A study found that visual information from lip movements can influence auditory speech perception. When shown videos of a woman's face saying syllables that were dubbed with mismatched audio (e.g. saying "ba" but the audio was "ga"), most adult participants reported hearing the syllable that matched the lip movements rather than the actual audio. Younger children were also influenced but to a lesser degree. This illustrates that speech perception involves both auditory and visual input working together.
Bachelor's thesis poster (Deanna K. Rhoades)DeannaRhoades
Bachelor's thesis, Undergraduate Symposium poster: "Current and historical distribution of the endemic Santa Cruz
kangaroo rat, Dipodomys venustus venustus"
Bachelor's thesis _ Current and historical distribution of the endemic Santa ...DeannaRhoades
I investigated the current and past range of the endemic Santa Cruz kangaroo rat, Dipodomys venustus venustus, by surveying (via Sherman live trapping) localities with suitable habitat based on historical range records and GIS habitat mapping. Live-trapping captured no kangaroo rats at any of the sites chosen for suitability. Potential explanations and recommended conservation actions are discussed. Thesis advisor: Gage H. Dayton.
Received a $1000 grant from the Ken Norris Natural History Center to conduct research.
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
Bachelor's thesis poster (Deanna K. Rhoades)DeannaRhoades
Bachelor's thesis, Undergraduate Symposium poster: "Current and historical distribution of the endemic Santa Cruz
kangaroo rat, Dipodomys venustus venustus"
Bachelor's thesis _ Current and historical distribution of the endemic Santa ...DeannaRhoades
I investigated the current and past range of the endemic Santa Cruz kangaroo rat, Dipodomys venustus venustus, by surveying (via Sherman live trapping) localities with suitable habitat based on historical range records and GIS habitat mapping. Live-trapping captured no kangaroo rats at any of the sites chosen for suitability. Potential explanations and recommended conservation actions are discussed. Thesis advisor: Gage H. Dayton.
Received a $1000 grant from the Ken Norris Natural History Center to conduct research.
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
Aquatic Insect Similarity Connecting Natural Wetland Habitat and Ricefield fo...Innspub Net
This study describes the relationship of the natural wetland habitats in Agusan Marsh to nearby rice fields and its implication to ecological rice production. Aquatic insects play multiple roles in the ecosystem such as predators, prey to other animals and decomposers which help in maintaining ecological balance. Results revealed that the diversity of odonates was highest in the sedge-dominated swamp among natural habitats which corresponds to the adjoining ricefields. The pattern of clustering of odonates show 3 groups; the rice-sago and rice-sedges sub-cluster, the rice-bangkal, rice-Terminalia, rice-fern, bangkal, sago and sedges sub-cluster, and the Terminalia forest as the outlier. The diversity of semi-aquatic and aquatic bugs was highest in the Bangkal forest while the lowest was in the fern-dominated swamp. The pattern of clustering shows 2 sub-clusters and the outlier Bangkal forest. On aquatic beetles, highest diversity was in the Terminalia forest. The sub-cluster consists of Terminalia habitat and rice-fern, while the other sub-cluster includes rice-Bangkal and rice-Terminalia. The resulting patterns of similarity in diversity and distribution of species in natural habitats and nearby ricefields indicate that ricefields are important temporary habitats for some aquatic insect species and serve as stepping stones for the movement of the insects.
Analyses of Community Attributes of Meiofauna Under A Pollution Regime in the...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Meiofauna community attributes of the lower Bonny estuary was investigated under a pollution regime. This is germane because of the strategic importance of meiofauna in the food chain and the sustenance of any aquatic ecosystem. Five stations representing diverse land based activities such as refuse dump site, fuel depot, fishing-landing areas, residential housing and a station located upstream (control) were chosen for investigation. The meiofauna samples were collected from sediments in three replicate spots per station per sampling months at low tide. Sediment samples were stirred through (63-212nm) meshes to separate meiofauna and organic debris. Meiofauna samples were processed by first washing Meiofauna through a sieve of fine mesh size made of silk material, in order to wash off formation and excess silt or mud. Meiofauna samples were sorted out and identified using standard keys. Result from field studies indicate that meiofauna population abundance and diversity varied slightly between stations and seasons. There was however, no established trend. Meiofauna were generally more abundant in the rainy season than in the dry season. In general, pollution indicator meiofaunal taxa were more in all stations except the control station; the increasing impact of pollutants in the river led to a rise in the relative abundance of r-strategist genera like Chromadora. We conclude that the application of meiofaunal indices can be a useful tool for assessing the environmental quality of estuarine ecosystems.
