The study assessed the effectiveness of an educational intervention on knowledge of hepatitis B among secondary school students in Nepal. It found that:
1) Students had low levels of baseline knowledge about hepatitis B transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention.
2) After receiving education about hepatitis B, students' knowledge significantly improved across all domains that were assessed. Correct responses increased by 38-82% on individual questions.
3) The educational intervention was effective at improving students' overall knowledge of hepatitis B, as indicated by increased median scores on pre- and post-tests.
Survey to Assess the Attitude of Nursing Students Regarding Prevention of COV...YogeshIJTSRD
The present study has been conducted to know the attitude of nursing students regarding preventive techniques to prevent from COVID 19 during COVID 19 pandemic. In order to achieve the objectives non experimental approach with survey research design was adopted. Setting of the study selected was Dr. Achal Singh Yadav institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, Lucknow. The selection of sample was done by using convenient non probability sampling technique. The sample size was 30. The method of data collection was using demographic variables questions and structured attitude rating scale related to attitude regarding prevention of COVID 19. Result shown that nursing students had neutral attitude regarding prevention of COVID 19 and there is no significant association between demographic variables with attitude of nursing students, hence hypothesis 1 rejected. Saniya Susan Issac | Sarita Bhatt | Bince Varghese "Survey to Assess the Attitude of Nursing Students Regarding Prevention of COVID-19 during COVID19 Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41258.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/41258/survey-to-assess-the-attitude-of-nursing-students-regarding-prevention-of-covid19-during-covid19-pandemic/saniya-susan-issac
Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics 15th Edition Lind Test BankClaresaLan
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/statistical-techniques-in-business-and-economics-15th-edition-lind-test-bank/ Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics 15th Edition Lind Test Bank
Stress, Satisfaction, and Academic Performance in Online Learning among Sopho...Ryan Michael Oducado
This descriptive-correlational determined the undergraduate nursing students’ stress, satisfaction, and academic performance in online learning during COVID-19 pandemic. The research participants were the 108 second-year undergraduate nursing students from one nursing school in the Philippines. The data were collected using a web-based survey questionnaire and then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rho correlation. The results revealed that the undergraduate nursing students considered having online learning during the COVID-19 outbreak to be stressful (44.4%) and very stressful (47.2%). Moreover, the undergraduate nursing students had low satisfaction (37%) and moderate satisfaction (46.3%) having the online learning during the COVID-19 outbreak. The undergraduate nursing students’ academic performance were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and resulted in poor (37%) to fair (50%) academic performance and were considerably (43.6%) and greatly (30.6%) affected by the pandemic. Online learning stress had a significant and inverse correlation with online learning satisfaction (rs=-.370, p=.000) and academic performance (rs=-.240, p=.012). Stress negatively impacts the undergraduate nursing students’ satisfaction and academic performance. This research suggests that certain measures should be performed to reduce stress and improve the online teaching–learning processes during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Evaluation of the Communication Aids Project (CAP) DFES (2004) Rr580Mike Blamires
This resource is an 'Evaluation of the Communication Aids Project (CAP)' carried out by the Department of Human Communication Science, University College London in collaboration with the Centre of Health Economics, University of York, between July 2003 and April 2004.
Habit of Television Viewing and Its Impact on Weight Status among School Age ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effectiveness of two teaching methods on Knowledge regarding Tuberculosis amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Face To Face and Blended Learning as Strategy in Teaching MathematicsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Blended Learning in improving the
Performance of the grade 2 learners in Mathematics at Otavi Elementary SchoolDision of Sorsogon
Province for the School Year 2022-2023.
The quasi experimental method of research was employed in the study. The main instrument
that was used is a teacher-made test to gather the needed data. The respondents of the study were the
50 grade 2 pupils that were grouped into control and experimental groups. The data gathered were
analyzed and interpreted by the use of appropriate statistical tools and measures.
The findings of the study were: the computed Mean Performance Level (MPL) of the control group in
the pre-test in the operations along whole numbers, Ordinal numbers, Money, addition of whole
numbers and, addition of money were 42, 44.8, 46.8, 50.4 and 44.4 respectively with an average MPL
of 45.68 and were all described as Did Not Meet the Expectations (DNME). On the other hand, the
computed Mean Performance Level (MPL) of the experimental group in each of the said topics are
71.2, 34, 47, 52.4 and 36.8 accordingly with an average MPL of 48.58and were also described as Did
Not Meet the Expectations (DNME).
