This document describes a proposed constant current/constant voltage charger for lithium-ion batteries using a buck converter topology. The charger uses a multi-power source control system to switch between three different power sources based on priority. It includes comparators to check the voltage levels of each source and a logical circuit to select the active source. A buck converter circuit regulates the battery charging in both constant current and constant voltage modes. Simulation results showed the charger can successfully charge the battery without reducing its lifespan while smoothly transitioning between charging modes. The design aims to increase efficiency and use fewer components compared to traditional chargers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronic...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a new integrated power electronics interface (IPEI) for battery electric vehicles to optimize power train performance. The IPEI combines a bidirectional DC/DC converter, onboard battery charger, and DC/AC inverter. It is responsible for managing power flow during different operating modes like charging/discharging and traction/braking. The concept is designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show output waveforms and validate the design. Specifically, the speed, torque, voltage and current curves demonstrate the dynamic response during traction and braking modes. THD is also reduced from 6.94% using a PI controller to 3.10% with a fuzzy controller, showing improved performance.
This document describes a proposed integrated power electronics interface (IPEI) for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The IPEI is designed to optimize power flow management for different operating modes like charging/discharging and traction/braking. It integrates a DC/DC converter, onboard battery charger, and DC/AC inverter to improve system efficiency and reliability while reducing component size and costs compared to other topologies. The document discusses the circuit design of the IPEI and its four operating modes. It also provides the dynamic modeling of the electric power train components like the battery and electric motor, as well as the control strategy design for the IPEI, which is analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
Circulating current suppression and natural voltage balancing using phase-shi...IJECEIAES
The challenge of achieving a balanced capacitor voltage is one of the factors affecting the efficient operation of modular multilevel converters (MMC). This paper investigates this challenge through a proposed method that utilizes a high carrier frequency phase-shifted pulse width modulation (PS-PWM) scheme. This method aims to achieve natural balancing without the need for any additional control mechanisms. Moreover, the number of output voltage levels is affected by the phase shift between the carriers of the upper and lower arms. When there is no phase shift, N+1 discrete levels are achieved, but when there is a phase shift, the number of discrete levels increases to 2N+1. The proportional-resonant (PR) controller and moving average filter (MAF) are employed to decrease the capacitor voltage ripples by suppressing the fourth and second harmonics in the circulating currents. The MMC inverter structure is modeled and simulated in the PLECS and MATLAB/Simulink environments to evaluate the impact of this control scheme on the converter’s performance.
IRJET- Modular Multilevel Converter for Power Quality ImprovementIRJET Journal
The document discusses a modular multilevel converter (MMC) for improving power quality. The MMC uses identical individually controllable submodules to produce a stepped voltage waveform that is close to sinusoidal, resulting in low harmonic distortion. It has advantages over traditional converters like modular structure, transformerless operation, scalability, use of standard components, and excellent output waveform quality. The document presents the configuration and operation of the MMC, describes a proposed MMC model, and provides simulation results showing the MMC produces output voltages and currents with low total harmonic distortion of 3.66%.
DESIGN OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLYBACK DC-DC CONVERTER WITH CURRENT CONTROLIAEME Publication
This paper proposes a set of design techniques to build a DC-DC converter for the interconnection of different sources of renewable energy with storage elements and flexible load profiles. This type of multifunctional DC-DC converter is essential to provide the dispatch of energy generation to storage connected to the DC bus or allow energy exchange with the AC network, with different decision modes as a function of the state of charge of batteries, with the forecast of the consumption of a house with renewable production. This work emphasizes the application of a method to design switched mode flyback converters with current control capabilities on the output side.
A Integrated Technique of SIDO PFC Fly back Converter in power systemIJMTST Journal
Energy saving is the major international efforts to control down the global warming .Power electronics based devices has being improving day by day for saving the electrical energy in the power grids. The govt. of India is also contributing several projects based on energy conservation. The Designing of a single-inductor dual output (SIDO) fly-back power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, in which the PFC and power conversion are done at the same time, multiplexing of a single-inductor is implemented through which each output can be regulated independently. The converter will be operating under in critical conduction mode (CRM). A SIDO PFC converter is a system of dual efficient DC output obtained from the AC source, it can also be replaced by solar panel and our system is capable of running a dc motor also, fly back converter can be used in both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion process. The efficiency along with power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time and output accuracy of this converter will be improved by implementing the neural network as controllers in the system
A novel fuzzy logic control for a zero current switching-based buck converte...IJECEIAES
This research provides a new control technique for mitigating conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in a buck converter designed for solar applications. Indeed, hard-switching direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converters, commonly used in industrial applications, pose a significant risk to the surrounding environment regarding electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Usually, the fast-switching phase induces abrupt changes in current and voltage, which adds to substantial electromagnetic interference in both conducted and radiated modes and excessive auditory noise. An architecture based on the duality of soft-switching topology and fuzzy logic control technology is developed to address these issues. On the one hand, resonant circuit topologies are used to induce switches to achieve soft switching conditions, which subsequently lessen the effects of EMI. On the other hand, the adoption of fuzzy logic control technology is interesting since it can reduce electrical stresses during switching. Furthermore, the simulation results show that zero current switching (ZCS) soft-switching closed-loop fuzzy logic converters outperform typical open-loop converters and softswitching closed-loop converters with proportional integral (PI) control in terms of EMC requirements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Control of Electric Power Train by Using Advanced Power Electronic...IOSR Journals
This document proposes a new integrated power electronics interface (IPEI) for battery electric vehicles to optimize power train performance. The IPEI combines a bidirectional DC/DC converter, onboard battery charger, and DC/AC inverter. It is responsible for managing power flow during different operating modes like charging/discharging and traction/braking. The concept is designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show output waveforms and validate the design. Specifically, the speed, torque, voltage and current curves demonstrate the dynamic response during traction and braking modes. THD is also reduced from 6.94% using a PI controller to 3.10% with a fuzzy controller, showing improved performance.