Este artículo muestra los resultados de un experimento con un test (llamado cognitive reflection test ―CRT por sus siglas en inglés y cuya traducción puede ser “prueba de reflexión cognitiva”) diseñado por Shane Frederick, profesor de mercadotecnia en la Universidad de Yale. Se realizaron una serie de encuestas a estudiantes de varias universidades norteamericanas (entre ellas el MIT, la Universidad de Princeton, Carnegie Mellon y Harvard) con el objetivo de averiguar qué tipo de razonamiento sigue una persona al enfrentarse a un problema en su vida cotidiana.
Interleukin-1 targeting drugs in familial mediterranean fever: a case series ...José Luis Moreno Garvayo
Revisión de los artículos publicados que describen el uso de medicamentos cuyo objetivo es la interleucina-1 en el tratamiento de la fiebre mediterránea familiar. Se describen siete casos en todos los cuales el uso de estos medicamentos fue beneficioso.
Este artículo expone la idea de que las operaciones neocorticales son multisensoriales, es decir, suponen la integración de información de múltiples fuentes sensitivas
Entrevista completa que le hizo la periodista Marie A. Belloc a Julio Verne en otoño de 1894, y que fue publicada en la revista Strand Magazine en febrero de 1895.
A qualitative and quantitative study of the incidence, features and aetiology...José Luis Moreno Garvayo
Resultados del estudio piloto de 2001 diseñado para evaluar la frecuencia en que se daban experiencias cercanas a la muerte en personas que habían sobrevivido a paros cardíacos, así como para determinar las características de estas experiencias. Para más detalles visitar: http://www.afanporsaber.es/2014/01/experiencias-cercanas-a-la-muerte-i/
foraminifera from the Atherfield Clay of the Idle of Wight. Lithosection description, illustration of the foraminifera. Lower Cretaceous marine sediments
Aquatic Insect Similarity Connecting Natural Wetland Habitat and Ricefield fo...Innspub Net
This study describes the relationship of the natural wetland habitats in Agusan Marsh to nearby rice fields and its implication to ecological rice production. Aquatic insects play multiple roles in the ecosystem such as predators, prey to other animals and decomposers which help in maintaining ecological balance. Results revealed that the diversity of odonates was highest in the sedge-dominated swamp among natural habitats which corresponds to the adjoining ricefields. The pattern of clustering of odonates show 3 groups; the rice-sago and rice-sedges sub-cluster, the rice-bangkal, rice-Terminalia, rice-fern, bangkal, sago and sedges sub-cluster, and the Terminalia forest as the outlier. The diversity of semi-aquatic and aquatic bugs was highest in the Bangkal forest while the lowest was in the fern-dominated swamp. The pattern of clustering shows 2 sub-clusters and the outlier Bangkal forest. On aquatic beetles, highest diversity was in the Terminalia forest. The sub-cluster consists of Terminalia habitat and rice-fern, while the other sub-cluster includes rice-Bangkal and rice-Terminalia. The resulting patterns of similarity in diversity and distribution of species in natural habitats and nearby ricefields indicate that ricefields are important temporary habitats for some aquatic insect species and serve as stepping stones for the movement of the insects.
Analyses of Community Attributes of Meiofauna Under A Pollution Regime in the...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Meiofauna community attributes of the lower Bonny estuary was investigated under a pollution regime. This is germane because of the strategic importance of meiofauna in the food chain and the sustenance of any aquatic ecosystem. Five stations representing diverse land based activities such as refuse dump site, fuel depot, fishing-landing areas, residential housing and a station located upstream (control) were chosen for investigation. The meiofauna samples were collected from sediments in three replicate spots per station per sampling months at low tide. Sediment samples were stirred through (63-212nm) meshes to separate meiofauna and organic debris. Meiofauna samples were processed by first washing Meiofauna through a sieve of fine mesh size made of silk material, in order to wash off formation and excess silt or mud. Meiofauna samples were sorted out and identified using standard keys. Result from field studies indicate that meiofauna population abundance and diversity varied slightly between stations and seasons. There was however, no established trend. Meiofauna were generally more abundant in the rainy season than in the dry season. In general, pollution indicator meiofaunal taxa were more in all stations except the control station; the increasing impact of pollutants in the river led to a rise in the relative abundance of r-strategist genera like Chromadora. We conclude that the application of meiofaunal indices can be a useful tool for assessing the environmental quality of estuarine ecosystems.
Este artículo muestra los resultados de un experimento con un test (llamado cognitive reflection test ―CRT por sus siglas en inglés y cuya traducción puede ser “prueba de reflexión cognitiva”) diseñado por Shane Frederick, profesor de mercadotecnia en la Universidad de Yale. Se realizaron una serie de encuestas a estudiantes de varias universidades norteamericanas (entre ellas el MIT, la Universidad de Princeton, Carnegie Mellon y Harvard) con el objetivo de averiguar qué tipo de razonamiento sigue una persona al enfrentarse a un problema en su vida cotidiana.
