Healthy cooking oil in bengali language
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Hrid Spondon Part 8 dr md toufiqur rahman .pdf
Dc¯’vwcKv – m¨vi [Wv: †gv: ‡ZŠwdKzi ingvb] GB cÖm‡½ ej‡Z Pvw”Qjvg A‡b‡K †Zv Av‡Q k¦vmK‡ói †ivMx G¨vRgvi †ivMx Zv‡`i †ÿ‡G Avm‡j advice Uv wK Ges Zviv wK Ki‡eb-
Wv: †gv: †ZŠwdKzi ingvb:- n¨v G¨vRgvi †ivMx mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgv‡`i heart failure †ivMx‡`i I k¦vmKó nq ZvivI g‡b K‡i GUv‡Zv k^vmKó n‡”&Q GUv G¨vRgv UvB‡ci wKbv ZLb †ivMxiv cÖkœ K‡ib GBUv hw` †ewk _v‡K Zvn‡j Avwg vaccine w`‡Z cvie wKbv Avm‡j †mB GjvwR©i †Kvb m¤ú©K bvB| Avgiv †hUv ewj †h vaccine Gi mv‡_ †Kvb GjvwR© Av‡Q wKbv Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡G Avgvi restegtion, others †ÿ‡G vaccine ev vaccine Gi Dcv`vb e‡j †hUv vaccine G Avjv`v singredient _v‡K Zvi against G GjvwR© n‡Z cv‡i| Zvn‡j †m †ivMx w`‡ebv otherwise normal hv‡`i GjvwR© Av‡Q ev hv‡`i Lvev‡i GjvwR© Av‡Q wKbv Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡G Avgvi restegtion, others †ÿ‡G vaccine ev vaccine Gi Dcv`vb e‡j †hUv vaccine G Avjv`v singredient _v‡K Zvi against G GjvwR© n‡Z cv‡i | Zvn‡j †m †ivMx w`‡ebv otherwise normal hv‡`i GjvwR© Aw‡Q ev hv‡`i Lvev‡i GjvwR© Av‡Q , †hgb Miæi gvsm †L‡Z cv‡ibv GjvwR© Rb¨| †mB &&&GjvwR©i mv‡_ GB vaccine Gi &&&GjvwR©i †Kvb m¤úK© bvB| Avcwb wbwð‡šÍ GB vaccine wb‡Z cvi‡eb | Avi ZviciI Agv‡`i †hUv ejv nq †h Avcwb vaccine †bqvi ci AbšÍ Avav N›Uv Avcbv‡K observe Kiv nq mvawiYZ GKUv iæ‡g ewm‡q †q Avm‡j †Kvb GjvwR©i msµgY n‡jv wKbv- ‡Kbbv †h‡nZz GB GjvwR©i mv‡_ †mB GjvwR©i †Kvb m¤úK© bvB Ges Av‡M †_‡K †h‡nZz †evSv m¤¢e I bv| †mRb¨ Avm‡j Zv‡`i‡K observation G ivLv nq|
The Pulmonary Paradox : Navigating the Challenges of Pulmonary Hypertension ...
The Pulmonary Paradox : Navigating the Challenges of Pulmonary Hypertension ...PROFESSOR DR. MD. TOUFIQUR RAHMAN
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex and progressive
condition characterised by high blood pressure in the lungs, leading
to significant health challenges. This book is dedicated to unravelling
the intricacies of PH, encompassing its pathophysiology, diagnosis,
management and emerging research trends. It is designed to serve
as a comprehensive guide for clinicians, researchers and students
in the field of cardiology and respiratory medicine, as well as a
valuable resource for patients and their families seeking to deepen
their understanding of this condition.
The chapters of this book are structured to provide a detailed
insight into the various facets of PH. Starting with the basic
pathophysiology and classification systems, I delve into the
clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and the nuances of
managing this condition, including both pharmacological and
non-pharmacological approaches. Special attention is given to
the unique challenges posed by pediatric PH, PH in pregnancy
and the management of co-morbidities and complications.
Recognizing the rapid advancements in the field, this book also
dedicates a significant portion to discussing current research
trends, future therapeutic targets and evolving diagnostic
techniques. Real-world case studies and patient testimonies are
included to provide a practical perspective, highlighting the
impact of PH on patients’ lives and the importance of a patient-
centered approach to care.
