMP covers managing environmental impacts, establishing policy, complying with laws, identifying project impacts, and minimizing negative effects. It describes monitoring environmental performance, training, and emergency response procedures. Stakeholders are mapped and an organizational structure is provided. The EMP also addresses legal requirements, risk assessment, objectives to reduce impacts, and monitoring compliance.
Water purification processes in natural systems lecture 2Munira Shahbuddin
1. Streams have the ability to purify themselves through natural processes like dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, and reactions driven by temperature, sunlight, and microorganisms.
2. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, there are zones of degradation, active decomposition, and recovery before the stream reaches a clear water zone.
3. Dissolved oxygen levels in a stream typically follow a deoxygenation curve as organic matter is broken down, followed by a reoxygenation curve as oxygen is replenished, resulting in an overall DO sag curve.
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process that uses gravity to remove suspended solids from water. Contact beds, intermittent sand filters, trickling filters, and miscellaneous filters are types of biological wastewater treatment processes that use microorganisms to break down organic matter. Contact beds have fallen out of use due to inefficiencies when the tank is full, while intermittent sand filters and trickling filters remain common.
This document discusses various procedures for sampling air pollutants, including classification of sampling methods, difficulties encountered, instruments used, duration and location of sampling. It describes correct sampling methods such as statistical methods, sample size, continuous vs intermittent sampling. Devices discussed include meters, suction devices, probes, absorbers, adsorbers, condensers and collectors. Factors like sampling period, atmospheric vs source sampling, and choosing representative sampling sites are also summarized.
This document summarizes various equipment used to control air pollution from industrial sources. It describes common control devices like packed towers, spray chambers, and venturi scrubbers that are used to capture gases, vapors, and particulate matter from processes like coal burning. Particulate control equipment like gravitational settlers, cyclones, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitators are also overviewed. Specific technologies to remove sulfur dioxide like flue gas desulfurization and hydrodesulfurization are then detailed.
This document discusses air sampling techniques. It describes the basic considerations for air sampling such as ensuring the sample is representative and the sampling rate allows for maximum collection efficiency. It also discusses different types of air sampling setups and sample collectors that can be used depending on whether gaseous or particulate pollutants are being measured. Specific techniques covered include absorption in liquid, filtration, impingement, electrostatic precipitation, and centrifugal force. The document also classifies particulate matter by size and describes common devices for particulate collection including dust fall jars, which are suitable for larger particles settling due to gravity.
This document discusses various methods for sampling airborne dust in mines. It describes the factors to consider in choosing a sampling instrument, such as the necessary dust concentration, mass concentration of the respirable fraction, and ability to analyze dust composition. Various sampling instruments are outlined that use principles like filtration, sedimentation, inertial precipitation, thermal precipitation, electrical precipitation, and optical methods. Details are provided on the location, duration and interval of sampling to obtain representative samples.
Water treatment-WATER TREATMENT PROCESS-OZONISATION AND UV APPLICATIONGowri Prabhu
The document discusses different methods of water treatment including ozone treatment and UV treatment. For ozone treatment, it describes the process of generating ozone using electrical discharge, injecting ozone into water, the contact time needed for ozone to disinfect, and filtering out oxidized particles. It lists advantages such as strong germicidal properties and ability to eliminate various problems, and disadvantages like higher costs and potential byproducts. For UV treatment, it explains how UV light damages microorganisms' DNA to prevent reproduction and provides advantages like not adding chemicals, but disadvantages include need for regular maintenance and inability to treat turbid water.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
The document discusses procedures for sampling suspended particulates using a high volume sampler (HVS). Some key points:
- The HVS uses vacuum to draw ambient air through a filter at a rate of 40-60 cubic feet per minute for 24 hours, collecting 0.5 grams of particulate matter.
- Common filters used are Whatman No. 41 glass fiber filters, which have a collection efficiency over 99% for particles over 0.3 microns.
- Sampling procedures involve conditioning the filter, recording start/stop times and flow rates, and calculating mass concentration based on initial/final filter weights and total air volume.