Survey to Assess the Attitude of Nursing Students Regarding Prevention of COV...YogeshIJTSRD
The present study has been conducted to know the attitude of nursing students regarding preventive techniques to prevent from COVID 19 during COVID 19 pandemic. In order to achieve the objectives non experimental approach with survey research design was adopted. Setting of the study selected was Dr. Achal Singh Yadav institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, Lucknow. The selection of sample was done by using convenient non probability sampling technique. The sample size was 30. The method of data collection was using demographic variables questions and structured attitude rating scale related to attitude regarding prevention of COVID 19. Result shown that nursing students had neutral attitude regarding prevention of COVID 19 and there is no significant association between demographic variables with attitude of nursing students, hence hypothesis 1 rejected. Saniya Susan Issac | Sarita Bhatt | Bince Varghese "Survey to Assess the Attitude of Nursing Students Regarding Prevention of COVID-19 during COVID19 Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41258.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/41258/survey-to-assess-the-attitude-of-nursing-students-regarding-prevention-of-covid19-during-covid19-pandemic/saniya-susan-issac
Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics 15th Edition Lind Test BankClaresaLan
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/statistical-techniques-in-business-and-economics-15th-edition-lind-test-bank/ Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics 15th Edition Lind Test Bank
Stress, Satisfaction, and Academic Performance in Online Learning among Sopho...Ryan Michael Oducado
This descriptive-correlational determined the undergraduate nursing students’ stress, satisfaction, and academic performance in online learning during COVID-19 pandemic. The research participants were the 108 second-year undergraduate nursing students from one nursing school in the Philippines. The data were collected using a web-based survey questionnaire and then analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rho correlation. The results revealed that the undergraduate nursing students considered having online learning during the COVID-19 outbreak to be stressful (44.4%) and very stressful (47.2%). Moreover, the undergraduate nursing students had low satisfaction (37%) and moderate satisfaction (46.3%) having the online learning during the COVID-19 outbreak. The undergraduate nursing students’ academic performance were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and resulted in poor (37%) to fair (50%) academic performance and were considerably (43.6%) and greatly (30.6%) affected by the pandemic. Online learning stress had a significant and inverse correlation with online learning satisfaction (rs=-.370, p=.000) and academic performance (rs=-.240, p=.012). Stress negatively impacts the undergraduate nursing students’ satisfaction and academic performance. This research suggests that certain measures should be performed to reduce stress and improve the online teaching–learning processes during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Evaluation of the Communication Aids Project (CAP) DFES (2004) Rr580Mike Blamires
This resource is an 'Evaluation of the Communication Aids Project (CAP)' carried out by the Department of Human Communication Science, University College London in collaboration with the Centre of Health Economics, University of York, between July 2003 and April 2004.
Habit of Television Viewing and Its Impact on Weight Status among School Age ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effectiveness of two teaching methods on Knowledge regarding Tuberculosis amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Face To Face and Blended Learning as Strategy in Teaching MathematicsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Blended Learning in improving the
Performance of the grade 2 learners in Mathematics at Otavi Elementary SchoolDision of Sorsogon
Province for the School Year 2022-2023.
The quasi experimental method of research was employed in the study. The main instrument
that was used is a teacher-made test to gather the needed data. The respondents of the study were the
50 grade 2 pupils that were grouped into control and experimental groups. The data gathered were
analyzed and interpreted by the use of appropriate statistical tools and measures.
The findings of the study were: the computed Mean Performance Level (MPL) of the control group in
the pre-test in the operations along whole numbers, Ordinal numbers, Money, addition of whole
numbers and, addition of money were 42, 44.8, 46.8, 50.4 and 44.4 respectively with an average MPL
of 45.68 and were all described as Did Not Meet the Expectations (DNME). On the other hand, the
computed Mean Performance Level (MPL) of the experimental group in each of the said topics are
71.2, 34, 47, 52.4 and 36.8 accordingly with an average MPL of 48.58and were also described as Did
Not Meet the Expectations (DNME).