Interleukin-1 targeting drugs in familial mediterranean fever: a case series ...José Luis Moreno Garvayo
Revisión de los artículos publicados que describen el uso de medicamentos cuyo objetivo es la interleucina-1 en el tratamiento de la fiebre mediterránea familiar. Se describen siete casos en todos los cuales el uso de estos medicamentos fue beneficioso.
Este artículo expone la idea de que las operaciones neocorticales son multisensoriales, es decir, suponen la integración de información de múltiples fuentes sensitivas
Entrevista completa que le hizo la periodista Marie A. Belloc a Julio Verne en otoño de 1894, y que fue publicada en la revista Strand Magazine en febrero de 1895.
A qualitative and quantitative study of the incidence, features and aetiology...José Luis Moreno Garvayo
Resultados del estudio piloto de 2001 diseñado para evaluar la frecuencia en que se daban experiencias cercanas a la muerte en personas que habían sobrevivido a paros cardíacos, así como para determinar las características de estas experiencias. Para más detalles visitar: http://www.afanporsaber.es/2014/01/experiencias-cercanas-a-la-muerte-i/
foraminifera from the Atherfield Clay of the Idle of Wight. Lithosection description, illustration of the foraminifera. Lower Cretaceous marine sediments
Presentation to the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans expert committee assessing the effectiveness of current mitigation guidelines for seismic surveys (oil and gas exploration at sea).
! 1!A Scientific Review of the Physiology of Pacific Salmotroutmanboris
! 1!
A Scientific Review of the Physiology of Pacific Salmon Migration
B. C. McKinney1
1 Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, One University
Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
Abstract For many generations, humans have altered practically every
ecosystem in the entire world. The footprint humans leave behind on ecosystems
on Earth has continuously matted the ecosystems and critical habitat in which all
species on Earth depend on for survival. When considering Pacific and Atlantic
salmon populations, the array of human caused stressors is responsible for the
population depletions across the United States and Canada. This review will
coordinate the impacts of river impoundments (i.e., hydropower systems) on
upstream and downstream migration as well as visit the impacts of natural and
human caused change on the quality of habitat in which salmonids inhabit through
all life stages.
Introduction
A variety of teleost species are classified within the Family Salmonidae under the Order
Salmoniformes. Salmonidae is comprised of a variety of trouts (Salmo spp.), chars (Salvelinus
spp.), graylings (Thymallus spp.), taimen (Parahucho spp.), and salmons (Salmo &
Oncorhynchus spp.). The anatomy of this family is similar to other ray-finned fish having
dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins, however they possess an additional fin posterior to
the dorsal called the adipose fin.
Salmonid lifecycles are very complex and have been a topic of research for many
generations (Briggs, 1953; Holmes & Stainer 1966; Vronskiy, 1972; Thompson & Sargent, 1977;
Healy, 1980; McCormick &Saunders, 1987; Murray & Rosenau, 1989; Nehlson et al., 1991). In
recent findings, the introduction of telemetry techniques and field sampling routines have given
! 2!
researchers insight about the duration, timing, and patterns of homing and staying (Healy, 1980;
Giorgi et al., 1997; Walker et al., 2016). Through the protection of the Endangered Species Act
(ESA) select Pacific salmon populations have been granted protection by federal regulations in
relation to the habitat that is essential to their survival (USNMFS 1995). In this review, relevant
available published literature will be compiled to discuss a variety of explanations towards the
physiology and morphological complexities associated with Pacific salmon.!
Overview of Salmon Biology
In this section, emphasis will focus on the evolutionary history of Salmon (see Groot &
Margolis, 1991, Hendry et al., 2000, and Waples et al., 2007 for more details). North America’s
populations of Pacific Salmon consist of five distinct species: chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus
tshawytscha), pink salmon (O. gorbusha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and
sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Pacific salmon are uniquely characterized as anadromous
(migratory) and semelaparous (i.e., die after spawning) spe ...
Algal epiphytes were examined for 12 months at Shura El-Roweysia and several tidal levels on the shore
of South Sinai dominated by Laurencia obtusa and Cystoseira myrica. Sixty seven species of the
epiphytes were recorded (41 Bacillariophyta, 20 Cyanophyta, 3 Chlorophyta and 3 Pyrrhophyta). An
inverse relationship between percentage cover of L. obtusa and their epiphytes were observed to be
affected by desiccation stress due to frequent emersion of the intertidal flat and exposure to strong
radiation, while high cover percentage of C. myrica was associated with the high number of epiphytes.