The field of pulmonary hypertension is one of dynamic change
and I growing understanding. Through this book, we aim to
provide a thorough and up-to-date resource that reflects the
current state of knowledge and practice in the field of PH, while
also offering a glimpse into the future directions of research and
treatment. It is my hope that this book will not only enhance the
understanding of PH among healthcare professionals but also offer
support and information to patients and their families navigating
this challenging condition.Innovations in Cardiology .pdf
I wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following
individuals whose unwavering support and contributions have
played a pivotal role in the creation of this book "Innovations in
Cardiology: From Fundamentals to Frontiers – Short Notes in
Cardiology," My sincere thanks go to: Professor Sufia Rahman,
Professor Abdullah Al Shafi Majumder, Professor dr. Abduz
Zaher, Professor Syed Azizul Haque, Professor Dr Nurunnahar
Fatema Begum; Professor Md. Atahar Ali, Professor Dr. Afzalur
Rahman, Professor Fazila- Tun- Nessa Malik, Professor Kh.
Qamrul Islam; Professor Dr. GM Faruque, Professor M.
Maksumul Haq,Professo Dr. Sajal Krisna Banerjee; Professor
Dr. STM Abu Azam; Professor Mir Jamal Uddin, Professor
Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Professor Dr. AKM Fazlur Rahman,
Professor Dr. Abdul Kader Akanda, Professor Dr. AQM Reza,
Professor Dr. Saiful Islam; Dr. Shams Munwar; Professor Dr.
Chaudhury Meshkat Ahmed, Professor Dr. Khaled Mohsin,
Professor Abdul Wadud Chowdhury, Professor Razia Sultana
Mahmud,Professor Dr. M Touhidul Haque; Professor Dr. Md.
Sahabuddin, Professor Prabir Kumar Das, Professor Dr. Baren
Chakraborty, Professor Dr. Amirul Khusru, Dr. Kaiser Nasrullah
Khan, Professor Ashok Dutta, Professor Md. Khalequzzaman,
Dr. Abdullah Al Jamil, Professor Dr. Amal Kumar Choudhury,
Professor Mostafa Zaman Babul, Professor Dr Dipal Krishna
Adhikary, Professor Dr. Dipankar Chandra Nag professor Dr.
Moeen Uddin Ahmed, professor Mir nesar Uddin; Brig. Gen. Dr.
Syeda Aleya Sultana,Professor Dr Syed Nasir Uddin; Professor
Dr Mohsin Hossain; Dr. Sm Shahidul Haque; Professor Dr
Tawfiq Shahriar Huq; Dr. SM Quamrul Haque; Professor Dr.
Mamunur Rashid Sizar, Professor Dr. Mohsin Ahmed, Professor
Dr. Zillur Rahman; Professor Dr. Tanjima Parveen; Professor Dr.
Harisul hoque, Dr. Reyan Anis, Dr. Ashish Dey, Dr. Mohammad
Ullah firoz, Professor Dr. Udoy Shankar Roy; Dr. Nuruddin
Tareq; Dr. Md. Towhiduzzaman, Dr. Kh. Asaduzzaman, Dr.
AKM Monwarul Islam, Dr. Abdul Momen, Dr. Md. Shafiqur
Rahman Patwary, Dr. Md, Zulfiker Ali Lenin; Dr. Mahbub
Mansur, Dr. CM Shaheen Kabir, Dr. Rumi Alam, Dr. Farah
ii
Tasneem Mowmi, Dr. Rashid Ahmed, Dr. Mohammad Anowar
Hossain, Dr. Mohammad Nasimul Gani,Professor Dr abu Tarek
Iqbal, Dr. Husnayen Nanna, Dr. Abdul Malek, Dr, Ajoy Kumar
Datta, Dr. Nur Alam; Dr. Sahela Nasrin; Dr. Haripada sarker, Dr.
Anisul Awal, Dr. Shaila Nabi; Professor Dr. Umme Salma Khan;
Dr SM Ahsan Habib; Professor Dr Solaiman Hossain; Dr. Bijoy
Dutta,Dr. Shahana Zaman; Dr. Ishrat Jahan shimu, Dr. Ibrahim
Khalil. Dr. Chayan Kumar Singha, Dr. Kazi Nazrul Islam, Dr.