- Results are reported as milligrams or micrograms of particulate matter per
Crude Oil Separation
Ampac USA provides wide range of products that can efficiently separate crude oil from water. These water purification systems are produced using high end technology. The team at Ampac USA understands how crucial it can be for anyone to use water that has crude oil mixed in it and many times, people have no choice but to use such contaminated water. It can be a serious threat to life of people.
INTRODUCTION TO WATER POLLUTION PARAMETERS -CONCEPT, OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF W...Arvind Kumar
This document provides an introduction to water pollution parameters. It discusses sources of water pollution including point sources like factories and non-point sources like agricultural fields. It also covers water quality issues in India like seasonal variations and pollution from industrial and domestic activities. The document outlines major categories of water pollution such as infectious agents, organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, and discusses their sources and harmful effects.
This document summarizes fabric filters, also known as baghouses, which are air pollution control devices that remove particles from gas streams using filter bags. It describes the key mechanisms by which particles are collected, including inertial collection, interception, Brownian motion, and electrostatic forces. The document outlines different types of baghouses - mechanical shakers, reverse air, and pulse jet - and explains their cleaning processes. Key factors that influence baghouse performance and efficiency are also summarized.
1. Water sampling is the process of taking water samples for analysis to check water quality.
2. There are two main types of water sampling: grab sampling, which collects discrete samples at a point in time, and composite sampling, which mixes multiple grab samples.
3. The water sampling procedure involves identifying sampling points, collecting samples using proper containers and labels, and transporting samples to a laboratory for testing of various physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters.
This document discusses different methods for shredding solid waste materials. It describes four main types of shredders: strip-cut, cross-cut, micro-cut, and hammer mills. Strip-cut shredders produce long strips, cross-cut produces squares or diamonds, and micro-cut shreds materials into very small pieces. Shredding and compacting waste makes it cheaper and easier to transport to landfills, helping to extend their usable lifetimes as solid waste volumes increase.
Surface water monitoring that how we do and what are the most objectives, methodology and scope that are in this ppt and it is very important for monitor a surface water that are shown in it
Wetlands provide important ecosystem services but face many threats. On-site threats include draining wetlands for agriculture, dumping waste, and pollution from nearby activities. Off-site threats involve upstream deforestation, dams altering water flows, and pollution from distant sources. A key threat is conversion to aquaculture through draining or filling wetlands. Wetlands are drained and filled to make way for shrimp or fish farms, eliminating natural habitat.
Arsenic in food chain and ground water and its mitigation options in West Be...P.K. Mani
This document summarizes arsenic contamination issues in West Bengal, India, with a focus on contamination pathways and mitigation options. It discusses how arsenic enters the food chain through irrigation with contaminated groundwater, accumulating in crops, livestock, and humans. Rice is a particular concern as it is grown under flooded conditions where arsenic is more mobile. The document reviews arsenic chemistry and behavior in the environment, uptake and accumulation in plants, and health effects on humans. It also evaluates various technologies for removing arsenic from groundwater and mitigation strategies within the food chain, such as alternative irrigation sources, crop varieties resistant to arsenic, and organic amendments to soils.
This document discusses different types of equipment used to control particulate matter in gaseous streams, including settling chambers, inertial separators, and cyclones. Settling chambers use gravity to remove large particles over 50μm but require a large space. Inertial separators like baffle, louver, and dust trap designs use changes in gas flow direction to remove particles over 20-30μm. Cyclones create a centrifugal force in an enclosed vortex to efficiently remove smaller particles between 10-40μm without moving parts. The document compares the designs and suitable applications of these particulate control equipment.
this presentation is about the reuse of treated wastewater.Different application and technologies involved. I have also put four case studies taken from some journals mentioned.
Measurement of Respirable Suspended Pm10 ParticlesECRD IN
This document provides a detailed method for measuring respirable particulate matter (PM10) in ambient air using a cyclone flow technique. Key steps include:
1) Drawing air through a size-selective inlet and filter to collect particles under 10 micrometers.