Diapositivas de la charla que ofrecí sobre ciencia, arqueología y pensamiento crítico, en el marco de la segunda edición de las charlas Hablando de Ciencia en Málaga 2015
Recopilación de todos los resúmenes y comentarios que se han realizado en el blog Tertulias Literarias de Ciencia acerca del libro Mala Ciencia de Ben Goldacre
Se han hecho públicos los resultados de un prometedor trabajo encabezado por investigadores del Hospital Infantil de Boston y la Facultad de Medicina de Harvard, que ha conseguido recuperar, utilizando terapia génica, parte de la audición de ratones sordos. El artículo, que ha merecido la portada de la prestigiosa revista Science Translational Medicine, promete abrir un abanico terapéutico para el tratamiento de la sordera genética en los seres humanos.
The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor o...José Luis Moreno Garvayo
Tocheri y colaboradores sostienen que las pruebas moleculares y fósiles tienen importantes consecuencias para la interpretación de la historia evolutiva de la mano dentro de la tribu Hominini. En primer lugar, la parsimonia apoya la hipótesis de que la mano del último ancestro común de los humanos y chimpancés es más probable que es pareciera a la de un gran simio actual en general (Pan, Gorilla, y Pongo), que a la de un simio africano en particular. En segundo lugar, proporciona un contexto para la interpretación de los cambios derivados de la mano que se han desarrollado en diferentes homínidos. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las características primitivas que es probable que estuvieran presentes en el último ancestro común de Pan y Homo se mantienen en las manos de Australopithecus, Paranthropus/primeros humanos, y Homo floresiensis.
Análisis de las proporciones internas de la mano (la longitud de los huesos largos del pulgar y el cuarto dedo) en relación con el tamaño corporal de una muestra de primates actuales y extintos. La muestra la conforma un total de 274 primates entre los que se incluyen macacos, mandriles, gibones, orangutanes, gorilas, chimpancés y Homo sapiens; además de algunas especies extintas de homininos (Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus sediba y Homo neanderthalensis).
El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha consistido en establecer una cronología y datación precisas de los yacimientos Musterienses de Eurasia, ya que éstos contienen las mejores pruebas de la sustitución de un grupo humano (los Neandertales) por otro (AMHs)
The authors report the discovery of Lomekwi 3, a 3.3-million-year-old archaeological site where in situ stone artefacts occur in spatiotemporal association with Pliocene hominin fossils in a wooded palaeoenvironment.
Descripción del mecanismo de acción de la colchina en el tratamiento de la fiebre mediterránea familiar, y de los nuevos medicamentos que se están empleando para tratar esta dolencia.
Evidence based recommendations for the practical management of familial medit...José Luis Moreno Garvayo
Revisión de la literatura acerca de cuestiones prácticas en relación con la fiebre mediterránea familiar. Sobre la base del análisis de los artículos publicados se exponen las recomendaciones de los expertos tras la celebración de una reunión en Israel donde se expusieron todos los puntos de vista.
Guión de la charla que di en Málaga el pasado día 24 de octubre de 2014. En la cultura popular aún persiste la idea que el hombre desciende del chimpancé, esto es, que somos el hermano evolucionado de este simio. Con esta charla trato de corregir ese error mediante un breve repaso de los restos fósiles de nuestros antepasados y de cómo la teoría de la evolución explica cómo hemos llegado aquí.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. 16
, t). "3 01 by drift (21.8% frequent drift, 1.3% rare drift.en ,- /0 .
r rafting), and 4% by wmd. .
His figures and mine are clo~e for overall dispersal. by
d b t they are reversed for wind dispersal and. dnft.
r s, u . . , th Land
Ithougb. floating vegeta,tion ongma'tmg on ~ mam _
'bee-n reported from the vicinity of the archIpelago'.' ",
.IS 18" d'f h h d- even cast up on its beaches ' , n t as a a mm.or
,Ie in plant co,lonisation of the Galapagos. Those specIes
lat have a.rrived in t,his way are all members of the. man-
-ove, beach or !>alt flat associations. I ca~ find no eVI.dence
,r any vascular plant species having arnved by raftln?