This document describes a proposed integrated power electronics interface (IPEI) for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The IPEI is designed to optimize power flow management for different operating modes like charging/discharging and traction/braking. It integrates a DC/DC converter, onboard battery charger, and DC/AC inverter to improve system efficiency and reliability while reducing component size and costs compared to other topologies. The document discusses the circuit design of the IPEI and its four operating modes. It also provides the dynamic modeling of the electric power train components like the battery and electric motor, as well as the control strategy design for the IPEI, which is analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
Circulating current suppression and natural voltage balancing using phase-shi...IJECEIAES
The challenge of achieving a balanced capacitor voltage is one of the factors affecting the efficient operation of modular multilevel converters (MMC). This paper investigates this challenge through a proposed method that utilizes a high carrier frequency phase-shifted pulse width modulation (PS-PWM) scheme. This method aims to achieve natural balancing without the need for any additional control mechanisms. Moreover, the number of output voltage levels is affected by the phase shift between the carriers of the upper and lower arms. When there is no phase shift, N+1 discrete levels are achieved, but when there is a phase shift, the number of discrete levels increases to 2N+1. The proportional-resonant (PR) controller and moving average filter (MAF) are employed to decrease the capacitor voltage ripples by suppressing the fourth and second harmonics in the circulating currents. The MMC inverter structure is modeled and simulated in the PLECS and MATLAB/Simulink environments to evaluate the impact of this control scheme on the converter’s performance.
IRJET- Modular Multilevel Converter for Power Quality ImprovementIRJET Journal
The document discusses a modular multilevel converter (MMC) for improving power quality. The MMC uses identical individually controllable submodules to produce a stepped voltage waveform that is close to sinusoidal, resulting in low harmonic distortion. It has advantages over traditional converters like modular structure, transformerless operation, scalability, use of standard components, and excellent output waveform quality. The document presents the configuration and operation of the MMC, describes a proposed MMC model, and provides simulation results showing the MMC produces output voltages and currents with low total harmonic distortion of 3.66%.
DESIGN OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL FLYBACK DC-DC CONVERTER WITH CURRENT CONTROLIAEME Publication
This paper proposes a set of design techniques to build a DC-DC converter for the interconnection of different sources of renewable energy with storage elements and flexible load profiles. This type of multifunctional DC-DC converter is essential to provide the dispatch of energy generation to storage connected to the DC bus or allow energy exchange with the AC network, with different decision modes as a function of the state of charge of batteries, with the forecast of the consumption of a house with renewable production. This work emphasizes the application of a method to design switched mode flyback converters with current control capabilities on the output side.
A Integrated Technique of SIDO PFC Fly back Converter in power systemIJMTST Journal
Energy saving is the major international efforts to control down the global warming .Power electronics based devices has being improving day by day for saving the electrical energy in the power grids. The govt. of India is also contributing several projects based on energy conservation. The Designing of a single-inductor dual output (SIDO) fly-back power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, in which the PFC and power conversion are done at the same time, multiplexing of a single-inductor is implemented through which each output can be regulated independently. The converter will be operating under in critical conduction mode (CRM). A SIDO PFC converter is a system of dual efficient DC output obtained from the AC source, it can also be replaced by solar panel and our system is capable of running a dc motor also, fly back converter can be used in both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion process. The efficiency along with power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time and output accuracy of this converter will be improved by implementing the neural network as controllers in the system
A novel fuzzy logic control for a zero current switching-based buck converte...IJECEIAES
This research provides a new control technique for mitigating conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) in a buck converter designed for solar applications. Indeed, hard-switching direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converters, commonly used in industrial applications, pose a significant risk to the surrounding environment regarding electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Usually, the fast-switching phase induces abrupt changes in current and voltage, which adds to substantial electromagnetic interference in both conducted and radiated modes and excessive auditory noise. An architecture based on the duality of soft-switching topology and fuzzy logic control technology is developed to address these issues. On the one hand, resonant circuit topologies are used to induce switches to achieve soft switching conditions, which subsequently lessen the effects of EMI. On the other hand, the adoption of fuzzy logic control technology is interesting since it can reduce electrical stresses during switching. Furthermore, the simulation results show that zero current switching (ZCS) soft-switching closed-loop fuzzy logic converters outperform typical open-loop converters and softswitching closed-loop converters with proportional integral (PI) control in terms of EMC requirements.
Power Quality Improvement Using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based D...IJERA Editor
Cascaded multilevel configuration of the inverter has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over the
configurations of the diode-clamped and flying capacitor multilevel inverters. This paper presents a threephase,
five-level and seven level cascaded multilevel voltage source inverter based active filter for power line
conditioning to improve power quality in the distribution network. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the
power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier
Load (NLDRL). The compensation process is based on concept of p-q theory. A CHB Inverter is considered for
shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted
PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are
obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.
An Efficient Wireless Power Transfer Methodology for Electric Vehicle Battery...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an efficient wireless power transfer method for electric vehicle battery charging using a series L-C compensation topology. It presents the general configuration of a wireless power transfer system including a transmitter placed under the road and a receiver placed in the vehicle. It then discusses the simulation modeling of the proposed system and presents the circuit design parameters. The results of MATLAB simulations show that the proposed method can transfer a maximum of 23.08W of power wirelessly to charge an EV battery to 48.09V and 0.48A, demonstrating the feasibility of using this approach for electric vehicle charging.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Power loss analysis of current-modules based multilevel current-source power ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A power loss analysis of multilevel current-source inverter (MCSI) circuits developed from two basic configurations of three-level current-source inverters, i.e. H-bridge and common-emitter inverter configurations is presented and discussed. The first circuit topology of the MCSI is developed by using DC current modules connected to the primary three-level H-bridge inverter. The second MCSI circuit is created by connecting the current-modules to a three-level common-emitter inverter. The DC current modules work generating the intermediate level waveform of the inverter circuits. Power loss analysis of the both topologies was carried out to explore the efficiency performance of the inverter circuits. The results showed that for the H-bridge and common-emitter MCSI using DC current modules, the amount of conduction losses in the inverter circuits could be diminished when the level number of AC output current increase. The measurement test results have also proved that using these MCSI topologies, the power conversion efficiency will also increase.