2) Weighing the filter before and after to determine the mass of collected particles.
3) Calculating the PM10 concentration by dividing the weight gain by the sampled air volume.
4) Specifying equipment such as the high volume air sampler, cyclone inlet, and controlled environment for filter weighing.
The document outlines an environmental management plan (EMP) for a project. It discusses the purpose and components of an EMP, which is to ensure environmental sustainability and compliance. The EMP covers managing environmental impacts, establishing policy, complying with laws, identifying project impacts, and minimizing negative effects. It describes monitoring environmental performance, training, and emergency response procedures. Stakeholders are mapped and an organizational structure is provided. The EMP also addresses legal requirements, risk assessment, objectives to reduce impacts, and monitoring compliance.
Water purification processes in natural systems lecture 2Munira Shahbuddin
1. Streams have the ability to purify themselves through natural processes like dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, and reactions driven by temperature, sunlight, and microorganisms.
2. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, there are zones of degradation, active decomposition, and recovery before the stream reaches a clear water zone.
3. Dissolved oxygen levels in a stream typically follow a deoxygenation curve as organic matter is broken down, followed by a reoxygenation curve as oxygen is replenished, resulting in an overall DO sag curve.
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process that uses gravity to remove suspended solids from water. Contact beds, intermittent sand filters, trickling filters, and miscellaneous filters are types of biological wastewater treatment processes that use microorganisms to break down organic matter. Contact beds have fallen out of use due to inefficiencies when the tank is full, while intermittent sand filters and trickling filters remain common.
This document discusses various procedures for sampling air pollutants, including classification of sampling methods, difficulties encountered, instruments used, duration and location of sampling. It describes correct sampling methods such as statistical methods, sample size, continuous vs intermittent sampling. Devices discussed include meters, suction devices, probes, absorbers, adsorbers, condensers and collectors. Factors like sampling period, atmospheric vs source sampling, and choosing representative sampling sites are also summarized.
This document summarizes various equipment used to control air pollution from industrial sources. It describes common control devices like packed towers, spray chambers, and venturi scrubbers that are used to capture gases, vapors, and particulate matter from processes like coal burning. Particulate control equipment like gravitational settlers, cyclones, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitators are also overviewed. Specific technologies to remove sulfur dioxide like flue gas desulfurization and hydrodesulfurization are then detailed.
This document discusses air sampling techniques. It describes the basic considerations for air sampling such as ensuring the sample is representative and the sampling rate allows for maximum collection efficiency. It also discusses different types of air sampling setups and sample collectors that can be used depending on whether gaseous or particulate pollutants are being measured. Specific techniques covered include absorption in liquid, filtration, impingement, electrostatic precipitation, and centrifugal force. The document also classifies particulate matter by size and describes common devices for particulate collection including dust fall jars, which are suitable for larger particles settling due to gravity.
This document discusses various methods for sampling airborne dust in mines. It describes the factors to consider in choosing a sampling instrument, such as the necessary dust concentration, mass concentration of the respirable fraction, and ability to analyze dust composition. Various sampling instruments are outlined that use principles like filtration, sedimentation, inertial precipitation, thermal precipitation, electrical precipitation, and optical methods. Details are provided on the location, duration and interval of sampling to obtain representative samples.
- Raw Material Handling Plant
- Dust Generation & Necessity of Control
- Types of Dust Control System
- Dust Collection System
- Air Cleaning Devices
- Bag House Dust Collector
Mine Environment II Lab_MI10448MI__________.pptxDr Romil Mishra
This presentation constitutes an integral component of a designated course curriculum and is crafted and disseminated for its intended audience. None of the contents within this presentation should be construed as a formal publication on the subject matter. The author has extensively referenced published resources in the preparation of this presentation, and proper citations will be provided in the bibliography upon completion of its development.