The small number of species that have been den~ed
trough oceanic drift is not surprisi.ng..Alth.ough dI'lf.t-
spersed species have relat.ivdy hIgh. ImmIgratIOn .rates In
lmparison with those whloh are dlsper~ed by blrd~ and
ind, very few specoies are adapted .to t?lS n:ode of mtro-
lotion. In addition, their h-igher ImmIgratIOn I'at~s and
e small numbers of halbitats available to them ~n t~e
<lJapagos also reduce the opportuni.ties for ~ndemlsm l:n
lis group". The role of man in th~ .mtroduc.to!on of exotic
)ecies into the islands is surpr.lsmg (Table 1). Even
ooker" rema.rked on the number of alien species that
an had added ,to the flora by the time of Darwin's visit
1835. Man has introduced 124 weeds by the latest count,
1d 57 of his cultivated exotoics have escaped and now re-
'oduce themselves in the wi'ld. Today Homo sapiens has
placed birds ,as the most impo.rtarit factor in the .dis-
mination of plants to the Gal·apagos. The deletenous
fects on the native flora of some of the species introduoed
man are just beginning to be appreciated,,19·"-". .
Recent potassium-argon studies" indicate that t~e archi-
:Iago has ,a probable maximum age of 3 Myr. ThIS mea~s
at the arrival and establishment of one successful d-lS-
minule about every 7,900 yr would account for the pre-
nt indigenous flora. Introduction and subsequent extinc-
)n cannot be estimated, but they certainly have occurred
well. This is a ,higher rate of introduction ~han Fosberg's'·
timate of one successful disseminule every 20-30,000 yr
account for the derivation of the -indigenous vascula'r
)ra of the Hawaiian Islands, but the latter are much
rther from their source areas than are the Galapagos.
Such a .fe.la,tively high rate of introduc-tion is not surpris-
g. These volcanic islands are a jumble of open pioneer
.bitats inhibited by a weedy flora. As others have pointed.
It, dispersal is only half the battle; establishment is the
her half. In the Galapagos, those plants -that have become
tablished are a'lmost all we1edy, a phenomenon first re-
gnised by Darwin'. The chance of immigrants surviving
any specific locality is greater initially than later when
ore cJo~ed communities have evolved. Weedy plants,
'ing adapted to open habitats, have been at an advantage
len their disseminules reached the Galapagos Islands.
'leir offspring have given us the present flora.
e. S. Adkisson, S. Carlquist, P. R. Grant, F. James,
E. Linkins, R. Mayes, R. A. Paterson, S. H. Porter,
A. West and 1. L Wiggins all made helpful comments
I an earlier version of this communication.
DUNCAN M. PORTER
:partment of Biology,
rginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
'acksburg, Virginia 24061
eived September 20; accepted Novernber9, 1976.
)arwin, C., Narrative a/the Surveyin/? Voyages of His M.a/esty'.· S.hips Adl:ent~re
and Beagle, Between the Years 1826 and 1836. De.Trtbl."g ~helr Exa.01/n.atIOn
of the Southern Shores of South America. and the SeaRle s ClrcumnavI/?atlon 0/
Ihe Globe, 3, Journal and Remurks, /832-1836 (Colburn, London, 1839).
venson', H. K., Am. J. Bal .• 22, 208-277 (1935).
Viggins, r. L., and Porter, D. M., Flora of the Galapagos Islands (Stanford
University Press, Stanford, 197 I).
liasson, U., But. NO/iser. 123,346-357 (1970).
liasson, U., Bul. NOliser, 125, 320-322(1972).
liasson, U., Op. bal. Soc. bol. Lund., 36, 1-117 (1974).
chofield, E. K., Bioi. ConserI'., 5, 48-51 (1973).
leber, D., Bufl. Soc. neuc/l6lel. Sci. not., 96,17-30 (1973).
-- ----,..----·------...r
Nature Vol. 264 December 23/30 1976
9 Hamann, 0., Bot. Notiser, 127, 245-251 (1974).
10 Hamann, 0., Bol. Notiser., 127, 252-255 (I 974).
11 Hamann, 0., Bot. Notiser., 127,309-3 16 (1974).
12 Wiggins, l. L., Madrono, 23, 62-64 (1975).
13 Carlquist, S., Bull. Torrey bol. Club., 94, 129-162 (1967).
14 Carlquist, S., Island Biology (Columbia University Press, New York, 1974).
15 Hooker. J. D., Trans. Lilln. Soc., Land., 20, 235-262 (1847).
16 Robinson, B. L., Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 38. 77-269 (1902).
17 Stewart, A., Proc. Cali!. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, 1,7-288 (191 I).
18 Stewart. A., PI. Wid., 18, 192-200 (191 5).
19 Thornton, 1.. Darwin's Islands. A Natural History 0/ the Calapagos (Natural
History Press, New York, 1971).