A seven level cascaded multilevel dstatcom for compensation of reactive power...IAEME Publication
This document describes a seven-level cascaded multilevel DSTATCOM system for compensating reactive power and harmonics. It uses a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter with either phase shifted PWM or level shifted PWM modulation techniques. Simulation results show the system is able to compensate load current harmonics and reactive power, reducing the total harmonic distortion of source currents from 36.89% to 4.37% with a seven-level inverter using phase shifted PWM. The DSTATCOM provides unity power factor correction at the point of common coupling.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
Dynamic solar powered robot using dc dc sepic topologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper provides an idea to maintain constant voltage to the charging battery at both low and high level light intensity by using SEPIC topology in solar powered robot. Here two batteries are used, one is for charging and another is for discharging. When battery 1 get charged in mean time the battery 2 which is already charged is used to run the robot, Switching will be controlled by ARM processor using DPDT relay, and also voltage and current levels are monitored. Maximum Power Point tracking of solar will be done by single axis tracking system. Keywords: Battery system, Solar MPPT, Robot model, SEPIC topology
This document presents a new fault ride-through (FRT) scheme called a bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL) for a three-phase grid-tied photovoltaic system to optimize performance during unbalanced fault conditions. A 100 kW MATLAB/Simulink model is used to simulate the system response with the new BFCL FRT scheme and compare it to a conventional crowbar circuit approach. Simulation results show the BFCL scheme achieves stable operation with minimal oscillations and ripples for unbalanced fault variables, performing better than the crowbar method. The BFCL is tested under single phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase faults both at the point of common coupling and 5 km away
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
Wireless power transmission (WPT) has attracted a wide variety of subjects in various disciplines and has also become a highly active research field due to its capacity to facilitate charging systems. Wireless power transmission will be compulsory to use soon as this technology enables electrical energy to be transmitted from a power source to an electrical load over an air gap without connecting wires. Wireless power transmission has been developed in the low power (1W to 10W) and high power (100W-500W) region. While the low power region development focuses on powering medical transplants and mobile charging, the higher end of the power spectrum is being developed for the electric vehicle (EV) applications. However medium power range (10W to 100W) is relatively unexplored due to lack of proper applications. The commercial WPT scheme is mainly used for the charging of lithium-ion batteries. Sensitive medium power loads like Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries do not have a wireless modular charging system. This paper discusses a proposed scheme for wireless charging of medium-range loads. LiPo batteries are used as the targeted charging load. A minimalistic approach has been considered while designing the electronics for efficiency improvement and a compact, modular scheme. The proposed scheme has been developed for drone and robotics applications and the results are validated.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
Application of single phase matrix converter topology to an uninterruptible p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses the implementation of an inverter with flexible voltage control for a DC line in a power transmission system. It begins with an introduction to distributed generation and the need for control schemes to integrate renewable energy sources during faults. It then presents a control algorithm for inverters to provide flexible voltage support under grid faults by generating reference currents. The controlled inverter is implemented on the receiving end of a HVDC line to study its performance. Simulation results show the inverter can compensate for voltage sags and reduce harmonic distortion compared to an AC line. The paper concludes the inverter provides flexible voltage support and phase balance during faults.
A LOW VOLTAGE DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS DC-DC BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER FOUR SWITCHES P singh
This paper presents the design and modeling of synchronous DC-DC buck-boost converter four switches controlled with PID controller for mobiles devices applications. The design of the converter circuit needs modeling and simulating its mathematical equations using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The evaluation of the output performance has been based on dynamic respond in term of rise time, settling time and peak time. Also the goal of the designer is regulated the output voltage to 3.24 regardless the variation of the input voltage, with input voltage [2.5V-5V] and switching frequency is 50 MHz. The converter is operated in Buck (step-down) and Boost (step-up) modes.
This document summarizes a research paper on using a multilevel converter topology for AC-DC harmonic immunity in VSC HVDC transmission. Key points:
- Voltage-source converter (VSC) based HVDC systems use multilevel converters to achieve high voltage switching capabilities. Cascaded H-bridge converters allow utilization of different DC voltages on individual cells.
- Selective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation (SHE-PWM) techniques offer the lowest possible number of switching transitions and losses for VSC HVDC. The paper discusses optimized modulation patterns providing controlled harmonic immunity between AC and DC sides for a two-level converter with a rippled DC link voltage.
- Simulation and experimental results presented confirm the
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
This paper proposes an improvement of the direct power control (DPC) scheme of a grid connected three phase voltage source inverter based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL) techniques for the renewable energy applications. This advanced control strategy is based on two intelligent operations, the first one is the replacement of the conventional switching table of a three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) by a selector based on artificial neural networks approach, and the second one is the replacement of the hysteresis comparators by fuzzy logic controllers for the instantaneous active and reactive power errors. These operations enable to reduce the power ripples, the harmonic disturbances and increase the response time period of the system. Finally, the simulation results were obtained by Matlab/Simulink environment, under a unity power factor (UPF). These results verify the transient performances, the validity and the efficiency of the proposed DPC scheme.