Determination of Suspended PM in AtmosphereECRD IN
This document provides guidance on determining suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere using a high volume sampling method. It describes the key components of the method including drawing air through a size-selective inlet and filter at a rate of 1132 L/min to collect particulate matter. The mass of particles collected on the filter is determined by weighing the filter before and after sampling. The document also discusses potential sources of error and interference and provides details on equipment, reagents, calibration procedures, and field sampling steps.
This document provides detailed procedures for determining suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere using a high volume sampling method. Key points:
- Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet and filter at a rate of 1132 L/min to collect particulate matter less than the inlet cut-point, which is typically 30-50 μm. Particle mass is determined by pre- and post-sampling filter weighing.
- A high volume sampler consists of a blower, filter holder, and flow controller to maintain the target flow rate. Filters are typically 20.3 x 25.4 cm glass fiber filters.
- Detailed quality control and calibration procedures are described to precisely measure particulate concentrations and account for potential errors from factors like
Determination of suspended pm in atomosphereECRD2015
This document provides details on the high volume method for determining suspended particulate matter concentrations in ambient air. Key points:
- Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet and filter at a rate of 1132 L/min. Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than the inlet cut-point are collected on the filter.
- The mass of particulate matter is determined by the difference in pre-and post-sampling filter weights. Concentration is calculated by dividing the weight gain by the air volume sampled.
- The method is applicable for measuring suspended particulate matter concentrations ranging from approximately 3.5 to 1000 μg/m3, depending on factors like sample duration and aerosol composition.
Kiran Shrestha presented on the topic of screening in wastewater treatment. Screening is the first step in the treatment process and removes coarse materials like rags, leaves, and plastics that could damage equipment. There are different types of screens including coarse, medium, and fine screens with varying size openings. Screening devices must be properly located and housed, and designed to maintain optimal velocities to effectively remove solids while preventing clogging. Screenings are disposed of through methods like landfilling or incineration.
The document discusses a dust suppression system used in a raw material handling plant. It describes how dust is generated during material transfer processes and the need for dust control. It then explains the major components of a wet spray and dry fog dust suppression system, including different types of nozzles, nozzle maintenance, and performance testing. The key types of nozzles discussed are hydraulic, air atomizing, and ultrasonic nozzles and their varying abilities to produce different sized water droplets for dust control applications.
There are several methods for measuring and sampling dust in foundries where workers are exposed. The most accurate method is the thermal precipitator, which uses an electrically heated wire to deposit dust particles from air onto glass slides that are then examined under a microscope. However, this process is tedious. The Owan's jet counter and Konimeter provide samples but have limitations such as small sample size or inconsistent results between operators. The Hexhlet sampler draws air through stages to collect coarse and fine particles on a paper filter that is weighed to determine dust concentration. Visual methods like the Tyndall beam or smoke generation can also be used to see dust levels. Key dust generation points in foundries include furnace work, sand preparation, core
The document discusses various methods for controlling air pollution, including particulate contaminants. It describes factors that affect the selection of control equipment such as gas-particle interaction and efficiency required. Several types of control equipment are examined, including gravity separators, centrifugal separators, fabric filters, particulate scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators. The document also discusses methods to reduce air pollution through process changes, treatment of emitted gases, and reducing polluted streams. Key considerations for air pollution control technology include the pollution source, effluents, regulations, waste generated and disposal.
Industrial air pollutant control devicesAtul Patel
This document discusses industrial air pollution and control equipment. It begins by describing the causes and effects of air pollution, including burning fossil fuels, agriculture, factories, and more. It then discusses objectives and methods for air pollution control, including particulate control devices like cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, and wet scrubbers. It also discusses gaseous pollutant control methods like absorption, adsorption, condensation, and incineration. Specific air pollution control technologies and their operating principles are described in detail.
Operation & maintenance aspects of a Water treatment plant.Home
Operation and maintenance of a treatment plant is task. This is done to expand the life time of the treatment plant. So its necessary to keep the water treatment plant with a good look after on the hand of operation and also in maintenance both simultaneously. The given slides show some operation and maintenance processes to carry out a water treatment plant.
