This document is from a human geography textbook chapter about food and agriculture. It discusses several topics related to agriculture including traditional practices, agricultural revolutions, industrialization, biotechnology, globalization, and environmental impacts. It also examines issues such as malnutrition, food security, and debates around GMOs. The chapter uses over 30 figures to illustrate concepts and includes questions for students to apply their knowledge.

1. Chapter 8 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and
Regions in Global Context
Sixth Edition
Food and Agriculture
Wendy A. Mitteager
State University of New York, Oneonta

2. Key Concepts
• Agricultural practices
• Agricultural revolutions
• Industrialization of agriculture
• Biotechnology
• Globalized agriculture
• Agribusiness
• The environment and agriculture
Figure: Chapter 8 Opener Peasants in Ecuador prepare sustainably grown potatoes for
market.
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3. Traditional Agriculture
• Agrarian
• Hunting and gathering
• Subsistence
agriculture
• Commercial
agriculture
• Shifting cultivation
• Crop rotation
• Slash-and-burn
Figure 8.1 Genetically-modified
• Intertillage soybeans in Brazil.
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4. Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)
Figure 8.5 Slash-and-burn in
Figure 8.4 Shifting cultivation helps maintain
China
soil fertility.
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5. Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)
Figure 8.6 Intertillage: planting Figure 8.7 Gender division of labor in
different crops together has rice processing in India.
many benefits.
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6. Global Distribution of Agriculture, 2005
Figure 8.2
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7. Traditional Agriculture, (cont’d)
• Intensive subsistence
agriculture
• Double cropping
• Pastoralism
• Transhumance
Figure 8.8 A terraced rice field in Bali
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8. Agricultural Revolutions
Figure 8.10 Animals were important in the first agricultural revolution.
Apply your knowledge: Why was the Industrial Revolution
so important to the second agricultural revolution? How did
manufacturing technologies change agricultural
technologies?
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9. Agricultural Revolutions, (cont’d)
• Third revolution
– Mechanization
– Chemical farming
– Food manufacturing
Figure 8.14 A bread factory in Iowa.
Apply your knowledge: Read the labels on at least four
different products. Identify the various processes involved in
making them ready for market. How does the package
enhance the attractiveness of the product?
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10. Agricultural Revolutions, (cont’d)
Figure 8.13 Worldwide growth in fertilizer use, 2005-2007.
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11. Industrialization of Agriculture
• Important
developments • Green revolution
– Changes in rural labor • Nontraditional exports
(NTAEs)
– Innovative inputs
• Contract farming
– Industrial substitutes
Figure 8.15 Commercial flower
production in Argentina.
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12. Green Revolution
Figure 8.B Figure 8.C
Increased yields of protein crops and other crops ,such as rice,
was a result of the Green Revolution – often at the expense of
the environment.
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13. Biotechnology
• Biorevolution
• Biopharming
• Bourlaug hypothesis
• Cash crops
Figure 8.16 Biopharma map of the U.S.
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14. Biotechnology, (cont’d)
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15. Blue Revolution and Global Shrimp
• Aquaculture
• Cost/price squeeze
Figure 8.G Price trends in the Mekong Delta Figure 8.F Price trends in Louisiana
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16. Forces of Globalization
• Globalized agriculture
• Global food problems
• Subsidies to food
producers
Figure 8.19 Demonstrators in Yemen,
spring 2011
Apply your knowledge: Research agricultural subsidies in
the U.S. Which growers receive the most subsidies?
Compare the U.S. data with other countries from both the
periphery and the core.
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17. Organization of the Agro-Food System
Figure 8.20 The food supply chain
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18. Food Regimes and Alternative Food
Movements
• Organic farming
• Conventional farming
• Local food
• Urban agriculture
• Slow food
Figure 8.22 Local food advertisement
Apply your knowledge: Create a map of the availability
of locally produced food. Is the distribution even across
your region?
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19. Food Regimes and Alternative Food
Movements, (cont’d)
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20. Fast Food
• Product of post-World War II
• Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser
• Children’s eating habits
• Disease
• Environmental impacts
Apply your knowledge: How many fast food restaurant
are in your town? Research their menu and nutritional value
of several popular items. What can you conclude about the
nutritional value of each item and their price?
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21. Fast Food, (cont’d)
Figure 8.23 Economic costs of obesity in the U.S., 2009
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22. The Growth of Urban Agriculture
Figure 8.J Urban rooftop gardens in China
Figure 8.I Urban gardening
movement in Detroit,
Michigan
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23. The Environment and Agricultural
Industrialization
Figure 8.24 Modern irrigation system Figure 8.25 Impact of pesticides on
pollinators
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24. The Environment and Agricultural
Industrialization, (cont’d)
Figure 8.26 Desertification in China
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25. Emerging Problems and Opportunities
• Food and health
– Undernutrition
– Malnutrition
– Famine
– Food security
– Food sovereignty
Figure 8.27 Almost one in seven people
worldwide is chronically undernourished.
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26. Emerging Problems and Opportunities,
(cont’d)
Figure 8.28 Jatropha plantation in India. Figure 8.29 Protest in Paris, France against
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 2008.
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27. Future Geographies
Figure 8.30 Government investments
Apply your knowledge: Search the Internet for news
stories on recent protests against GMO food. What are the
protesters’ concerns? Do you believe their concerns are
justified? Provide scientific evidence to support your
argument.
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28. End of Chapter 8
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