The document provides information about the cardiovascular system including:
1. It describes the main functions of the cardiovascular system which includes transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and removing waste from the body.
2. It explains the double circulatory pathway where blood travels through the heart twice - first to the lungs then to the body, before returning to the heart.
3. It outlines the key structures of the circulatory system including the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood, and provides a diagram of heart chambers and circulation.
This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
ECG interpretation in a simple method ppt.
out lines :
Anatomy of the Heart
The Cardiovascular System
Physiology of the Heart
Electrical Conduction System of the Heart
The Electrocardiogram (ECG):-
Chest Leads
Recording of the ECG
Components of an ECG Tracing
ECG Interpretation :-
Sinoatrial (SA) Node Arrhythmias
Atrial Arrhythmias
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Atrioventricular (AV) Blocks
Artificial Cardiac Pacemakers
The 12-Lead ECG and M.I
Cardiac Emergency Medications
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. Functions of CVS
- Transport system of body.
- It carries :
1. O2 from lungs to tissues.
2. CO2 from tissues to lungs.
3. Foods from GIT to tissues.
4. Waste products from cells to kidney.
5. Hormones from endocrine glands to other organs.
6. Surplus heat from different parts of body to skin.
3. Blood travels through the heart twice
before returning to the body
The double circulatory system
4. • Pulmonary Circulation
– Carries blood to lungs and back to the heart
• Systemic Circulation
– Carries blood to body and back to the heart
Two Pathways
6. Arteries:
carries blood away from heart
– Large
– Thick-walled, Muscular
– Elastic
– Oxygenated blood
• Exception Pulmonary Artery
– Carried under great pressure
– Steady pulsating
Arterioles: smaller vessels, enter tissue
• Small branches of arteries.
• Act as control valves through which blood supplies to
capillaries.
7. • Coronary artery
– Supply blood to heart
muscles.
– About 5-7% of blood flows
though the coronary
arteries.
8. Capillaries
– Smallest vessel
– Microscopic
– Walls one cell thick
– Nutrients and gases, hormones, electrolytes etc.
diffuse here
9. Veins:
Carries blood to heart
– Serves as reservoir of blood.
– Carries blood that contains waste and CO2
• Exception pulmonary vein
– Blood not under much pressure
– Valves to prevent much gravity pull
Venules: larger than capillaries
• Collect blood from capillaries .
• Gives deoxygenated blood to veins.
10. Structure of Heart
• Four chambers
– Two upper (Atria)
• Right Atria
• Left Atria
– Two lower (Ventricles)
• Right Ventricle
• Left Ventricle
11. • Two atria are seperated by inter-atrial septum.
• Two ventricles are seperated by inter-ventricular septum.
• Atria is seperated from ventricles by atrio-ventricular septum.
• Heart is enclosed in
pericardium, pericardial
fluid present in
pericardial cavity.
• Myocardium- muscular
wall of heart, Muscles are
arranged in circular and
spiral patterns
• Endocardium- Lines the
internal walls of the heart
12. Valves of Heart
4 sets of valves are present in heart.
A. Two Atrio-ventricular valves:
1. Rt. Atrio-ventricular valve
– Tricuspid valve
2. Lt. Atrio-ventricular valve
– Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve)
B. Two semilunar valves:
1. Aortic valve
2. Pulmonary valve
13. External view of the heart
pulmonary
artery
pulmonary
vein
coronary
artery
left
ventricle
right ventricle
inferior
vena cava
right atrium
pulmonary
vein
aorta
superior
vena cava
15. The vena cava carries deoxygenated
blood from the body to the right atrium
superior
vena cava
(transports blood
from the head)
inferior
vena cava
(transports blood
from rest of body)
16. The right atrium collects deoxygenated
blood and pumps it to the right ventricle
right atrium
20. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Pulmonary
veins
21. The left atrium collects the oxygenated
blood and pumps it to the left ventricle
Left atrium
22. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated
blood to the body via the aorta
Left ventricle
23. The aorta carries the oxygenated from the
left ventricle to the rest of the body
Aorta
Aortic arch
24. Atrio-ventricular valves prevent backflow
of blood into the atria when ventricles
contract
Bicuspid valve
(mitral valve)
Tricuspid valves
Tendon
25. The semi-lunar valves prevent backflow of
blood from the arteries into the ventricles
Aortic semi-lunar
valve
Pulmonary
semi-lunar
valve
26. ORIGIN AND CONDUCTION OF
HEART BEAT
1. SA-NODE (SINO-ATRIAL NODE)
• Called pacemaker as it is first to originate the
cardiac impulses & determines the rate of heart
beat.
