Hydrocephalus is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes dilation of the ventricles. It can be caused by congenital brain abnormalities in nearly half of cases, or acquired through bleeding, infections, or tumors blocking CSF flow later in life. Symptoms depend on age, but include headache, vomiting, vision issues, and motor or cognitive impairments. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI scans to measure ventricle size. Treatment options include shunt surgeries to drain fluid or endoscopic procedures to open blockages. Prognosis depends on the cause, but long-term outcomes can be good if treated effectively.
-what is hydrocephalus
-introduction of hydrocephalus
-embryonic development
-normal CSF circulation
-flow of CSF
-congenital hydrocephalus
-acquired hydrocephalus
-types of hydrocephalus
-communicating hydrocephalus
-non communicating hydrocephalus
-symptoms
-Crack pot sign
-Macewen Sunset sign
-testing and diagnosis of hydrocephalus
-medical management of hydrocephalus
-surgical management of hydrocephalus
-physiotherapy management of hydrocephalus
-recent advance in hydrocephalus
-hydrocephalus
physiotherapy
It's about HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN ANATOMY OF HUMAN BRAIN
TO INTRODUCE HYDROCEPHALUS
TO DEFINE HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN INCIDENCE OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN ETIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO ENLIST DIAGNOSIS & DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION FOR HYDROCEPHALUS
TO DESCRIBE MANAGEMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN COMPLICATION & PROGNOSIS OF HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalous is a serious disease of the central nervous system which has both congenital and aquired subtypes. the congenital variety affects the children and is a considerable burden especially is the developing countries. I tleads to long term morbidity and high rates of mortality
Hydrocephalus,Its Causes, Types, Symptoms,Treatment, Neuroanatomy, CSF, Ventricles,Foramens, Cerebrospinal fluid,NPH,Communicating, non communicating,Obstructive, non Obstructive,Hydrocephalus triad,Shunts and their types, av Shunt, vp Shunt
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
-what is hydrocephalus
-introduction of hydrocephalus
-embryonic development
-normal CSF circulation
-flow of CSF
-congenital hydrocephalus
-acquired hydrocephalus
-types of hydrocephalus
-communicating hydrocephalus
-non communicating hydrocephalus
-symptoms
-Crack pot sign
-Macewen Sunset sign
-testing and diagnosis of hydrocephalus
-medical management of hydrocephalus
-surgical management of hydrocephalus
-physiotherapy management of hydrocephalus
-recent advance in hydrocephalus
-hydrocephalus
physiotherapy
It's about HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN ANATOMY OF HUMAN BRAIN
TO INTRODUCE HYDROCEPHALUS
TO DEFINE HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN INCIDENCE OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN ETIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO ENLIST DIAGNOSIS & DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION FOR HYDROCEPHALUS
TO DESCRIBE MANAGEMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS
TO EXPLAIN COMPLICATION & PROGNOSIS OF HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalous is a serious disease of the central nervous system which has both congenital and aquired subtypes. the congenital variety affects the children and is a considerable burden especially is the developing countries. I tleads to long term morbidity and high rates of mortality
Hydrocephalus,Its Causes, Types, Symptoms,Treatment, Neuroanatomy, CSF, Ventricles,Foramens, Cerebrospinal fluid,NPH,Communicating, non communicating,Obstructive, non Obstructive,Hydrocephalus triad,Shunts and their types, av Shunt, vp Shunt
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. DEFINITION OF HYDROCEPHALUS
Accumulation of active cerebrospinal fluid (CSS) which causes dilatation
of the ventricular system of the brain where there is accumulation of
CSF overuse of one or more ventricles or subarachnoid space
3. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYDROCEPHALUS
brain development
abnormalities (46%)
subarachnoid hemorrhage
and meningitis (50%)
posterior fossa tumor (<4%)
2 cases/1000 births
Toxoplasmosis (adolescents
and adults)
All Age
4. ETIOLOGI HIDROSEFALUS
Congenital Hydrocephalus
Brainstem Malformation stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius
Dandy-Walker malformation
Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1 and type 2
Agenesis of the foramen of Monroe
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Bickers-Adams syndrome
•
•
•
•
•
Aquired Hydrocephalus
•
•
•
•
Lession Massa
Bleeding
Infection
Idiopatic
Hydrocephalus of Adult
•
•
•
•
subarachnoid Bleeding
Idiopatic Hidrocephalus
Tumor
Meningitis
8. PATOFISIOLOGI HIDROSEFALUS
Increased of
CSF
Production
• Choroid plexus tumor
(papiloma)or carcinoma)
Vitamin A hypervitaminosis
•
• Malformation: Sylvius aqueduct
stenosisand Arnold Chiari malformation
• Mass lesions eg tumorsintraventricular,
paraventricular tumors,arachnoid cyst,
and hematoma.