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
1. Effectiveness of Education Intervention
on Knowledge Regarding Hepatitis-B
among Secondary Level Students of
Carmel Secondary School in Dharan
Municipality
Investigator Guide
Asmita Lama Syangtan Mr. Ram Sharan Mehta
B.Sc Nursing 4th year Additional Professor
Batch 2007 Department of medical- surgical
Roll no.-4166 nursing
College of nursing,BPKIHS
2. Background of the study
Hepatitis-B is an infectious illness caused by hepatitis
B virus (HBV) which infects the liver and causes an
inflammation called hepatitis. Transmission of HBV
results from exposure to infectious blood or body
fluids.
About a third of the world's population, more than 2
billion people, have been infected with the hepatitis
B virus.
3. The disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia
and Africa, and it is endemic in China.
In Nepal, there are about 315,000 people infected
with chronic Hepatitis-B.
HBV is about 100 times more infectious than HIV.
4. Need of the study
A study conducted by Liver Foundation Nepal shows
that drug abuse and hepatitis B and C start together
among children in our schools.
The problem continues to smolder inside without the
knowledge of the infected persons or the
community. And in 20 years time when it will
explode, it will add to a costly and tragic condition
with a large number of patients with cirrhosis and
liver cancer.
5. Contd...
The first step in this direction is the spread of
awareness about drug abuse and hepatitis among
school children as it is the problem of our youth.
The best way to beat it is being aware of it and by
sharing concern with people.
6. Significance of the study
• This study had assessed the effectiveness of education
intervention on knowledge regarding Hepatitis-B among
the secondary level students of Carmel Secondary
School. The school can use the findings of this study to
uplift the knowledge of the students regarding Hepatitis-
B and take preventive measures to prevent from
Hepatitis-B.
7. Objectives
To assess the knowledge regarding Hepatitis-B among
the Secondary level students of Carmel Secondary School
in Dharan Municipality.
To prepare the teaching module and provide education
intervention regarding Hepatitis-B.
To evaluate the effectiveness of planned educational
intervention regarding knowledge of Hepatitis-B.
8. Null Hypothesis
• There will be no difference on knowledge
regarding Hepatitis-B before and after
educational intervention among the students.
9. Operational Definitions
• EFFECTIVENESS: The outcome of the educational
intervention that causes differences in the knowledge of
Hepatitis B among the secondary level students of
Carmel Secondary school in Dharan, measured by pre-
test and post-test questionnaire.
• KNOWLEDGE: It refers to the students ability to recall the
facts and information regarding Hepatitis-B, its causes,
signs and symptoms , management ,preventive measures
and Hepatitis-B vaccination, according to the given tool.
10. Contd...
• EDUCATION INTERVENTION: It is a structured teaching
program which is designed to provide information
regarding Hepatitis-B among the students based on
educational package developed.
• EDUCATIONAL PACKAGE: A set of educational materials
which consists of information regarding Hepatitis B which
includes:
Definition,
Causes ,
11. Contd...
Signs and symptoms
Management
Preventive measures
Hepatitis B vaccination
• SECONDARY LEVEL STUDENTS: It refers to the
students studying in class 8,9 and 10 of Carmel
Secondary school in Dharan.
13. INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT
Level of students
Education
intervention Affect on
on Hepatitis-
knowledge
B
Other source of
information
Fig I. Conceptual framework based on General system theory approach.
14. Research methodology
1.RESEARCH DESIGN:
Pre-experimental, one group pre-test and
post-test research design was used to conduct the
study.
2.RESEARCH SETTING:
The study was conducted in Carmel
Secondary School in Dharan Municipality, ward no.
18.
15. 3. STUDY POPULATION:
All the students studying in secondary level (class 8, 9 and
10) of Carmel Secondary School constituted the study population
(N=156).
4. SAMPLE:
The students meeting the eligibility criteria was study
sample.
5. SAMPLE SIZE:
The sample size of the study was 39 (25% of the target
population).
16. SAMPLE TECHNIQUE:
Population proportionate stratified simple random
technique was adopted.
17. Table 1
Details of Sampling Technique
Description Class 8 Class 9 Class 10 Total
Total no. of 60 52 44 156
students
Percentage 38.5% 33.3% 28.2% 100%
of the
students
taken
No. of the 15 13 11 39
students
taken
18. Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion criteria
• Only the students from class 8, 9 and 10 of Carmel
Secondary School and who were willing to participate
were included in this study.
Exclusion criteria
• Students who were not able to participate due to
absenteeism or other problems were excluded from
this study.
19. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
Data was collected using a semi-structured
questionnaire based on the objective of the
study which consist of 2 parts:
1. Socio-demographic data.
2. Knowledge of Hepatitis-B.
20. Validity of the tool
• The content validity was established by review
of literature, consulting with the research
guide and experts on the subject, faculties of
nursing college and modification was done
accordingly.
21. Pre-testing of the tool
• Pretesting was done by taking 10% of the
sample size (n=39) with similar characteristics
but not in the same setting i.e in Depot Higher
Secondary School. Four students were taken, 2
students from class 8, 1 student from class 9
and 1 student from class 10.
22. Procedures of data collection
• Permission obtained: concerned all
• Pre-Test (25th of Jan, 2011)
• Education intervention
• Post-test (8th of Feb, 2011)
• Analysis of data
23. Ethical consideration
• Permission was taken from the concerned
authority i.e. from college of nursing, principle of
the Carmel Secondary School where the students
were studying and informed verbal consent was
taken from each student prior to data collection.
• Confidentiality and anonymity of the students
was maintained. The purpose of the study was
revealed to the students prior to the data
collection.
25. Table 2
Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Students
n=39
S.N Characteristics Categories Frequency Percentage
(%)
1. Age groups 13-14 20 51.3
( In years)
15-16 19 48.7
Mean =14.41
S.D =1.16
Range =13-16
26. Table 2 (contd...)
S.N Characteristics Categories Frequency Percentage
(%)
2. Sex Male 21 53.8
Female 18 46.2
3. Permanent Address Sunsari 37 94.9
Others 2 5.1
4. Religion Hindu 15 38.5
Buddhist 9 23.1
Christian 3 7.7
Kirat 12 30.8
27. 80
69.2
70
60
50
percentage (%)
40
30
20
10.3 10.3
10 5.1 5.1
0
Mongol Brahmin Newar Chhetri Others
Fig II: Ethnic group of the students
n=39
28. Table 3
Income and Main Occupation of the Family of the Students
n=39
S.N Characteristics Categories Frequency Percentage
(%)
1. Family income per 20000-29000 14 35.9
month 30000-39000 13 33.3
40000-49000 6 15.4
≥50000 6 15.5
Mean =34358.97
S.D =15984.35
Range =20000-80000
2. Main occupation of Abroad 12 30.8
the family Business 11 28.2
Service 10 25.6
Army 6 15.4
29. Table 4
Source of Information for the Students
n=39
Characteristics Categories Frequency Percentage
(%)
Source of Teachers/Books/Class 25 64.1
Information
(Multiple response)