Kamal pasha; professor Dr. Liakat Hossain Tapan, Professor Dr.
Mamun Iqbal, Professor Dr. MG Azam, Dr. Lima Asrin Sayami,
Dr. Smita Kanungo; Dr. Sadequl Islam Shamol; Dr. Swadesh
chakraborty; Dr. Md. Rasul Amin Shepon; Dr. Saqif shahriar;
Your collective wisdom, expertise and commitment to the field
of cardiology have enriched the content of this book. Your
mentorship and guidance have been invaluable in shapi
common cardiac arrhythmias.ppsx
Definition: Cardiac arrhythmias refer to abnormal heart rhythms, where the heartbeat may be too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or irregular.
These irregularities disrupt the normal electrical signaling in the heart.
Rheumatic Heart Disease.ppsx
In a world where hearts beat free and bold,
A silent foe creeps, its story untold,
Rheumatic whispers, in hushed refrain,
A tale of love's struggle, of heartache and pain.
A childhood song, innocent and sweet,
Takes a tragic turn, hearts skip a beat,
Rheumatic winds blow, fierce and unseen,
Leaving scars on hearts that once danced so keen.
Valves that should open, a rhythmic embrace,
Now bear the weight of this silent chase,
Rheumatic echoes, a haunting refrain,
Leaving imprints of sorrow, of loss and of pain.
But amidst the shadows, there's hope that glows,
A symphony of care, compassion bestows,
With knowledge and love, we stand side by side,
To mend these hearts, to be a healing guide.
Rheumatic battles, we'll face them anew,
A united front, a relentless crew,
For every heart deserves freedom's embrace,
And in the face of rheumatic storms, we'll find grace.
So let's raise our voices, let the world hear,
The fight against rheumatic pain, we hold dear,
With courage and faith, we'll rewrite the verse,
A tale of triumph, of hearts that converse.
"Rheumatic fever reminds us that our body is a delicate symphony, and neglecting even the slightest discord can lead to profound consequences." -
"In the battle against rheumatic fever, awareness and early intervention are our most potent allies."
"Rheumatic fever teaches us the vital lesson that the heart, both physical and emotional, must be nurtured with care and vigilance." -
"Every case of rheumatic fever avoided is a triumph of knowledge, compassion, and the will to protect our most vital instrument, the heart." -
"Rheumatic fever serves as a reminder that even the strongest fortresses need vigilant guardians to shield against the unseen enemies within." -
Microsoft Excel for medical postgraduates.pdf
Case Scenario: You're presenting research findings on hypertension prevalence in
different regions. What Excel chart type would best visualize the variation in
prevalence across regions?
Options: A) Line chart B) Pie chart C) Bar chart D) Scatter plot E) Radar chart Answer:
C) Bar chart
Explanation: A bar chart effectively compares values across different categories,
making it ideal for visualizing the variation in hypertension prevalence across different
regions.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing patient demographics, and you want to find the
most common blood type among your patients. What Excel function would help
you identify the mode of the blood types?
Options: A) MEDIAN B) MODE C) COUNTIF D) AVERAGE E) SUM Answer: B)
MODE
Explanation: The MODE function in Excel helps you find the most frequently occurring
value in a range, making it suitable for identifying the most common blood type among
patients.
Case Scenario: You're conducting a study on the effects of exercise on blood
pressure. What Excel tool would you use to create a summary table showing
average blood pressure before and after exercise?
Options: A) Goal Seek B) PivotTable C) Data Validation D) Filter E) Sort Answer: B)
PivotTable
Explanation: A PivotTable in Excel can summarize data and calculate averages,
making it suitable for creating a summary table showing average blood pressure before
and after exercise.
Case Scenario: You're managing patient records and need to categorize patients
into age groups for analysis. What Excel function would you use to assign each
patient to a specific age category?
Options: A) VLOOKUP B) IF C) COUNTIF D) INDEX E) MATCH Answer: B)
IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for categorizing patients into age groups based on their ages.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing the effectiveness of a new drug on reducing
cholesterol levels in patients. Which Excel function would you use to calculate
the percentage reduction in cholesterol for each patient?
Options: A) SUMIF B) AVERAGEIF C) MEDIAN D) COUNTIF E) IF Answer: E) IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for calculating the percentage reduction in cholesterol levels based on the original and
post-treatment values.