Design and Optimum Arrangement Of 3-phase Cascade Multilevel Inverter for Con...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using a cascade multilevel inverter to control an induction motor via direct torque control (DTC). It begins by introducing multilevel inverters and their benefits for high power applications. It then describes the cascade H-bridge topology and symmetrical vs asymmetrical configurations. The document outlines DTC for controlling induction motors and discusses extending this technique to multilevel inverters. It presents the torque and flux estimation methods used in DTC as well as the voltage vector selection process. The research aims to optimize DTC for induction motors powered by a cascade multilevel inverter.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Power Quality Improvement Using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Based D...IJERA Editor
Cascaded multilevel configuration of the inverter has the advantage of its simplicity and modularity over the
configurations of the diode-clamped and flying capacitor multilevel inverters. This paper presents a threephase,
five-level and seven level cascaded multilevel voltage source inverter based active filter for power line
conditioning to improve power quality in the distribution network. The DSTATCOM helps to improve the
power factor and eliminate the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) drawn from a Non-Liner Diode Rectifier
Load (NLDRL). The compensation process is based on concept of p-q theory. A CHB Inverter is considered for
shunt compensation of a 11 kV distribution system. Finally a level shifted PWM (LSPWM) and phase shifted
PWM (PSPWM) techniques are adopted to investigate the performance of CHB Inverter. The results are
obtained through Matlab/Simulink software package.
An Efficient Wireless Power Transfer Methodology for Electric Vehicle Battery...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an efficient wireless power transfer method for electric vehicle battery charging using a series L-C compensation topology. It presents the general configuration of a wireless power transfer system including a transmitter placed under the road and a receiver placed in the vehicle. It then discusses the simulation modeling of the proposed system and presents the circuit design parameters. The results of MATLAB simulations show that the proposed method can transfer a maximum of 23.08W of power wirelessly to charge an EV battery to 48.09V and 0.48A, demonstrating the feasibility of using this approach for electric vehicle charging.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Power loss analysis of current-modules based multilevel current-source power ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A power loss analysis of multilevel current-source inverter (MCSI) circuits developed from two basic configurations of three-level current-source inverters, i.e. H-bridge and common-emitter inverter configurations is presented and discussed. The first circuit topology of the MCSI is developed by using DC current modules connected to the primary three-level H-bridge inverter. The second MCSI circuit is created by connecting the current-modules to a three-level common-emitter inverter. The DC current modules work generating the intermediate level waveform of the inverter circuits. Power loss analysis of the both topologies was carried out to explore the efficiency performance of the inverter circuits. The results showed that for the H-bridge and common-emitter MCSI using DC current modules, the amount of conduction losses in the inverter circuits could be diminished when the level number of AC output current increase. The measurement test results have also proved that using these MCSI topologies, the power conversion efficiency will also increase.
A seven level cascaded multilevel dstatcom for compensation of reactive power...IAEME Publication
This document describes a seven-level cascaded multilevel DSTATCOM system for compensating reactive power and harmonics. It uses a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter with either phase shifted PWM or level shifted PWM modulation techniques. Simulation results show the system is able to compensate load current harmonics and reactive power, reducing the total harmonic distortion of source currents from 36.89% to 4.37% with a seven-level inverter using phase shifted PWM. The DSTATCOM provides unity power factor correction at the point of common coupling.
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current
sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
Dynamic solar powered robot using dc dc sepic topologyeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper provides an idea to maintain constant voltage to the charging battery at both low and high level light intensity by using SEPIC topology in solar powered robot. Here two batteries are used, one is for charging and another is for discharging. When battery 1 get charged in mean time the battery 2 which is already charged is used to run the robot, Switching will be controlled by ARM processor using DPDT relay, and also voltage and current levels are monitored. Maximum Power Point tracking of solar will be done by single axis tracking system. Keywords: Battery system, Solar MPPT, Robot model, SEPIC topology
This document presents a new fault ride-through (FRT) scheme called a bridge-type fault current limiter (BFCL) for a three-phase grid-tied photovoltaic system to optimize performance during unbalanced fault conditions. A 100 kW MATLAB/Simulink model is used to simulate the system response with the new BFCL FRT scheme and compare it to a conventional crowbar circuit approach. Simulation results show the BFCL scheme achieves stable operation with minimal oscillations and ripples for unbalanced fault variables, performing better than the crowbar method. The BFCL is tested under single phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase faults both at the point of common coupling and 5 km away
Design and Simulation of Efficient DC-DC Converter Topology for a Solar PV Mo...Sajin Ismail
Modulated Integrated Converter systems are considered to be the new and global turning point in the field of
Solar PV systems. These converters are highly recognised for its modular size and compact nature and they are supposed to
be attached directly with each PV module and since one PV module is having the power rating of a few watts ranging from
0-500Ws, the design rating would be in the same range and thus the most vital condition in such a design is efficiency
under these relatively low loads. In this paper an isolated interleaved boost converter topology is considered in the DC-DC
section and which is designed and simulated for a specific power rating (250W) and the efficiency is analysed with varying
load conditions and compared with the target efficiency of the system.
The paper describes the single stage AC-AC converter. This converter is a good alternative to quasi direct back to back converter. This single stage converter is called Matrix Converter. Matrix converter is an array of controlled semiconductor switches that connects three phase source to the three phase load. This converter provides bidirectional power flow, sinusoidal input and output waveforms and they have no dc link storage elements. Simulation model and results presented showing Venturini control method of matrix converter.
Wireless power transmission (WPT) has attracted a wide variety of subjects in various disciplines and has also become a highly active research field due to its capacity to facilitate charging systems. Wireless power transmission will be compulsory to use soon as this technology enables electrical energy to be transmitted from a power source to an electrical load over an air gap without connecting wires. Wireless power transmission has been developed in the low power (1W to 10W) and high power (100W-500W) region. While the low power region development focuses on powering medical transplants and mobile charging, the higher end of the power spectrum is being developed for the electric vehicle (EV) applications. However medium power range (10W to 100W) is relatively unexplored due to lack of proper applications. The commercial WPT scheme is mainly used for the charging of lithium-ion batteries. Sensitive medium power loads like Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries do not have a wireless modular charging system. This paper discusses a proposed scheme for wireless charging of medium-range loads. LiPo batteries are used as the targeted charging load. A minimalistic approach has been considered while designing the electronics for efficiency improvement and a compact, modular scheme. The proposed scheme has been developed for drone and robotics applications and the results are validated.