20 Harris, M., A Field to the Bird.! o!Galapagos (Collins, London. 1974).
21 Agassiz, A., Bull. Mus. mmp. Zool. Harl'., 23, 1-89 (1892).
22 Beebe, W., The Arcturus Advemure (Putnam. New York. 1926).
23 Townsend, C. H., Bull. N. Y. zool. Soc., 31,148-168 (1928).
24 Fitz-Roy, R., Narrative a/the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adl'etl1ure
Qnd Beagle, 2, Proceedings 0/ the Second Expedition, 1831-1836, Under the
Command o!Capiain Robert Fitz-Roy, R. N. (Colburn, London, 1839).
25 Johnson, M. P., and Raven, P. H., Sciellce, 179, 893-895 (1972).
26 Eckhardt, R. C., BioScience, 22, 585-590(1972).
27 Porter, D. M., BioSciellce, 23, 276 (I 973).
28 Hamann, 0., Bioi. Conserv., 7,37-59 (1975).
29 Bailey, K., Sciellce, 192,465-467 (1976).
30 Fosberg, F. R., in Insects 0/ Hawaii, .1 (edit. by Zimmerman, E. C.) (University of
Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1948).
Hearing lips and seeing voices
MOST verbal communication occurs in contexts where the listener
can see the speaker as well as hear him. However, speech
perception is normally regarded as a purely auditory process. The
study reported here demonstrates a previously unrecognised
influence of vision upon speech perception. It stems from an
observation that, on being shown a film of a young woman's
talking head, in which repeated utterances of the syllable [ba] had
been dubbed on to lip ITIOVements for [gal, normal adults reported
hearing [da]. With the reverse dubbing process, a majority reported
hearing [bagba] or [gaba]. When these subjects listened to the
soundtrack from the film, without visual input, or when they
watched untreated film, they reported the syllables accurately as
repetitions of [ba] or [gal. Subsequent replications confirm the
reliability of these findings; they have important implications for
the understanding of speech perception.
To further confirm arid generalise the original observation, new
materials were prepared. A woman was filmed while she fixated a
television camera lens and repeated ba-ba, ga-ga, pa-pa or ka-ka.
Each utterance was repeated once per second, with an interval of
approximately 0.5 s between repetitions. From this master re-
cording four dubbed video-records were prepared in which the
original vocalisations and lip movements were combined as
follows: (1) ba-voice/ga-lips; (2) ga-voicejba-lips; (3) pa-voice/ka-
lips; (4) ka-voice/pa-lips. Dubbing was carried out so as to ensure,
within ·the temporal constraints of telerecording equipment, that
there was auditory-visual coincidence of the release of the
consonant in the first syllable of each utterance. Each recording
comprised three replications of its auditory-visual composite.
Four different counterbalanced sequences of recordings (1)-(4)
were prepared, each with a ten-second gap of blank film between
successive segments. The recordings were suitable for relay via a
19-inch television monitor; audio-visual reproduction was of
good quality.
Twenty-one pre-school children (3-4 y), 28 primary school
children (7-8 yr) and 54 adults (18-40 yr) were tested. The adult
sample was predominantly male; there were approximately equal
numbers of boys and girls in the younger samples. Subjects were
individually tested under two conditions: (1) auditory-visual,
where they were instructed to watch the film and repeat what they
heard the model saying, and (2) auditory only, where they faced
away from the screen and again had to repeat the model's
utterances. Every subject responded to all four recordings ((1)-(4)
above) under each condition, each time in a different sequence;
sequence of presentation was counterbalanced across subjects.
For the purpose ofanalysis, a correct response was defined as an
accurate repetition of the auditory component of each recording.
Under the auditory-only condition accuracy was high, with
averages of 91, 97 and 99% for pre-school, ·school age and
adult subjects respectively; errors were unsystematic. Under the
auditory-visual condition, where subjects heard the original
soundtrack, errors were substantial. For pre-school subjects
2. /-
Nature Vol. 264 December 23/30 1976 747
Table 1 Stimulus conditions and definition of response categories from auditory-visual condition
Stimuli Response Categories
Auditory Visual
component component Auditory Visual Fused Combination Other
ba-ba ga-ga ba-ba ga-ga da-da
ga-ga ba-ba ga-ga ba-ba da-da gabga
bagba dabda
baga gagla
gaba etc.
pa-pa ka-ka pa-pa ka-ka ta-ta tapa
pta
kafta
etc.
ka-ka pa-pa ka-ka pa-pa kapka kat
pakpa kafa
paka kakpat
kapa etc.
average error rate was 59%, for school children 52% and for adults
92%.
Subsequent analysis was confined to detailed consideration of
responses to the auditory-visual presentations. Responses were
first categorised according to the operational definations illus-
trated in Table I.
The meaning of'auditory' and 'visual' categories is self-evident.