• Inflammatory process
CSF Flow
Interruption
CSF
Absorption
Interruption
• Damage to the arachnoid villi
9. ICP Increased • whole wideninglateral
ventricle
• thinning of the
ependymal lining of the
ventricles
• increased ventricular
permeability
• CSF absorption
• brain hemorrhage,
brain
tumor/infection/abscess,
• Sylvi cerebral aqueduct
stenosis
• extradural hematoma
• acute brain edema
•
•
•
Visual disturbance
Projectile vomiting
cephalgia
CSF Flow and
Absorption
Interruoption
Substansia Alba edema
10. •
•
•
•
there is a direct relationship between
CSF ventricular system and CSF in
space subarachnoid
Distal obstruction of the system
ventricles (subarachnoid space or
arachnoid granulation)
Hydrocephalus
Communicate
CSF on ventricular space can’t reach
the subarachnoid space there is a
blockage to the flow of CSF in
foramen of Monroe, aquaductus
cerebri Sylvii or at the foramen of
Magendi and Luscha
Hydrocephalus
Non
Communicate
11. headache is not typical
vomiting in the morning
double vision (diplopia)
way change walk
memory and learning
process↓↓
Macrocephalic anterior
fontanelle prominent
setting-sun Sign
Abducens nerve
paralysis
papilledema or papillary
atrophy
nystagmus and
strabismus
cracked-pot sign
GAMBARAN KLINIS HIDROSEFALUS
Hidrosefalus ex-
vacuo
triad of
dementia
walking
disorders
Urinary
incontinence
Anak berumur kurang
dari 6 tahun
Neonatus Dewasa
•
•
Irritability
don't want to eat
and drink
Consciousness
down towards
lethargy
Vomitting
• Headache
• Visual
disturbances
• Motor
disturbances/w
alking
• Seizures
• abducens
nerve paralysis
• papilledema
•
•
•
•
•
12. GAMBARAN RADIOLOGI
bigger head size
widening of the
sutures
erosion of sella
tursica
distance between the external
tabula and internal narrow
impressiones digitate
17. CT/MRI CRITERIA FOR
HYDROCEPHALUS
HCP is suggested when either
1. the size of both
temporal horns (TH) is ≥
2 mm in width and the
sylvian &
interhemispheric
fissures and cerebral
sulci are not visible
2. both TH are ≥ 2mm,
and the ratio FH/ID >
0,5 (where FH is the
largest width of the
frontal horns, and ID is
the internal diameter
from inner-table to
inner-table at this level
18. Suggestive for hydrocephalus
1. Ballooning of frontal horns of lateral ventricles (“Mickey Mouse” ventricles) and/or 3rd ventricle (the
3rd ventricle should normally be slit-like)
2. periventricular low density on CT, or periventricular high intensity signal on T2WI on MRI suggesting
transependymal absorption of CSF (note: amisnomer: CSF does not actually penetrate the ependymal
lining, proven with CSF labeling studies; probably represents stasis of fluid in brain adjacent to ventricles
3. used alone, the ratio FH/ID
– < 40% normal
– 40 % - 50% borderline
– > 50% suggested hydrocephalus
4. Evans ratio (originally described for ventriculography, or index; note: measurements that rely on the
frontal horn diameter tend to underestimate hydrocephalus in pediatrics possibly because of
disproportionate dilatation of the occipital horns in peds32): ratio of FH to maximal biparietal diameter
(BPD) measured in the same CT slice: > 0.3 suggests hydrocephalus
5. sagittal MRI may show thinning of the corpus callosum (generally present w ith chronic HCP) and/or
upward bowing of the corpus callosum
19. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF
HYDROCEPHALUS
Holoprosencephaly
proliferative failure of brain tissue to form two hemisphere
Hydranencephaly
most of the cerebral hemispheres are replaced by CSF
Atrofi Serebri
loss of cells or tissue, so cerebral atrophy can be definedas loss of
brain tissue (neurons and connections)between neurons)
Penumpukan cairan serebrospinal (CSS) secara aktif yang menyebabkan dilatasi sistem ventrikel otak dimana terjadi akumulasi CSS yang berlebihan pada satu atau lebih ventrikel atau ruang subarachnoid
Kelainan bawaan
a) Stenosis Akuaduktus Sylvius- merupakan penyebab terbanyak. 60%-90% kasus hidrosefalus terjadi pada bayi dan anak-anak. Umumnya terlihat sejak lahir atau progresif dengan cepat pada bulan-bulan pertama setelah lahir.