Case Scenario: You're preparing a presentation on global prevalence rates of
different heart diseases. What Excel chart type would best display the proportion
of each disease in relation to the whole?
Options: A) Line chart B) Scatter plot C) Bar chart D) Pie chart E) Area chart Answer:
D) Pie chart
Explanation: A pie chart effectively displays proportions and percentages, making it
ideal for showcasing the proportion of each heart disease in relation to the total.
Case Scenario: You're managing a database of medical research papers, including
titles, authors, and publication years. What Excel tool can you use to quickly find
papers published between cert
Rheumatic fever .pdf
5. A 5 years old boy presents with fever & swelling of knee and ankle joint for 3 weeks. Write down 3 important D/D. Discuss the treatment of acute rheumatic fever with carditis. (DU-09Ju)
Three important differential diagnoses of a 5-year-old boy presenting with fever and joint swelling for 3 weeks include:
Septic arthritis: This is an acute bacterial infection of a joint that causes similar symptoms to rheumatic fever but is usually monoarticular and associated with more severe pain, redness, and tenderness of the affected joint. Septic arthritis requires urgent drainage and antibiotics.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: This is a group of chronic autoimmune disorders that can present with fever, joint swelling, and stiffness. The diagnosis is based on clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologic agents.
Reactive arthritis: This is an inflammatory joint disease that can occur after an infection, especially with certain bacteria such as Chlamydia, Salmonella, or Shigella. Reactive arthritis usually affects the lower limb joints, such as knees, ankles, and feet, and may be associated with skin rash, eye inflammation, or urethritis. The treatment may include antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids.
Assuming the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever with carditis, the treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The antibiotics aim to eradicate the streptococcal infection and prevent further rheumatic fever recurrences, while the anti-inflammatory drugs aim to reduce the inflammation and symptoms of carditis. The specific regimen may vary depending on the severity of carditis, the presence of other complications, and the patient's age and weight. In general, the following principles apply:
Antibiotics: A 10-day course of oral or intramuscular penicillin is the first-line antibiotic for acute rheumatic fever, as it is effective against most strains of streptococci and has low toxicity. Alternative antibiotics may be used for patients who are allergic to penicillin or have recurrent rheumatic fever despite adequate penicillin therapy. Long-term prophylaxis with penicillin is recommended to prevent recurrences, usually until the age of 21 years or for 10 years after the last episode of rheumatic fever, whichever is longer.
Anti-inflammatory drugs: High-dose aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen are usually given for the first 2-3 weeks of acute rheumatic fever to control fever, pain, and inflammation. Corticosteroids such as prednisone or methylprednisolone may be used in severe cases of carditis or when other therapies are not effective or contraindicated. The duration and dose of anti-inflammatory drugs should be tailored to the patient's response and adverse effects, such as gastric
applied anatomy for undergraduates.pptx
The Cardiovascular System: Life's Vital Transport System
The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is a fundamental physiological network in the body.
It facilitates the circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells while eliminating waste products.
Essential for maintaining tissue function, energy production, and overall homeostasis.
Defining the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network responsible for circulating vital substances throughout the body.
Components of the Cardiovascular System
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, generating the force required to propel blood through the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that carry blood to and from various body tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid containing red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, essential for nutrient and gas exchange.