A 'fused' response is one where information from the two
modalities is transformed into something new with an element not
presented in either modality, whereas a 'combination' response
represents a composite comprising relatively unmodified elements
from each modality. Responses which could not be un-
ambiguously assigned to one of these four categories were
allocated to a small, heterogeneous 'other' category. Table 2
presents the percentage of responses in each category.
Table 2 shows that the original observation of the effect of
[ba]/[ga] presentations on adult responses is highly replicable; 98%
of adult subjects gave fused responses to the ba-voice/ga-lips
presentation and 59% gave combination responses to its comple-
ment. The effect is also generalisable, at least to other stop
consonants; 81 %of adults gave a fused response to pa-lips/ka-
voice and 44% gave combination responses to its complement. The
effects. however, are more pronounced with [ba]/[ga] than with
[pa]/[ka] combinations; the latter comment applies to all ages.
The data in Table 2 also illustrate that the auditory perception of
adult subjects is more influenced by visual input than is that of
subjects in the two younger groups; the latter do not differ
consistently from each other. It is interesting to note that where
responses are dominated by a single modality, this tends to be the
auditory for children and the visual for adults. However, it should
also be noted that the frequency offused responses to ba-voice/ga-
lips, and pa-voice/ka-lips presentations is at a substantial level for
pre-school and school children alike. These auditory-visual
illusions, therefore, are observable across a wide age span,
although there clearly are age-related changes in susceptibility to
them, particularly between middle childhood and adulthood.
Appropriate analyses confirm that the various effects reported
for the auditory-visual condition are statistically significant.
Alone, however, the data fail to testify to the powerful nature ofthe
illusions. We ourselves have experienced these effects on many
hundreds of trials; they do not habituate over time, despite
objective knowledge ofthe illusion involved. By merely closing the
eyes, a previously heard [da] becomes [ba] only to revert to [da]
when the eyes are open again.
Contemporary, auditory-based theories of speech perception
are inadequate to accommodate these new observations; a role for
vision (that is, perceived lip movements) in the perception of
speech by normally hearing people is clearly iilustrated. Our own
observations and those of othersl
indicate that, in the absence of
auditory input, lip movements for [gal are frequently misread as
[da], while those for [ka] are sometimes misread as [tal; [pal and
[ba] are often confused with each other but are never misread as
[ga, da, ka or tal. It is also known that, in auditory terms, vowels
carry information for the consonants which immeduately preceed
them2
. Ifwe speculate that the acoustic waveform for [ba] contains
features in common with that for [da] but not with [gal, then a
tentative explanation for one set ofthe above illusions is suggested.
Thus, in a ba-voice/ga-lips presentation, there is visual infor-
mation for [gal and [da] and auditory information with features
common to [da] and [bal. By responding to the common infor-
mation in both modalities, a subject would arrive at the unifying
percept [da]. Similar reasoning would account for the [tal response
under pa-voice/ka-lips presentations.
By the same token, it could be argued that with ga-voice/ba-lips
Table 2 Percentage of responses in each category in the auditory visual condition
Stimuli Responses
Auditory Visual Subjects Auditory Visual Fused Combination Other
ba-ba ga-ga 3-5 yr (/1=21) 19 0 81 0 0
7-8 yr (/1 = 28) 36 0 64 0 0
18-40 yr (/1 = 54) 2 0 98 0 0
ga-ga ba-ba 3-5 yr (/1=21) 57 10 0 19 14
7-8 yr (/1 = 28) 36 21 II 32 0
18-40 yr (/1 = 54) II 31 0 54 4
pa-pa ka-ka 3-5 yr (/1=21) 24 0 52 0 24
7-8 yr (/1=28) 50 0 50 0 0
18-40yr(/1=54) 6 7 81 0 6
ka-ka pa-pa 3-5 yr (/1=21) 62 9 0 5 24
7-8 yr (/1 = 28) 68 0 0 32 0
18-40 yr (n = 54) 13 37 0 44 6
3. 748
and ka-'oice,'pa-lips combinations the modalities are in conflict,
having no shared features. In the absence of domination of one
modality by the other, the listener has no way ofdeciding between
the two sources of information and therefore oscillates between
them, variously hearing [babga], [papka], and so on.
The pOSI fi/c(() nature of this interpretation is acknowledged.
More refined experimentation is required to clarify the nature and
ontogenetic development ofthe illusions and their generality needs
further investigation. We are at present working on these issues but
believe that the finding now reported are of some interest in their
own right.
Full details of the dubbing procedure are available from us. We
thank the staff of the University of Surrey AVA Unit for their
technical assistance in preparing materials and also Susan Ballan-
tyne whose lip movements we filmed.