b) Spina bifida dan cranium bifida – berhubungan dengan sindroma Arnord-Chiari akibat tertariknya medulla spinalis, dengan medulla oblongata dan serebelum letaknya lebih rendah dan menutupi foramen magnum sehingga terjadi penyumbatan sebagian atau total.
c) Sindrom Dandy-Walker - atresiakongenital foramen Luschka dan Magendi dengan akibat hidrosefalus obstruktif dengan pelebaran system ventrikel, terutama ventrikel IV yang dapat sedemikian besarnya hingga merupakan suatu kista yang besar di daerah fossa posterior
Klasifikasi hidrose!alus cukup beragam0 bergantung pada !aktor yang
berkaitan dengannya/ Berikut ini klasi!ikasi hidrose!alus yang sering dijumpai
#
a/ Menurut gambaran klinik0 dikenal hidrose!alus mani!es (overt hydrocephalus)
dan hidrose!alus yang tersembunyi (occult hydrocephalus)/ Hidrose!alus yang
tampak jelas tanda4tanda klinis yang khas disebut hidrose!alus yang mani!es/
Sementara itu0 hidrose!alus dengan ukuran kepala yang normal disebut sebagai
hidrose!alus yang tersembunyi/
#
b/ Menurut -aktu pembentukannya0 dikenal hidrose!alus kongenital dan
hidrose!alus akuisita/ Hidrose!alus yang terjadi pada neonatus atau
berkembang selama intra4uterin disebut hidrose!alus kongenital/ Hidrose!alus
yang terjadi karena :edera kepala selama proses kelahiran disebut hidrose!alus
in!antil/ Hidrose!alus akuisita adalah hidrose!alus yang terjadi setelah masa
neonatus atau disebabkan oleh !aktor4!aktor lain setelah masa neonatus/
#
:/ Menurut proses terbentuknya hidrose!alus0 dikenal hidrose!alus akut dan
hidrosea!alus kronik/ Hidrose!alus akut adalah hidrose!alus yang terjadi se:ara
mendadak sebagai akibat obstruksi atau gangguan absorbsi ;SS/ Disebut
hidrose!alus kronik apabila perkembangan hidrose!alus tejadi setelah aliran
;SS mengalami obstruksi beberapa minggu/
#
d/ Menurut sirkulasi ;SS0 dikenal hidrose!alus komunikans dan hidose!alus non4
komunikans/ Hidrose!alus non4komunikans berarti ;SS sistem ,entrikulus
tidak berhubungan dengan ;SS ruang subaraknoid misalnya yang terjadi bila
akuaduktus Syl,ii0 atau !oramina 8us:hka dan Magendie tersumbat/
Hidrose!alus komunikans adalah hidrose!alus yang memperlihatkan adanya
hubungan antara ;SS sistem ,entrikulus dan ;SS dari ruang subaraknoid<
:ontohnya0 terjadi bila penyerapan ;SS di dalam ,ili araknoidalis terhambat/
#0>
e/ Pseudohidrose!alus dan hidrose!alus tekanan normal (normal pressure
hydrocephalus)/ Pseudohidrose!alus adalah disproporsi kepala dan badan bayi/
Kepala bayi tumbuh :epat selama bulan kedua sampai bulan kedelapan/
Sesudah itu disproporsinya berkurang dan kemudian menghilang sebelum
berumur tiga tahun/ Hidrose!alus tekanan normal ditandai oleh pelebaran
sitem ,entrikulus otak tetapi tekanan ;SS dalam batas normal/
Ruangan cairan serebrospinal (CSS) terdiri dari sistem ventrikel,
sisterna magna pada dasar otak dan ruangan subaraknoid. Ruangan ini mulai
terbentuk pada minggu kelima masa embrio. Sistem ventrikel dan ruang
subarachnoid dihubungkan melalui foramen Magendi di median dan foramen
Luschka di sebelah lateral ventrikel IV.