• Cardiac impulses conducted along the tract of
special cardiac muscle fibres over both the
auricles.
• Lies in the right atrium at the junction of superior
venacava.
27. 2. AV-NODE(ATRIO-VENTRICULAR NODE)
• Stimulated by the waves of contraction
initiated by SA-node.
• Generates cardiac impulses, which are
conducted to the muscles of ventricles
through BUNDLE OF HIS & PURKINJE FIBRES.
• Lies in right posterior of inter-atrial septum.
28. 3. BUNDLE OF HIS
• Arises from AV node, goes towards apex.
• At their terminal end, it give branches called
PURKINJE FIBRES.
29.
30.
31.
32. CARDIAC CYCLE
• Sequence of coordinated events which take place during a
heartbeat.
• Cardiac cycle involves , the phase of contraction called systole &
the phase of relaxation called diastole.
• A complete heart beat consists of a systole & diastole of both atria
and that of both the ventricles.
• The two atria contract at the same time, then they relax while the
two ventricles simultaneously contract.
• The contraction phase of the ventricle chambers is called systole.
• The relaxation phase is called diastole.
• At a normal heart rate, one cardiac cycle last for 0.8 seconds!
33. STEPS INVOLVED IN A CARDIAC CYCLE
1. Atrial systole – contraction of atria
2. Ventricular filling
3. Ventricular systole – first heart sound ‘lubb’
produced with longer duration (0.1 – 0.90
sec.).
4. Ventricular diastole – second heart sound
‘dubb’with shorter duration (0.10 sec.)
34.
35.
36.
37. ElectroCardioGraph – Instrument which records
the electrical activity of the heart.
ElectroCardioGram – The recorded graph from
electrocardiograph
Provides information about a wide range of
cardiac disorders.
Used in catheterization laboratories, coronary
care units and for routine diagnostic
applications in cardiology.
38.
39. • Lead Selector
– The electrodes are selected two by two according to the lead program
• Pre-amplifier
– A three or four stage differential amplifier
– Have a large negative current feedback, from the end stage to the first
stage
• Power amplifier
– Generally push-pull differential type
• Frequency selective network
– Usually, an R-C network
– Provides necessary damping of the pen motor and is preset by the
manufacturer
• Auxillary Circuits
– Provide a 1mV calibration signal and automatic blocking of the
amplifier during a change in position of the lead switch.
– May include a speed control circuit for the chart drive motor
40. ECG Leads
The tracing of voltage difference at ant two
electrode sites due to electrical activity of the
heart is called a “LEAD”
ECG Lead Systems (12-lead system)
1. Bipolar Leads (3)
2. Unipolar Leads (3)
3. Unipolar Chest Leads (6)
43. BIPOLAR LIMB LEAD SYSTEM
Electrodes are placed in Right Arm, Left Arm and Left Leg
Bipolar leads represent the potential difference between
two selected sites.
LEAD I : P.D between LA & RA
LEAD II : P.D between LL & RA
LEAD III : P.D between LL & LA
An electrode placed in Right Leg is earthed though the ECG
machine for
• For the electrical protection of the patient
• To eliminate electrical interference in the recordings
44.
45. In each of these lead positions, QRS of normal
heart is such that
• R- wave is positive
• Lead II produces largest R-wave potential
When amplitudes of three limb leads are
measured, the R-wave amplitude of Lead II is
Lead II = Lead I + Lead III
This equation can be represented by the vector
relationship, as shown in the equilateral triangle.
46. EINTHOVEN TRIANGLE
The Einthoven vector contains all the information of
the three separate lead components and represents
the ‘electrical axis’ of the heart.