The document discusses ambient air sampling methods. It defines ambient air as the air external to buildings that the public can access. Several air sampling techniques are described, including absorption in liquids, adsorption on solids, and freeze-out sampling to capture air pollutants like gases, vapors, dust and fibers. Common air pollutants measured through sampling include particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Selection of sampling methods and filters depends on the phase and identity of the pollutant being measured.
This document discusses various methods for sampling air pollutants. It describes techniques for sampling particulate pollutants such as sedimentation, filtration, impingement, and precipitation. For gaseous pollutants, techniques discussed include absorption sampling, adsorption sampling, and condensation sampling. New methods like bubble sampling and sorbent sampling are also summarized. The objectives of air sampling are to measure the quality, quantity, and variation of pollutants from emission sources to help determine control methods. Location selection aims to avoid disturbances and capture predominant wind directions.
This document discusses various techniques for separating solids, liquids, and gases. It describes processes like gravity separation, sieving, magnetic separation, and chemical leaching to separate contaminants from soils. Filtration, distillation, freeze crystallization, membrane pervaporation, and reverse osmosis are discussed as methods to separate dissolved and undissolved particles from liquids. Finally, techniques for gas separation are covered, including pressure swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption, temperature swing adsorption, cryogenic distillation, and membrane gas separation.
Oxygen MANUFACTRE STORAGE PREPERATION AND CLINICAL ASPECTDr.RMLIMS lucknow
Oxygen is produced primarily through two main methods - fractional distillation of air and pressure swing absorption. It is stored in large bulk systems or compressed gas cylinders. Cylinders come in various standardized sizes and have safety features like pressure relief valves and color coding. Oxygen is delivered to patients through devices like nasal cannulas, masks, or venturi masks which mix oxygen with air to precisely control the fraction of inspired oxygen. While oxygen therapy is useful for treating hypoxemia, high concentrations over long periods can cause toxicity issues like pulmonary fibrosis or retinopathy of prematurity in newborns.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
These are the sterile preparation intended to administered other than intestinal route to bypass first pass metabolism and directly goes to systemic circulation.
These preparation give quick onset of action and site specific activity.
Suitable for drugs which are inactive in GIT environment.
Can be given unconscious or vomiting or diarrheal patient.
The document provides details on measuring respirable suspended particulate matter (PM10) in ambient air using a cyclone flow technique. It describes how air is drawn through a size-selective inlet that collects particles under 10 micrometers in diameter on a filter. The mass of collected particles is determined by the difference in pre- and post-sampling filter weights, and concentration is calculated based on sampled air volume. The document outlines the equipment, procedures, calibration standards, and quality controls for accurate PM10 measurement according to this standardized method.
This document provides a method for measuring respirable suspended particulate matter (PM10) in ambient air using a cyclone flow technique. Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet that collects particles under 10 micrometers in diameter on a filter. The mass of collected particles is determined by weighing the filter before and after sampling. The concentration of PM10 is calculated by dividing the weight gain by the volume of air sampled. The method involves equilibrating, weighing, and processing filters in a controlled environment, then collecting samples in the field using high-volume air samplers fitted with cyclonic inlets.
Similar to HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER ENVIROTECH APM 430.pptx (20)
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
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3. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• High Volume Sampler is a basic instrument
used primarily for measuring concentration of
suspended particulate matter in atmospheric
air. By definition, suspended particulates are
too small in size to have an appreciable falling
velocity and are likely to remain in the
atmosphere for significant periods of time.
These particulates usually range from 1
micron to approximately 100 microns in size.
4. • It may be caused by a variety of processes
such as incomplete combustion of solid,
liquid, or gaseous fuels, wastes from
metallurgical, chemical and refining
operations, iceneration, etc.
• Moreover, natural sources also contribute
suspended materials like spores, salt water
spray and pollens.
5. • High Volume Sampling is an internationally
accepted standard technique for monitoring
the concentration of suspended particulates.