airan serebrospinalis dihasilkan oleh pleksus koroidalis di ventrikel
otak. Cairan ini mengalir ke foramen Monro ke ventrikel III, kemudian
melalui akuaduktus Sylvius ke ventrikel IV. Cairan tersebut kemudian
mengalir melalui foramen Magendi dan Luschka ke sisterna magna dan
rongga subarachnoid di bagian cranial maupun spinal.
ekitar 70% cairan serebrospinal dihasilkan oleh pleksus koroidideus,
dan sisanya di hasilkan oleh pergerakan dari cairan transepidermal dari otak
menuju sistem ventrikel. Bagi anak-anak usia 4-13 tahun rata-rata volume
cairan liqour adalah 90 ml dan 150 ml pada orang dewasa. Tingkat
pembentukan adalah sekitar 0,35 ml /menit atau 500 ml / hari. Sekitar 14%
dari total volume tersebut mengalami absorbsi setiap satu jam.
ada hubungan langsung antara sistem ventrikel CSF dan CSF di spacesubarachnoid Obstruksi distal dari sistem ventrikel (ruang subarachnoid atau granulasi arachnoid)
CSF pada ruang ventrikular tidak dapat mencapai ruang subarachnoid ada penyumbatan aliran CSF di foramen Monroe, aquaductus cerebri Sylvii atau di foramen Magendi dan Luscha
nyeri kepala tidak khas muntah di pagi hari penglihatan ganda (diplopia)
perubahan cara
berjalan
daya ingat dan proses belajar↓↓
makrosefal Fontanela anterior tampak menonjol setting-sun sign
Paralisis nervus abdusens
edema papil atau atrofi papil
nistagmus dan strabismus cracked-pot sign
HCP disarankan ketika:
ukuran kedua tanduk temporal (TH) adalah 2 mm lebar dan fisura sylvian & interhemispheric dan sulkus serebral tidak terlihat
keduanya TH adalah 2mm, dan rasio FH/ID > 0:5 (di mana FH adalah lebar terbesar dari tanduk depan, dan ID adalah eter diam internal dari meja bagian dalam ke meja bagian dalam pada tingkat ini
1. Balon tanduk frontal ventrikel lateral (ventrikel "Mickey Mouse") dan/atau ventrikel ke-3 (ventrikel ke-3 biasanya harus seperti celah)
kepadatan rendah periventrikular pada CT, atau sinyal intensitas tinggi periventrikular pada T2WI pada MRI menunjukkan penyerapan transependymal CSF (catatan: amisnomer: CSF tidak benar-benar menembus lapisan ependymal, terbukti dengan studi pelabelan CSF; mungkin mewakili stasis cairan di otak yang berdekatan dengan ventrikel
digunakan sendiri, rasio FH/ID
< 40% biasa
40% - 50% batas
> 50% hidrosefalus yang disarankan
Rasio Evans (awalnya dijelaskan untuk ventrikulografi, atau indeks; catatan: pengukuran yang mengandalkan diameter tanduk frontal cenderung meremehkan hidrosefalus pada pediatri mungkin karena dilatasi yang tidak proporsional dari tanduk oksipital pada peds32): rasio FH terhadap diameter biparietal maksimal (BPD) diukur dalam irisan CT yang sama: > 0,3 menunjukkan hidrosefalus
MRI sagital dapat menunjukkan penipisan corpus callosum (umumnya hadir dengan HCP kronis) dan/atau corpus callosum membungkuk ke atas
Holoprosencephaly
Holoprosencephaly munnul karena kegagalan proliferasi dari jaringan otak
untuk membentuk dua hemiser/ Salah satu tipe terberat dari holoprosen:ephaly
adalah bentuk alobaris karena biasa diikuti oleh kelainan -ajah0 ,entrikel lateralis0
septum pelusida dan atro!i ner,us optikus/ Bentuk lain dari holoprosen:ephaly adalah
semilobaris holoprosen:ephaly dimana otak :enderung untuk berproli!erasi menjadi
dua hemis!er/ Karena terdapat hubungan antara pembentukan -ajah dan proli!erasi
sara!0 maka kelainan pada -ajah biasanya ditemukan pada pasien holoprosen:ephaly/
Medikamentosa
Pengobatan dengan Farmakologi dilakukan untuk menunda operasi/ Biasa dilakukan pada bayi premature dengan hidrosefalus post perdarahan
Pengobatan dengan farmakologi tidak efektif untuk jangka waktu yang lama
Pengobatan secara farmakologi bekerja dengan mengurangi produksi CSS (Acetazolamide atau Furosemide) dan meningkatkan penyerapan CSS.