Analysis of harmonics and resonances in hvdc mmc link connected to AC gridBérengère VIGNAUX
High-frequency responses of HVDC-MMC links are essential to study because harmonic and resonance phenomena may impact the AC grid. In this paper, EMT-type simulations are used to analyze converter station’s frequency response.
Application of single phase matrix converter topology to an uninterruptible p...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses the implementation of an inverter with flexible voltage control for a DC line in a power transmission system. It begins with an introduction to distributed generation and the need for control schemes to integrate renewable energy sources during faults. It then presents a control algorithm for inverters to provide flexible voltage support under grid faults by generating reference currents. The controlled inverter is implemented on the receiving end of a HVDC line to study its performance. Simulation results show the inverter can compensate for voltage sags and reduce harmonic distortion compared to an AC line. The paper concludes the inverter provides flexible voltage support and phase balance during faults.
A LOW VOLTAGE DYNAMIC SYNCHRONOUS DC-DC BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER FOUR SWITCHES P singh
This paper presents the design and modeling of synchronous DC-DC buck-boost converter four switches controlled with PID controller for mobiles devices applications. The design of the converter circuit needs modeling and simulating its mathematical equations using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The evaluation of the output performance has been based on dynamic respond in term of rise time, settling time and peak time. Also the goal of the designer is regulated the output voltage to 3.24 regardless the variation of the input voltage, with input voltage [2.5V-5V] and switching frequency is 50 MHz. The converter is operated in Buck (step-down) and Boost (step-up) modes.
This document summarizes a research paper on using a multilevel converter topology for AC-DC harmonic immunity in VSC HVDC transmission. Key points:
- Voltage-source converter (VSC) based HVDC systems use multilevel converters to achieve high voltage switching capabilities. Cascaded H-bridge converters allow utilization of different DC voltages on individual cells.
- Selective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation (SHE-PWM) techniques offer the lowest possible number of switching transitions and losses for VSC HVDC. The paper discusses optimized modulation patterns providing controlled harmonic immunity between AC and DC sides for a two-level converter with a rippled DC link voltage.
- Simulation and experimental results presented confirm the
Modeling and simulation of three phases cascaded H-bridge grid-tied PV inverterjournalBEEI
In this paper a control scheme for three phase seven level cascaded H-bridge inverter for grid tied PV system is presented. As power generation from PV depends on varing environmental conditions, for extractraction of maximum power from PV array, fuzzy MPPT controller is incorporated with each PV array. It gives fast and accurate response. To maintain the grid current sinusoidal under varying conditions, a digital PI controller scheme is adopted. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed for this purpose and results are presented. At last THD analysis is carried out in order to validate the performance of the overall system. As discussed, with this control strategy the balanced grid current is obtained keeping THD values with in the specified range of IEEE-519 standard.
This paper proposes an improvement of the direct power control (DPC) scheme of a grid connected three phase voltage source inverter based on artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic (FL) techniques for the renewable energy applications. This advanced control strategy is based on two intelligent operations, the first one is the replacement of the conventional switching table of a three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) by a selector based on artificial neural networks approach, and the second one is the replacement of the hysteresis comparators by fuzzy logic controllers for the instantaneous active and reactive power errors. These operations enable to reduce the power ripples, the harmonic disturbances and increase the response time period of the system. Finally, the simulation results were obtained by Matlab/Simulink environment, under a unity power factor (UPF). These results verify the transient performances, the validity and the efficiency of the proposed DPC scheme.
Design and Optimum Arrangement Of 3-phase Cascade Multilevel Inverter for Con...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates using a cascade multilevel inverter to control an induction motor via direct torque control (DTC). It begins by introducing multilevel inverters and their benefits for high power applications. It then describes the cascade H-bridge topology and symmetrical vs asymmetrical configurations. The document outlines DTC for controlling induction motors and discusses extending this technique to multilevel inverters. It presents the torque and flux estimation methods used in DTC as well as the voltage vector selection process. The research aims to optimize DTC for induction motors powered by a cascade multilevel inverter.
Similar to High efficiency multi power source control constant current/constant voltage charger lithium-ion battery based on the buck converter (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
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skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
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Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
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reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
High efficiency multi power source control constant current/constant voltage charger lithium-ion battery based on the buck converter
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2023, pp. 207~217
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp207-217 207
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
High efficiency multi power source control constant
current/constant voltage charger lithium-ion battery based on
the buck converter
Ismail Boumedra1
, Abdelamin Diani1
, Karim El Khadiri2
, Ahmed Tahiri2
,
Mohammed Ouazzani Jamil3
, Hassan Qjidaa1
1
Department of Physics FSDM, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fez, Fez, Morocco
2
Laboratory of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Physics, ENS, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fez, Fez, Morocco
3
Faculty of Engineering Sciences,Private University of Fez, Fez, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 29, 2021
Revised Aug 10, 2022
Accepted Aug 22, 2022
This paper proposes the design and simulation of a constant current/constant
voltage (CC/CV) multi-power source lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery charging
system based on the Buck typology. The aim of this new design that uses the
Buck converter with multiple numbers of sources, is to provide sufficient
energy for battery charging, with an analog switch to select the active source
that has priority to guarantee the continuity of the charging without
interruption. As well as the transition between the charging modes is smooth
that is provided by a multiplexed switcher. At the same time is increases the
efficiency of the system by using fewer power dissipation components and
low output ripple. The obtained results show that the Li-ion battery can be
successfully charged without reducing its life cycle. In the global, those
technics allow reducing financial costs. This allows such a solution to be
well-positioned in the industrial market (electric vehicles (EV) and medical).
