Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect caused by four abnormalities present at birth that result in oxygen-poor blood flowing from the heart to the body. Symptoms can include blue-tinged skin and shortness of breath. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include certain infections or genetic disorders during pregnancy. Treatment is usually surgery to repair the defects.
Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that exist since birth. Congenital means that you're born with the defect. Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, can change the way blood flows through your heart. IF YOU LIKE GIVE YOUR LIKES AND FOLLOW THIS LINK
Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that exist since birth. Congenital means that you're born with the defect. Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, can change the way blood flows through your heart. IF YOU LIKE GIVE YOUR LIKES AND FOLLOW THIS LINK
Embryology of heart, Anatomy of heart, Physiology of heart, Fetal circulation, Neonatal circulation, Congenital cyanotic and acyanotic heart diseases of children.
Embryology of heart, Anatomy of heart, Physiology of heart, Fetal circulation, Neonatal circulation, Congenital cyanotic and acyanotic heart diseases of children.
Congenital heart disease (congenital heart defect) is one or more abnormalities in your heart's structure that you're born with. This most common of birth defects can alter the way blood flows through your heart.
ACYANOTIC DISEASE- Non cyanotic heart diseasesNelsonNgulube
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
Congenital heart disease occurs in 8 per 1,000 births. The spectrum of lesions ranges from asymptomatic to fatal. Although most cases of congenital heart disease are multifactorial, some lesions are associated with chromosomal disorders, single gene defects, teratogens, or maternal metabolic disease (see Table139-2).
Congenital heart defects can be divided into three pathophysiological groups (Table 143.1).
1. Left-to-right shunts
2. Right-to-left shunts
3. Obstructive, stenotic lesions
Acyanotic congenital heart disease includes left-to-right shunts resulting in an increase in pulmonary blood flow (patent ductus arteriosus [PDA], ventricular septal defect [VSD], atrial septal defect [ASD]) and obstructive lesions (aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta), which usually have normal pulmonary blood flow.
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTEtiology and Epidemiology
The ventricular septum is a complex structure that can be divided
into four components. The largest component is the muscular
septum. The inlet or posterior septum comprises endocardial
cushion tissue. The subarterial or supracristal septum com
prises conotruncal tissue. The membranous septum is below
the aortic valve and is relatively small. VSDs occur when any of these components fail to develop normally (Fig. 143.1). VSD,
the most common congenital heart defect, accounts for 25% of all congenital heart disease. Perimembranous VSD
Transposition of the great arteries is a serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). The condition is also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries.
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) refers to acute bleeding inside skull or brain. It’s a life-threatening emergency.
An intracranial hematoma is a collection of blood within the skull, most commonly caused by rupture of a blood vessel within the brain or from trauma such as a car accident or fall. The blood collection can be within the brain tissue or underneath the skull, pressing on the brain.
Intracranial hemorrhage refers to any bleeding within the intracranial vault, including the brain parenchyma and surrounding meningeal spaces.
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2. Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot(fuh-LOE) is a rare condition caused by the combination of four heart defects that are present at birth. These defects, which affect the structure of the heart, cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and into the rest of the body. Infants and children with tetralogy of Fallot usually have blue-tinged skin because their blood doesn't carry enough oxygen. Tetralogy of Fallot is often diagnosed during infancy or soon after. However, tetralogy of Fallot may not be detected until later in life, depending on the severity of the defects and symptoms. With early diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment, most children with tetralogy of Fallot live relatively normal lives, though they'll need regular medical care and may have restrictions on exercise.
39. Causes A patent ductusarteriosus that doesn't close on its own is more common in premature babies, but rare in infants born at full term. As a baby develops in the womb, a vascular connection (ductusarteriosus) between two major blood vessels leading from the heart — the aorta and pulmonary artery — is a normal and necessary part of your baby's blood circulation while in the womb. But, this connection is supposed to close within two or three days after birth once the newborn's heart adapts to life outside the womb. In premature infants, the connection often closes on its own within a few weeks of birth. But if it remains open, it's referred to as a patent ductusarteriosus. The abnormal opening causes too much blood to circulate to the lungs and heart. If not treated, the blood pressure in the lungs may increase (pulmonary hypertension) and the heart may weaken. Congenital heart defects arise from problems early in the heart's development — but there's often no clear cause. Genetics and environmental factors may play a role.
59. Avoid risks. These include harmful substances such as alcohol, cigarettes and illegal drugs. Also, avoid X-rays, hot tubs and saunas.
60. Avoid infections. Be sure you are up to date on all of your vaccinations before becoming pregnant. Certain types of infections can be harmful to a developing baby.
61. Keep diabetes under control. If you have diabetes, work with your doctor to be sure it's well controlled before and after getting pregnant.