Hidrosefalus dengan progresifitas rendah dan tanpa obstruksi tidak memerlukan operasi/ Dapat diberi asetazolamid dengan dosis 25-50 Mg/kgBB/ Pada keadaan akut dapat diberikan manitol/ Diuretik dan kortikosteroid dapat diberikan walaupun hasinya kurang memuaskan.
Acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor): 25 m g/kg/day PO divided TID × 1 day, increase 25 m g/kg/day each day until 100 m g/kg/day is reached
Simultaneously start furosemide: 1 m g/kg/day PO divided TID
Operatif
Operasi merupakan pilihan terapi. Punksi lumbal ulangan dapat dilakukan pada pasien hidrosefalus setelah perdarahan interventrikular.
Shunt merupakan terapi yang banyak dilakukan pada kebanyakan orang. Hanya 25% pasien dapat diobati tanpa melakukan shunt. Prinsip dari shunt adalah membentuk hubungan atau saluaran antara ventrikulus dengan rongga plura atau peritoneum.
•ventriculoperitoneal (AP) Shunt adalah yang paling banyak digunakan.
•Ventriculoatrial (VA) Shunt dikenal juga sebagai vascular shunt, prinsipnya menghubungkan Ventrikel, vena jugularis dan, vena cava superior ke atrium Kanan. Prosedur ini dilakukan pada pasien dengan kelainan abdominal seperti peritonitis.
• Lumboperitoneal Shunt, hanya digunakan pada hidrosefalus komunikans, Fistula CSF dan pseudotumor.
• Torkildsen shunt sudah jarang digunakan, Prinsipnya adalah menghubungkan antara ventrikel dengan sisterna magna dan hanya efektif pada hidrosefalus obstruktif didapat.
• Ventriculopleural shunt merupakan pilihan kedua
Perawatan Medis Hidrosefalus
diuretik
Acetazolamide (inhibitor karbonat anhidrase): 25 m g/kg/hari PO dibagi TID × 1 hari, meningkat 25 m g/kg/hari setiap hari sampai 100 m g/kg/hari tercapai
Mulai furosemide secara bersamaan: 1 m g/kg/hari PO dibagi TID
Untuk mengatasi asidosis, gunakan tricitrate
mulai 4 ml/kg/hari dibagi QID (setiap ml setara dengan 2 mEq bikarbonat, dan mengandung 1 m Eq K+ dan 1 m Eq Na+)
ukur elektrolit serial, dan sesuaikan dosis untuk mempertahankan serum HCO3 > 18 m Eq/L
ganti ke Polycitra-K® (2 m Eq K+ per ml, tanpa Na+) jika kalium serum menjadi rendah, atau menjadi natrium bikarbonat jika natrium serum menjadi rendah
perhatikan keseimbangan elektrolit dan efek samping acetazolam ide: lesu, takipnea, diare, parestesia (misalnya kesemutan di ujung jari)
lakukan U/S atau CT scan mingguan dan masukkan shunt ventrikular jika terjadi egal ventrikulom progresif. Jika tidak, pertahankan terapi selama 6 bulan percobaan, kemudian dosis lancip selama 2-4 minggu. Lanjutkan 3-4 bulan pengobatan jika HCP progresif terjadi
Kelangsungan Hidup (Quo ad Vitam)
Prognosis atau keberlangsungan penyakit sangat ditentukan oleh adanya kelaian neural dan ekstraneural yang menetap. Pada sebagaian besar kasus 50% kasus meninggal saat masih dalam uterus atau dilakukan terminasi pada kehamilan karena adanya ketidaknormalan yang terdeteksi. Dan 50% sisanya berkembang menjadi Ventricolomegaly yang progresif. Pada bayi seperti ini, segera setelah dilakukan shunt akan memberikan hasil yang baik
Kelangsungan Organ
Pada anak- anak dengan hidrosefalus terjadi peningkatan ketidakmampuan mental dan kognitif. Kemampuan atau pengetahuan umum sangat berkurang bila dibandingkan dengan populasi anak-anak pada umumnya, kebanyakan anak mengalami keterbelakangan mental, verbal dan memori. Selain itu juga menyebabkan kelainan pada mata.