In these systems a large volume (1500 cubic
meters) of atmospheric air is passed through a
suitable filter medium over a period of upto
24 hours. They will thus yield measurable dust
samples in areas with dust levels as low as one
microgram per cubic meter of air. However,
where dust concentrations are high, shorter
sampling times may suffice.
6. Measurement of Particulate
Concentrations
• The mass concentration of suspended
particulates in ambient air, expressed in
micrograms per cubic meter, is calculated by
measuring the mass of collected particulates
and the volume of air sampled.
• In APM 430, the flow rate of air passing
through the filter is monitored by measuring
the pressure drop across an Orifice Plate
placed between the filter holder and the
blower.
7. • The scale of the manometer used to measure
the pressure drop is calibrated in air flow units
of cubic meters per minute. A Time Totalizer
records the time in minutes/hours for which
the system has sampled air. Hence the volume
of air sampled is known.
• The mass of particulates collected is measured
gravimetrically, using a balance capable of
reliable measurement to the nearest
milligram.
8. • One must remember, however, that
particulate matter which is oily, such as wood
smoke or photochemical smog, may block the
filter and cause a rapid decrease in air flow at
a non-uniform rate. Even fog or high humidity
can severely reduce the air flow through the
filter since even though glass fiber filters are
insensitive to changes in relative humidity, the
collected particulates may be hygroscopic.
9. • Hence, it is recommended that filter mediums
must be carefully conditioned, both before
and after sampling, prior to the measurement
of their weight.
10. Measurement of Particulate
Concentrations
• The mass concentration of suspended
particulates in ambient air, expressed in
micrograms per cubic meter, is calculated by
measuring the mass of collected particulates
and the volume of air sampled.
• The flow rate of air passing through the filter
is monitored by measuring the pressure drop
across an Orifice Plate placed between the
filter holder and the blower.
11. • The scale of the manometer used to measure
the pressure drop is calibrated in air flow units
of cubic meters per minute. A Time Totalizer
records the time in minutes/hours for which
the system has sampled air. Hence the volume
of air sampled is known.
• The mass of particulates collected is measured
gravimetrically, using a balance capable of
reliable measurement to the nearest
milligram.
12. • One must remember, however, that particualte
matter which is oily, such as wood smoke or
photochemical smog, may block the filter and
cause a rapid decrease in air flow at a
nonuniform rate. Even fog or high humidity can
severely reduce the air flow through the filter
since even though glass fibre filters are
insensitive to changes in relative humidity, the
collected particulates may be hygroscopic.
Hence, it is recommended that filter mediums
must be carefully conditioned, both before and
after sampling, prior to the measurement of
their weight.
13. Measurement of Gaseous Pollutants
• The APM 430 Sampler is designed to monitor
only the concentration of suspended
particulates in atmospheric air, and the APM
411 gaseous sampling attachment must be
used if gaseous pollutants are also to be
monitored. An attempt has been made to
make the two units as independent of each
other as possible. Hence, users who are not
interested in gaseous pollutants need not
acquire the APM 411 attachment.
14. • However, each APM 430 system is provided
with all the fixtures needed for using the
gaseous sampling attachment, so that the
APM 411 system can be fitted at any stage.
• APM 411 gaseous sampler uses wet chemical
methods for the absorption and detection of
gaseous pollutants. Hence, atmospheric air
must be passed through absorbers containing
suitable reagents which would absorb relevant
gases like Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen oxides,
Hydrogen sulphides, etc.
15. • The absorbing reagents must be analyzed in a
laboratory to work out the quantity of gas
absorbed.
• The APM 411 system has been provided with
a set of four midget impingers for gaseous
sampling. A gas manifold with separate flow
control valves allows independent flow rates
to be set in individual impingers. A flow-meter
has been incorporated which allows a precise
measurement of sampling rate when the
system is being set up. The impingers have
been kept in an ice-tray to improve the
absorption efficiency of the system and
prevent loss of absorbers by evaporation.
16. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
• Selection of Sampling Site. The High Volume
Sampler is usually operated at ground level. In
normal usage it is never operated more than
15 meters above ground level. In order to
obtain a representative sample, the Sampler
should not be positioned near a wall or other
obstructions that would prevent free air flow.