47. UNIPOLAR LIMB LEAD SYSTEM
(AUGMENTED LEAD SYSYTEM)
• Measures the electrical activity from one limb at a
time
• leads that take a composite potential from 3 limbs
simultaneously, where signal from 2 limbs are
summed in a resistor network and then applied to
an inverting amplifier input and remaining limb
electrode is applied to the non-inverting input
48. • Lead aVR - RA connected to non-inverting input
while LA and LL are summed at inverting input
augmented (amplified) Voltage for Right arm(aVR)
• Lead aVL - LA connected to non-inverting input while
RA and LL are summed at inverting input augmented
(amplified) Voltage for Left arm(aVL)
• Lead aVF - LL connected to non-inverting input while
RA and LA are summed at inverting input augmented
(amplified) Voltage for Foot(aVF)
49.
50. BIPOLAR LEADS
• Lead I is the voltage difference between the LA and RA
electrodes (LA – RA), directed towards LA at 0°
• Lead II is the voltage difference between the LL and RA
electrodes (LL – RA), directed towards LL at +60°
• Lead III is the voltage difference between the LL and LA
electrodes (LL – LA), directed towards LL at +120°
AUGMENTED UNIPOLAR LEADS
• Lead aVR is directed towards the RA electrode (-150°),
calculated as follows: aVR = RA – (LA + LL)/2.
• Lead aVL is directed towards the LA electrode (-30°)
calculated as follows: aVL = LA – (RA+LL)/2
• Lead aVF is directed towards the LL electrode (+90°),
calculated as follows: aVF = LL – (LA + RA)/2
51.
52. UNIPOLAR CHEST LEADS
Constituted by an indifferent electrode
resulting from a connection between all three
standard limb leads and an exploring electrode
placed on 6 points on the chest wall.
The indifferent electrode forms the negative
terminal and the exploring electrode forms the
positive terminal
53. Placement of precordial
leads– V1 - 4th intercostal space,
right of sternum
– V2, 4th ICS , left of sternum
– V3 - Midway between V2 &
V4
– V4 - 5th ICS , midclavicular
line
– V5 - 5th ICS anterior axillary
line
– V6 - 5th ICS mid axillary line
59. Feature Description Duration
RR interval
The interval between an R wave and the next R wave; normal resting heart rate
is between 60 and 100bpm.
0.6 to 1.2 s
P wave
During normal atrial depolarization, the main electrical vector is directed from
the SA node towards the AV node and spreads from the right atrium to the
left atrium. This turns into the P wave on the ECG.
80ms
PR interval
The PR interval is measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning
of the QRS complex. The PR interval reflects the time the electrical impulse
takes to travel from the sinus node through the AV node and entering the
ventricles. The PR interval is, therefore, a good estimate of AV node function.
120 to 200 ms
PR segment
The PR segment connects the P wave and the QRS complex. The impulse
vector is from the AV node to the Bundle of His to the bundle branches and
then to the Purkinje fibers. This electrical activity does not produce a
contraction directly and is merely traveling down towards the ventricles, and
this shows up flat on the ECG. The PR interval is more clinically relevant.
50 to 120 ms
QRS complex
The QRS complex reflects the rapid depolarization of the right and left
ventricles. The ventricles have a large muscle mass compared to the atria, so
the QRS complex usually has a much larger amplitude than the P-wave.
80 to 100 ms
ST segment
The ST segment connects the QRS complex and the T wave. The ST segment
represents the period when the ventricles are depolarized. It is isoelectric.
80 to 120 ms
60. T wave
The T wave represents the repolarization (or recovery) of the ventricles. The
interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the apex of the T wave is
referred to as the absolute refractory period. The last half of the T wave is
referred to as the relative refractory period (or vulnerable period).
160 ms
ST interval The ST interval is measured from the J point to the end of the T wave. 320 ms
QT interval
The QT interval is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end
of the T wave. A prolonged QT interval is a risk factor for ventricular
tachyarrhythmias and sudden death. It varies with heart rate and, for clinical
relevance, requires a correction for this, giving the QTc.
Up to 420 ms in
heart rate of
60 bpm
U wave
The U wave is hypothesized to be caused by the repolarization of the
interventricular septum. It normally has a low amplitude, and even more often is
completely absent. It always follows the T wave, and also follows the same
direction in amplitude. If it is too prominent, suspect hypokalemia,
hypercalcemia or hyperthyroidism.