TV/Radio 20 51.3
Parents 11 28.2
Friends 7 17.9
30. Table 5
Student’s Pre-test and Post-test Knowledge Regarding
Definition of Hepatitis-B
n=39
Knowledge Correct response % p-value
regarding difference
definition of
Hepatitis-B Pre-test Post-test
No. % No. %
16 41.0 39 100.0 59.0 <0.001*
* Binomial test
31. Table 6
Student’s Pre-test and Post-test Knowledge Regarding Incubation
period and Transmission of Hepatitis-B
n=39
S. Knowledge regarding Correct response % p-
N transmission of Hepatitis-B difference value*
Pre-test Post-test
No. % No. %
1. With infected needle syringe 31 79.5 39 100.0 20.5 0.008
2. Shaking hands^ 32 82.1 39 100.0 17.9 0.016
3. Unprotected sexual contact 25 64.1 39 100.0 35.9 <0.001
4. A mother to her infant at birth 28 71.8 39 100.0 28.2 0.001
5. Sneezing and coughing^ 17 43.6 39 100.0 56.4 <0.001
6. Transfusion of blood 34 87.2 39 100.0 12.8 0.63
7. Sharing contaminated towels and 4 10.3 36 92.3 82.0 <0.001
toothbrushes
8. Sharing needle for body piercing 17 43.6 35 89.7 46.1 <0.001
32. Table 6 (Contd....)
Knowledge Correct response % p-value
regarding difference
incubation
period of Pre-test Post-test
Hepatitis-B
No. % No. %
7 17.9 39 100.0 82.1 <0.001*
*Binomial test Median score (IQR) : 5(4-6) and 9(9-9)
^ Negatively correct
33. Table 7
Student’s Pre-test and Post-test Knowledge Regarding Signs and
Symptoms of Hepatitis-B
n=39
S. Knowledge regarding Correct response % p-value*
N signs and symptoms of difference
Hepatitis-B Pre-test Post-test
No. % No. %
1. Abdominal pain 24 61.5 39 100.0 38.5 <0.001
2. Low body temperature^ 7 17.9 36 92.3 74.4 <0.001
3. Jaundice 19 48.7 37 94.9 46.2 <0.001
4. Feeling of more appetite^ 10 25.6 35 89.7 64.1 <0.001
5. Diarrhoea 4 10.3 34 87.2 76.9 <0.001
6. No nausea and vomiting^ 11 282 35 89.7 61.5 <0.001
7. Pale stool 12 30.8 35 89.7 58.9 <0.001
*Binomial test Median score (IQR): 2(0-4) and 7(6-7)
^Negatively correct
35. Table 9
Student’s Pre-test and Post-test Knowledge Regarding
Treatment of Hepatitis-B
n=39
Knowledge Correct response % p-
regarding difference value*
treatment of
Chronic Pre-test Post-test
Hepatitis-B
No. % No. %
12 30.8 39 100.0 69.2 <0.001
Knowledge 13 33.3 36 92.3 59.0 <0.001
regarding
cure of
Hepatitis-B
* Binomial test Median score (IQR): 0(0-1) and 2(2-2)
36. Table 10
Student’s Pre-test and Post-test Knowledge Regarding
Complications of Hepatitis-B
n=39
Knowledge Correct response % p-
regarding difference value*
complications
of Hepatitis-B Pre-test Post-test
No. % No. %
16 41.0 37 94.9 53.9 <0.001
* Binomial test
37. Table 11
Student’s Pre-test and Post-test Knowledge Regarding Prevention of
Hepatitis-B
n=39
Knowledge regarding Correct response % p-value
prevention of Hepatitis-B difference
Pre-test Post-test
No. % No. %
Use sterile syringes and needle 24 61.5 39 100.0 38.5 <0.001
Do not sit next to infected person^ 25 64.1 39 100.0 35.9 <0.001
Practising safer sex 19 48.7 39 100.0 51.3 <0.001
Do not hug with infected person^ 28 71.8 39 100.0 28.2 0.001
Take vaccination 39 100.0 39 100.0 0.0 -
Avoid kissing 1 2.6 37 100.0 92.9 <0.001
Vaccination available for 23 59.0 39 92.3 41.0 <0.001
prevention of Hepatitis-B
Regular doses of Hepatitis-B 23 59.0 39 89.7 41.0 <0.001
*Binomial test Median score (IQR): 5(3-6) and 8(8-8)
^ Negatively correct
38. 120
100.0 98.0 96.2 98.4
100 94.9
89.7
83.5
percentage(%)
80
55.6 58.3
60
41.0 41.0
40 31.5 33.3 32.1
20
0
Fig III: Overall Differences in Knowledge on Hepatitis-B
before and after Education Intervention
pre per post per
39. Table 12
Student’s Overall Pre-test and Post-test knowledge Regarding
on Hepatitis-B
n=39
Knowledge Total score Pre-test Post-test p-value*
regarding
Hepatitis-B
Median Median
with IQR with IQR
29 15 (11-18) 28 (28-29) <0.001
*Wilcoxon Signed Ranked test
40. CONCLUSION
The findings of the study showed that the post-test
median score on knowledge regarding Hepatitis-B was
increased than the pre-test median score.
Thus, the findings revealed that there was a significant
increment on knowledge of the students on Hepatitis-B
in the post-test after the education intervention.
41. RECOMMENDATIONS
The study can be conducted in the larger sample size to
generalize the results.
Regular health education program can be conducted in
the school to update the knowledge of both students and
teachers.
Similar study can be done using control group.
42. LIMITATIONS
This study was conducted in one setting i.e Carmel Secondary
School, hence findings of the study cannot be generalized to
other settings.
There was no control group in this study, to compare the
results.
The study was conducted among the secondary level students
only. The other levels students were not included.
Time was limited for data collection.
43. IMPLICATIONS
This study had positive impact in enhancing knowledge
among the students and making aware about Hepatitis-B.
The findings also emphasize on the increasing need of
awareness program on Hepatitis-B.
The educational package can be used to prepare educational
material like booklets, pamphlets etc on Hepatitis-B.
Regular health education program on Hepatitis-B can be
provided so that students and the teachers will be updated
with adequate knowledge.