HARRY MCGURK
JOHN MACDoNALD
Deporlll1cl1loj'P.I'Jch%g)"
Ul1ircrsit· oj'Surre)"Gui/dford,
Surrcy Gl..iJ 5XH, UK
Recei"cd July 15: ~t(c('rlcd November II. 1976.
I Binnie. C. A.. 1olllgomery. A. A.. and Jackman, P. L. J. Speech H('(JI'illg Res.. 17,619-630
( 1974).
2 Liberman. A. ~ .. Dcbtlre. P. C. ~md Cooper. F. S., Am. J. Psydl.. 65, 497-516 (1952).
Squeezing speech into the deaf ear
DEAFNESS caused by attenuation at the middle ear-conduction
deafness-can be ameliorated by hearing aids and surgical
procedures, but damage to the cochlea presents more severe
problems'. We are altering the amplitudes of different parts
of the speech wave relative to one another, so that the features
normally determining intelligibility are selectively amplified.
Tests using speech modified in this way will show whether
major aspects of speech processing are unchanged by sen-
sorineural deafness, and, if so, whether the improvement is
large enough to justify the use of such processing in hearing
aids.
The principal characteristics of sensorineural deafness due to
cochlear damage are: (I) loss of sensit ivity to high frequencies;
(2) tinnitus-whistling or hissing sounds; (3) recruitment-
reduction of dynamic range for intensity, the threshold for
detection being raised while the maximum acceptable intensity
is near normal. Both conduction and sensorineural deafness
can be simulated in the normal ear2
.
3
; conduction deafness
by ear plugs and sensorineural deafness by adding mask ing
white noise (that is, noise containing equal power in all audible
frequencies). Linear amplification will compensa'e for the
signal attenuation of conduction deafness. It cannot, however,
overcome loss of hearing associated with the limited dyna:llic
range of the damaged cochlea. Standard hearing aids applied
in the latter case can amplify the peak sound intensities above
acceptable limits, overloading the middle ear to produce
distortion, discomfort and sometimcs pain without giving
adequate intelligibility to normal speech. They may also
produce further damage to the hair cells··5
.
Fortunately, the energy peaks are not important as carriers of
speech information". Most of the speech information is carried
by the zero-energy crossover points of the wa'e. This implies
that the form of the speech wave is not inherently important,
and that liberties can te taken with the specch wave for a
hearing aid. Gregory and Wallace2 concluded that it should be
possible to prevent overloading while retaining the nccessary
information, by using suitable peak clipping in hearing aids.
Amplilude clipping was, however, found (by ourselves and
others) to produce unpleasantly distorted sounds, and the
Fourier components generated by sharp clipping give masking
tones which reduced intelligibility. "Rounding" the flat tops
Na/lire Vol. ]64 December nj.w /976
of the clipped waves with a high cut filter gives some improvc-
ment, but removes information since some of the generated
components are in the speech frcquency band. Alternatives,
such as frequency transposition, were also attempted but were
abandoned for various reasons". Amplitude compression (AGC)
is standard practice for broadcasting and recording. It is only
suitable for hearing aids if the "attack time" is made short
enough to limit individual energy peaks (of the order of hun-
dreds of microseconds) and so minimise peak overloading.
The "release time" must also be made short enough to preserve
information of consonants following vowels without causing
sound level nuctuations ("breathing")'.
Villchur used a 2-channel amplitude compressor with an
attack time of "less than lms" and a release time of 2000 dB s -'.
He found improvements of syllable recognition of from 22 ~:,
to 160/;, in quiet and 10":, to 230"',', in a "cocktail party"
situat ion. "I mprovement was den ned as
100(score with processing-scOr~ Without)
score Without processlllg
An alternative and possibly complementary approach is
instantaneous amplitude clipping, but without the squaring
and generation of cross modulation products in the speech
band associated with peak clipping. This has for a long time
seemed impossible; but it can now be achieved.
The solution we have adopted is to generate the inevitable
cross-modulation products outside the speech band. This is
done by amplitude modulating a high frequency carrier with
the speech, and clipping the carrier"". The cross-modulation
products are now multiples of the chosen carrier frequency. By
choosing a suitable carrier frequency (50 kHz-lOO kHz) the
harmonics and cross-modulation products generated by the
clipping are widely separated from the speech band, and so can
be removed. The result is instantaneous limitation of the
audio peaks without flattening or appreciable intermodulation
product distortion.
Considering first normal audio frequency peak clipping, any
wave exceeding the clirping level will be flattened. For two
Fig. 1 Unprocessed and processed wave forms, from "beating"
a pair of AF sine waves. a, The unprocessed wave. h, Processed
by audio frequency peak clipping. c, Processed by the carrier
clipping system.