17. • In excessively turbulent conditions or in the
presence of strong surface winds or otherwise
inclement weather, the sampling rate is likely
to decrease rapidly and perhaps in a non-
linear fashion due to filter choking. If the
sampler is operating in the vicinity of a source,
day-to-day variations in the measurement are
expected due to varying meteorological
conditions and changing atmospheric
phenomena, like wind speed and direction,
disperal, diffusion, etc.
18. Selection of Filter Medium
• For most cases where interest is limited to a
gravimetric determination of the total
suspended particulate concentration, glass
microfibre filters having a low resistance to
airflow, a low affinity for moisture and a 98%
collection efficiency for particles of 0.5 micron
or larger size are suitable.
19. • However, where further analysis of the
particulates is to be attempted to detect
specific elements/radicals, care should be
taken to choose special filter mediums having
a low background concentration of the
substances of interest. For instance, special
grades of glass microfibre filters are available
which have a controlled and low
concentration of metals like Iron, Zinc,
Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic, Nickel, etc.
20. Preparing the Filter
• Prior to use, expose each filter to a light
source and inspect for pinholes, particles and
other imperfections. Filters with visible
defects should not be used. A small brush is
often used to remove stray particles adhering
to the surface of new filters. Always handle
filter papers from their edges and do not
crease or fold the filter medium prior to use.
21. • Both blank and samples should be
conditioned at 20 to 25 degrees Centigrade,
and relative humidity below 50% for at least
16 hours prior to weighing. It is usual to put
an identification number and date of sampling
on the filters. Weigh the filters to the nearest
milligram and record the weight and filter
identification number.
22. Installation of the Filter
• Always install or remove the filter only when the
Sampler is OFF. Open the gable roof of the shelter,
loosen the wing nuts and remove the face plate from
the filter holder. Place a numbered, pre-weighed
filter in position with its rough side up. Replace the
face plate without disturbing the filter and fasten
securely. Under tightening will allow air leakage, over
tightening will damage the rubber face plate gasket.
A very light application of talcum powder may be
used on the rubber gasket to prevent the filter from
sticking. Close the roof of the shelter
23. Operation of the Orifice Meter
• The Orifice meter is really a differential
manometer used to measure the pressure
drop across an Orifice Plate. It uses distilled
water as the indicating fluid which must be
topped up from time to time. The brass screw
mounted on the meter plate is a filling plug
which must be opened to fill in the
manometer fluid. Use the syringe provided
with the instrument to fill distilled water upto
the “zero” mark on the meter scale.
24. • When adequate fluid has been filled into the
system, close the filling plug. Do not over
tighten the plug since it would damage its seal
ring. A drain plug has been provided on left
side of cover in order to drain out excessive
water.
26. TIMER OPERATION
• SETTING UP THE TIMER FOR MANUAL
OPERATION
Pullout all the pins on the timing dial outwards.
Use the main ON-OFF switch on the instrument
panel / manometer plate to manually switch the
blower ON or OFF. (Note : with the pins in
outward positions, the timer remains connected
to the mains but is unable to control operation of
the Sampler.)
27. SETTING UP THE TIMER FOR
AUTOMATIC OPERATION
Pull outwards all the pins located on the timing
wheel. Rotate the wheel clockwise until it is
synchronized with the real time of the day. e.g.
Rotate the timing wheel clock-wise until the
number aligned to the pointer (marked as a
triangle- ) on the center wheel corresponds to
the real time of the day. For example, if the
actual time is 10 A.M., the pointer should be
aligned to number 10.
28. Similarly, if the actual time is 3 P.M. the pointer
should be aligned to number 15. At this position
the timer is ON as in the manual position.
Decide the OFF time and push all the pins on
dial from selected OFF time to the start time
inwards. This will switch off the blower at
desired time. The sampler may now be left
unattended and will automatically operate for
the desired time. (Caution : The timing wheel
provides and endless loop, and so the timer will
repeat the operation after 24 hours, unless the
sampler is externally switched off.)