Keywords:
Battery lithium-ion charging
Buck converter
Constant current
Constant voltage
Multi power source control
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ismail Boumedra
Department of physics FSDM, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University Fez
Fez, Morocco
Email: ismail.boumedra@usmba.ac.ma
1. INTRODUCTION
The so-called “lithium-ion” batteries have become ubiquitous in our daily lives. They can be small
in a mobile phone or assembled by the dozens in an electric car or medical equipment. They are the subject
of intense research in the industrial sphere, given the challenge that represents electricity storage. The
proposed solution will cover the problem of the switching between the sources and its transition flexibility to
avoid any undesired interruption during charging or equipment operation which will also increase the
efficiency and overall performance of the system and use fewer components to achieve those functionalities.
Therefore, the design of a multi-power source is recommended to guarantee and offer the continuity of the
operation of the equipment.
The challenge of our design lies in switching between sources of different types with priority
conditions according to active or the available source, and at the same time keeping the efficiency of
charging without creating noisy response at the transition between the constant current/constant voltage
(CC/CV) charging method, Figure 1 showing the voltage and current of charging for a lithium-ion (Li-ion)
battery by using this method [1], [2]. it will charge a battery with a constant current firstly until the battery
voltage increases to the constant voltage limit. After the CC charging regime, the charging process goes into
the CV regime to prevent the overcharging [3]–[5].
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208
Our method builds on: i) checking the existence sources by using Hysteresis comparators which
compare the input voltage with a reference voltage Vref, ii) ensuring the switch between sources using a
logical circuit that drives the source to the power stage by priority and iii) modified direct current (DC-DC)
Buck converter allows ensuring the CC/CV charging modes with a proposed mode selector system, while
always avoiding voltage drops due to switching between sources and ensuring high efficiency [6], [7]. This
paper is organized: the second part will cover the descriptions and simulations of the proposed battery
charger that includes the switching solution, so it will present in detail the architecture and functionality of
each block composing the proposed Buck-type converter to charge the Li-ion battery. The results of the
simulations of the circuit will be illustrated in the 4th section and a conclusion will be presented afterwards.
Figure 1. CC/CV modes charging
2. THE PROPOSED BATTERY CHARGER
The industrial market always tends to look for solutions for continuous power supply during
operation of Li-ion batteries used in electric vehicles and medical equipment. Our solution comes to answer
these needs with a circuit comprising a combination of two architectures, each with its own functionalities
aimed at providing uninterrupted power supply even when changing power sources based on renewable
energies. Adding the challenge of keeping the battery charging efficiency.
2.1. Multi power source control
Our proposed multi-source solution offers an uninterrupted power supply to the battery by switching
between three sources by priority according to the availability, while avoiding voltage drops and keeping a
high efficiency and less losses of the system by reducing the number of metal-oxide-semiconductor
field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) transistors. Figure 2 illustrates the blocks that build our method used:
a) Sources: We have three sources classified according to priority. For instance, in electric vehicles (EV)
application we could have these following sources: source 1: sector, source 2: photovoltaic (PV) solar
panel on top side, source 3: wireless charger in bottom side.
b) Comparators: They are Schmitt trigger type that makes the comparison between the input voltage and a
reference voltage Vref in order to verify the existence of the input source. at the output of each
comparator, we have logical signals that specify the active sources (c1, c2, c3) [8].
c) Source selector logical circuit: responsible for meeting the priority conditions of the sources using
AND/NOT logic gates that check those following equations:
En1 = C1 (1)
En2 = C2 × En1 (2)
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𝐸𝑛3 = 𝐶3 × 𝐸𝑛2 × 𝐸𝑛1 (3)
When the source 1 is present (C1=High), En1 will be active so the load will be powered by the voltage
Vsource1. For the load to be taken by second source Vsource2, it is necessary the non-existence of the 1st
source (𝐸𝑛1) and the presence of the second source (C2=High). In order the system to be powered by the
third source, of course it is necessary the presence of source 3 (C3=High) and the non-existence of the
primary and second source (𝐸𝑛1, 𝐸𝑛2).
d) Gate driver: This block has as inputs the logical signals En which designate the active sources and a pulse
width modulation (PWM) input with the purpose of driving it to the gates of the P‐channel metal‐oxide‐
semiconductor (PMOS) that related with an active source.
e) Multiple HS half-bridge: The switching part of the power stage, consisting of two elements a three back-
to-back PMOS, each one of them related to a specific input voltage, represents a power source, and a low
side N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) for the synchronous type. The dual structure of the
PMOS protects the circuit against reverse currents and keeps a good efficiency using fewer number of
transistors [9]–[11].
Figure 2. Diagram of multi power source control
2.1.1. Schematic
The design of the proposed model predictive speed control (MPSC) solution is made using a
combination of digital and analog components well-chosen according to their performance. As already
mentioned, the operation of our MPSC is to check the existence of sources by comparison with reference
voltage and choose the right source by priority. The challenge is always to cancel the load current and
voltage errors when changing the voltage sources.
2.1.2. Enables signals vs output voltage waveform
In this simulation shown in Figure 3, we used three sources of the same type with an input voltage
Vin=12 V and a delay in time in order to observe the output voltage Vout being switched between the
sources. Taking for instance when t=2 ms, we notice the non-existence of Vin1, the deactivation of Vin2 and
the activation of Vin3, so Vout will switch between second and third source. This is illustrated in the
Figure 4, the system made a switch between the sources without undergoing any undershoot on Vout and
even disturbances. After visualizing the Vout signal by applying all the possible switching cases, we can
conclude that our system is well efficient and has met all the specification requirements. The following
equations describes the conditions of simulation show in (4), (5). Open loop control by pulse-width
modulation (PWM) signal which has the following specification (Fsw=200 KHz, D=50%).