29. Each pins of the tuning dial corresponds to
approximately 15 minutes. It enables to select
many ON time and OFF time intervals as per
requirement.
• Caution :
In case the timer function not to be use
then pullout all the pins on the timing dial
outwards.
30. Using the Time Totalizer
The Time Totalizer uses a clock motor to drive a geared
numerical display. As shown in Drg. No 43015-00, the
system has been wired so that it operates only when
the heavy duty blower receives power. Hence its
display indicates the true time, in minutes/hours for
which the Sampler has sampled atmospheric air.
The Time Totalizer performs two important functions :
(a) it keeps check on the actual sampling time when the
instrument is operated, and
(b) it facilitates timely preventive maintenance.
31. Time Totalizer readings must be noted before
and after each air-sampling, so that the exact
duration of the sampling can be worked out. The
same readings can be used to determine when
the Orifice-meter system is due for cleaning. As
such, we strongly recommend that Time-
Totalizer readings be recorded in the form of a
Log and used to establish a preventive
maintenance schedule as per maintenance
instructions given in section 5 of the manual.
32. In the event of power failure, both the Timer
and Time Totalizer (as also the Sampler) stops.
Hence, when power is restored, the Sampler will
continue to operate for the balance time period
set on the Timer. It will, however, loose
synchronicity with the real time of the day. The
Time Totalizer will still indicate the actual
number of hours and fraction of hours (i.e., ....x
x.xx hrs) for which the Sampler has operated.
33. Sampler Start-up Sequence
Before commencing any air sampling operations using the APM
430 High Volume Air Sampler, check the following :
(1) The system is suitably located as per section 4.1
(2) A fresh, pre-weighed filter is installed in the filter holder.
(3) The fluid in the orifice meter is at ‘Zero’ level.
(4) In case both particulate and gaseous pollutants are to be
sampled, check that impingers with suitable reagents are in
place and are connected as per Section 4.12. If only suspended
particulates are to be sampled, the entire APM 411 gaseous
sampling attachment can be removed.
34. • Connect the mains chord of the sampler to a
live 220 V.A.C. outlet. Switch on the machine.
• Allow the Blower to run for a minute so that it
attains full speed and then record the
sampling rate indicated by the orifice meter. In
case gases are also to be sampled, set the
desired flow rates (for gaseous sampling)
using the needle valves of the gas manifold.
Record the sampling rates for gases.
35. Sampler Shut-off Sequence
(1) Record the flow-rate indicated by the orifice
meter.
(2) Record the flow-rate indicated by the
rotameter (for gaseous sampling).
(3) In case the system was operating under the
control of the Timer and the blower has already
been shut off, restart the blower using the ON-
OFF switch and allow the flow rate to stabilize
for a minute before recording the flow rates
mentioned above.
36. (4) Switch off the sampler using the MCB switch.
(5) Record the final sampling time indicated by
the Time Totalizer.
(6) Open the filter-holder and carefully remove
the Filter Paper. Fold the paper along its length
so that the soiled sides are in contact and are
facing inwards. Store the filter paper in a clean
envelope.
(7) Remove the Sampler from the Sampling Site
to a safe storage area.
37. Calculations (For Suspended
Particulate Sampling)
Weight of suspended particulates (W)
W = W2 - W1 (grams)
W2 = Weight of the filter paper after sampling (grams)
W1 = Weight of fresh filter paper (grams)
Note: Both W2 and W1 are to be measured after filter
conditioning as mentioned under heading , preparing
the filter
Volume of Air Sampled (V)
V = Q x T (Cubic Meters)
Q = Average sampling rate (Cubic meters per minute)
38. T = Sampling Time (Minutes)
Q = (Q1 + Q2) / 2
Q1 = Initial sampling rate indicated by the
Orifice Meter at the start of sampling
Q2 = Final Sampling rate indicated by the Orifice
Meter just before the end of sampling.
Concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter=
W/V(grms/cubic meter)