𝐷 =
𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑡𝑜𝑛+𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓
=
𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑇
= 1/2 (4)
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛
= 𝐷(𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) ⬄ 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛
2
=
12
2
= 6𝑉 (5)
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Figure 3. Simulation
Figure 4. Block diagram of the proposed MPSC Li-ion battery
2.2. Proposed CC/CV Buck converter typology battery charging with modes
The technique of using the pulse source and no dissipative output filter allows the transfer of energy
with high efficiency. That is, less power is lost in the converter itself. In order to regulate the output voltage,
a voltage reference and an error amplifier are added to the circuit. The four basic blocks (the pulse generator,
the modulator, the output filter, and the compensator) are combined to form a complete feedback control
DC/DC converter as shown in Figure 5. The design of the circuit begins by selecting various operating
Logic
Level
(V)
Output
Voltage
(V)
Time (s)
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parameters and component values, largely determined by the basic operating requirements, namely: input
voltage range, output voltage, output current range, operating frequency [12]–[14]. The proposed charging
CC/CV modes using buck converter with blocks: power stage, compensator, PWM comparator, CC/CV
mode switcher and finally voltage and current Schmitt trigger comparator is represented in Figure 6. The
system was designed block by block to ensure that each one worked properly, and then the system blocks
were assembled so that the impedance between the output and the input was matched.
Figure 5. Buck converter typology
2.2.1. Schematic
The design of this circuit was made according to the desired load specifications aiming at a load in
CC/CV mode with a high efficiency by using components known in the market. The difficult constraints that
make this circuit complex with its parameters is the grouping of output and input impedances between two
linked blocks. Figure 6 illustrates the composition of the proposed Li-ion battery CC/CV charging with a
Buck converter by block each with its functionality:
Figure 6. Block diagram of the proposed CC/CV charger for Li-ion battery
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a. Power stage
Consisting of a low-pass LC filter that converts the square signal (situated at the common point of
switching) to a continuous signal, the values of the inductor L and its resistance series DC resistance (DCR),
are well chosen so that the response of the loop is fast and, in a way, to allow the use of fewer capacities on
the account of the less of the root mean square (RMS) current. Also, they are chosen to allow fewer energy
losses in the core. The following (6) represents the transfer function of the lossy LC filter with an output
capacitor, and the bode diagram is shown in Figure 7 [15], [16].
𝐻𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑠) =
(1+𝐶𝑅𝑠)𝑠
1+
𝑅𝐿
𝑅
+(
𝐿
𝑅
+𝑅𝑐𝐶+𝑅𝐿𝐶+
𝑅𝐿𝑅𝑐𝐶
𝑅
)𝑠+(
𝑅+𝑅𝑐
𝑅
)𝐿𝐶𝑠2
(6)
Figure 7. Voltage control open loop frequency response
b. Compensator (voltage and current)
We used a Type III compensator can have a phase plot going above zero degree at some
frequencies, and therefore it can provide the required phase boost to maintain a reasonable phase margin. The
Type III compensator has three poles (one at the origin) and two zeros. which arranged to have two zeros and
two poles, and the loop crossover frequency is placed somewhere between the zeros and poles. For this kind
of design, the transfer function can be rewritten as [17]–[19]:
𝐶(𝑠) =
𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑖
= −
(𝑠𝐶2𝑅2+1)[𝑠𝐶3(𝑅1+𝑅3)+1]
𝑅1(𝐶1+𝐶2)𝑠(𝑠𝐶12𝑅2+1)(𝑠𝐶3𝑅3+1)
(7)
Using the frequency analysis by matrix laboratory (MATLAB) software, we find the values of the
capacitive and resistive components included in the compensator by the choice of a crossover frequency fxover
based on the switching frequency and with placing the poles and zeros in the reason to boost the phase
margin up to 180° and have a critically damped transient response. The founded values are: For the voltage
compensator components:
C1=8.548 pF, C2=2.3411 nF, C3=1.1307 nF
R1=31.59 KΩ, R2=15.26 KΩ, R3=1.15 KΩ
For the voltage divider: Rdiv=5.11 KΩ
And for the current compensator: C1=11.57 pF, C2=1.75 nF, C3=4.81 nF
R1=5 KΩ, R2=13.75 KΩ, R3=330.3 Ω
The results obtained are the following: The estimated phase margin is 102.2° at the frequency of 86.5 Khz for
the voltage control, which is sufficiently high compared to the rule of thumb value 45°, and for the current
control loop which has an additional block upstream of the filter stage block, such as a feedback control
current measurement gain, the obtained value is 78.62° at 56.48 Khz which is also a satisfactory value.
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c. PWM comparator
It makes the comparison between the output of the compensator (CC_error/CV_error) and a
sawtooth signal to generate the signal (CC_PWM/CV_PWM) of control. The latter is responsible for having
the desired current or voltage according to the active mode of charge CC/CV using a fast comparator (high
bandwidth) capable of catching up the switching frequency [20]. In our circuit, we have chosen LTC6752
which belongs to the family of high-speed comparators.
d. CC/CV mode switcher
It is represented by a multiplexer (MUX) with inputs CC_PWM and CV_PWM operating under the
conditions seen in Table 1. The operation of this MUX is controlled by the selector described in (8) which
ensures the change of mode between CC and CV. From the Table 1, we can see that the load voltage and
current are the main conditioning elements for the mode change.
Selector:
S = Vcomp ∗ Icomp (8)
Table1. Modes of operation in accordance with the combinations of the comparators
Output Conditions Output Comparator Mode
Voltage Current Vcomp Icomp Out (MUX)
Vout>Vcharge Iout>Icharge ‘0’ ‘1’ CV
Vout>Vcharge Iout<Icharge ‘0’ ‘0’ CV
Vout<Vcharge Iout>Icharge ‘1’ ‘1’ CC
Vout<Vcharge Iout<Icharge ‘1’ ‘0’ CV
e. V/C hysteresis comparator and lowpass filters (LPFs)
In noisy environments specifically with switching power supplies that generate electromagnetic
interferences disturbing the acquisition and the measures taken by the circuit. We manage to use low-pass
filters and hysteresis type comparators to eliminate the noise. In our circuit and optimization purposes, we
used this technique of voltage comparison and filtering shown in Figure 8 to avoid disturbances due to
changes in CC/CV charging modes and allowing to have a good functionality during the charging of the
Li-Ion battery [21], [22].
Figure 8. Hysteresis comparator
3. RESULTS OF COMBINATION OF THE TWO SOLUTIONS
The block diagram of the proposed Li-ion battery CC/CV charging with the proposed multi power
source control is shows in Figure 9. The combination of the two solutions was a bit complex to keep the high
charging efficiency in CC/CV modes and to avoid errors when switching between the voltage sources. The
simulation of the circuit illustrated below clearly shows the stability and efficiency of our design and the
good choice of the components used.
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Figure 9. Circuit diagram of the proposed charger with MPSC
The simulation of the proposed charger is shows in Figure 10. The brown curve: charging voltage of
the battery; The green curve: charging current of the battery; The blue curve: voltage signal of the mode of
charging selector, 5 V represents the CC and 0 V represents the CV mode. By noticing Figure 10, we can see
that there are CC/CV charging modes controlled by the selection voltage. The latter allows to change the
charging mode from constant current to constant voltage by performing a state change from ‘1’ to ‘0’ with a
creation of a little spike in current and voltage due to the compensation delay.
The power conversion efficiency of the proposed battery charger is presented in Figure 11. The
maximum efficiency of our charger is higher than the stated architectures that can reach its maximum 97%
between 3 A to 7 A [23]–[26]. As expected, the obtained results are much better compared to other work.
Table 2 summarizes the performance characteristics of the proposed Li-ion battery CC/CV charging with the
proposed multi power source control.
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Figure 10. Charging battery
Figure 11. Power efficiency of the proposed Li-ion battery charger
Table 2. Performance summary and comparison
[23] 2015 [24] 2017 [25] 2019 [26] 2021 This work
Method LDO-
Based
Current-Mode
Smooth Transition
Dual Switching Control
(buck-booster converter)
charge mode selection
based 0.18 um CMOS
Multi source control
(Buck converter)
Supply Voltage (V) 4.8-5 4.5-5.5 13.5 2.7-4.5 12
Output voltage (V) 2.5-4.2 4.194 4.5 4.2 4.4
Current charge(A) 448 m 600 m 4 1 4
Efficiency (%) 87 92.49 - 90.9 95
4. CONCLUSION
To conclude, the proposed architecture presents a good choice for Li-ion batteries in different
domains as efficient charger for limited energy sources like renewable energies. Therefore, this solution will
minimize the power dissipation during charging to maximize the charged capacity of the battery in different
Output Voltage
CC/CV selector
Output Current
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conditions. Using CC and CV modes can also increase the state of healthy for its sustainability’s. The result
of the simulation presents a power efficiency up to 95% and better performance in terms of current charge
than can reach 4,000 mA in short time and low output ripples. Based on this performance, we see that our
solution can be well imposed on medical applications or electrical vehicles.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST
Morocco) under the APR&D 2020 program.
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11. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
High efficiency multi power source control constant current/constant voltage … (Ismail Boumedra)
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ismail Boumedra received his Master degree since 2019 in Micro-Electronics in
FSDM, USMBA, Fez, Morocco. He is now a Ph.D. student in LISAC, Department of Physics,
FSDM, USMBA, Fez, Morocco. His research interests include Li-Ion battery charger interface
(BCI) and BMS for Electric Vehicles, power converters, CMOS mixed mode integrated circuit
design and renewable energy. He can be contacted at email: Ismail.boumedra@usmba.ac.ma.
Abdelamin Diani received his Master degree in Micro-Electronics from Sidi
Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in
Electrical Engineering and working in LEAR Corporation as Hardware Design Engineer, his
research interests include Multi Power Source Level II/II Charger Station for Electric Vehicles,
Renewable energy transfer. He can be contacted at email: Abdelamin.diani@usmba.ac.ma.
Karim El Khadiri is now a Professor in Superior Normal School, ENS-FEZ,
Morocco. He received his Master degree since 2011 in Micro-Electronics and Ph.D. degrees
since 2017 in FSDM, USMBA, Fez, Morocco. His research interests include Li-Ion battery
charger interface (BCI) and BMS, RFID passive and active tags, CMOS mixed mode
integrated circuit design, Integrated Class-D power output stage and renewable energy. He can
be contacted at email: Karim.elkhadiri@usmba.ac.ma.
Ahmed Tahiri is now a Professor in Superior Normal School, ENS-FEZ,
Morocco. He received his graduate degree DES and Ph.D. degree in Department of Physics,
FSDM, USMBA, Fez, Morocco. And He has a doctoral in Didactics of Science in the
University of Sherbrooke in Canada in 2010. His research interests include didactics of
scientific disciplines, computer science and image processing. He can be contacted at email:
Ahmed.tahiri@usmba.ac.ma.
Mohammed Ouazzani Jamil is currently a Professor in Private university of Fez
(UPF). He does research in Condensed Matter Physics, Hamiltonian system, chaos, renewable
energy and artificial intelligence. Their current project is dynamic systems. He can be
contacted at email: Ouazzani@upf.ac.ma.
Hassan Qjidaa is now a Professor in Department of Physics, FSDM, USMBA,
Fez, Morocco. He received his Master degree since 1984 and Ph.D. degrees since 1987 in
Electrical Engineering from Nuclear Physics Institute of Lyon, France. His research interests
include Li-Ion battery charger interface (BCI) and BMS, RFID passive and active tags, CMOS
mixed mode integrated circuit design, Integrated Class-D power output stage, renewable
energy and image processing. He can be contacted at email: qjidah@yahoo.fr.