Recommended
Hrid Spondon Part 8 dr md toufiqur rahman .pdf
Dc¯’vwcKv – m¨vi [Wv: †gv: ‡ZŠwdKzi ingvb] GB cÖm‡½ ej‡Z Pvw”Qjvg A‡b‡K †Zv Av‡Q k¦vmK‡ói †ivMx G¨vRgvi †ivMx Zv‡`i †ÿ‡G Avm‡j advice Uv wK Ges Zviv wK Ki‡eb-
Wv: †gv: †ZŠwdKzi ingvb:- n¨v G¨vRgvi †ivMx mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgv‡`i heart failure †ivMx‡`i I k¦vmKó nq ZvivI g‡b K‡i GUv‡Zv k^vmKó n‡”&Q GUv G¨vRgv UvB‡ci wKbv ZLb †ivMxiv cÖkœ K‡ib GBUv hw` †ewk _v‡K Zvn‡j Avwg vaccine w`‡Z cvie wKbv Avm‡j †mB GjvwR©i †Kvb m¤ú©K bvB| Avgiv †hUv ewj †h vaccine Gi mv‡_ †Kvb GjvwR© Av‡Q wKbv Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡G Avgvi restegtion, others †ÿ‡G vaccine ev vaccine Gi Dcv`vb e‡j †hUv vaccine G Avjv`v singredient _v‡K Zvi against G GjvwR© n‡Z cv‡i| Zvn‡j †m †ivMx w`‡ebv otherwise normal hv‡`i GjvwR© Av‡Q ev hv‡`i Lvev‡i GjvwR© Av‡Q wKbv Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡G Avgvi restegtion, others †ÿ‡G vaccine ev vaccine Gi Dcv`vb e‡j †hUv vaccine G Avjv`v singredient _v‡K Zvi against G GjvwR© n‡Z cv‡i | Zvn‡j †m †ivMx w`‡ebv otherwise normal hv‡`i GjvwR© Aw‡Q ev hv‡`i Lvev‡i GjvwR© Av‡Q , †hgb Miæi gvsm †L‡Z cv‡ibv GjvwR© Rb¨| †mB &&&GjvwR©i mv‡_ GB vaccine Gi &&&GjvwR©i †Kvb m¤úK© bvB| Avcwb wbwð‡šÍ GB vaccine wb‡Z cvi‡eb | Avi ZviciI Agv‡`i †hUv ejv nq †h Avcwb vaccine †bqvi ci AbšÍ Avav N›Uv Avcbv‡K observe Kiv nq mvawiYZ GKUv iæ‡g ewm‡q †q Avm‡j †Kvb GjvwR©i msµgY n‡jv wKbv- ‡Kbbv †h‡nZz GB GjvwR©i mv‡_ †mB GjvwR©i †Kvb m¤úK© bvB Ges Av‡M †_‡K †h‡nZz †evSv m¤¢e I bv| †mRb¨ Avm‡j Zv‡`i‡K observation G ivLv nq|
The Pulmonary Paradox : Navigating the Challenges of Pulmonary Hypertension ...
The Pulmonary Paradox : Navigating the Challenges of Pulmonary Hypertension ...PROFESSOR DR. MD. TOUFIQUR RAHMAN
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex and progressive
condition characterised by high blood pressure in the lungs, leading
to significant health challenges. This book is dedicated to unravelling
the intricacies of PH, encompassing its pathophysiology, diagnosis,
management and emerging research trends. It is designed to serve
as a comprehensive guide for clinicians, researchers and students
in the field of cardiology and respiratory medicine, as well as a
valuable resource for patients and their families seeking to deepen
their understanding of this condition.
The chapters of this book are structured to provide a detailed
insight into the various facets of PH. Starting with the basic
pathophysiology and classification systems, I delve into the
clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and the nuances of
managing this condition, including both pharmacological and
non-pharmacological approaches. Special attention is given to
the unique challenges posed by pediatric PH, PH in pregnancy
and the management of co-morbidities and complications.
Recognizing the rapid advancements in the field, this book also
dedicates a significant portion to discussing current research
trends, future therapeutic targets and evolving diagnostic
techniques. Real-world case studies and patient testimonies are
included to provide a practical perspective, highlighting the
impact of PH on patients’ lives and the importance of a patient-
centered approach to care.
The field of pulmonary hypertension is one of dynamic change
and I growing understanding. Through this book, we aim to
provide a thorough and up-to-date resource that reflects the
current state of knowledge and practice in the field of PH, while
also offering a glimpse into the future directions of research and
treatment. It is my hope that this book will not only enhance the
understanding of PH among healthcare professionals but also offer
support and information to patients and their families navigating
this challenging condition.Innovations in Cardiology .pdf
I wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following
individuals whose unwavering support and contributions have
played a pivotal role in the creation of this book "Innovations in
Cardiology: From Fundamentals to Frontiers – Short Notes in
Cardiology," My sincere thanks go to: Professor Sufia Rahman,
Professor Abdullah Al Shafi Majumder, Professor dr. Abduz
Zaher, Professor Syed Azizul Haque, Professor Dr Nurunnahar
Fatema Begum; Professor Md. Atahar Ali, Professor Dr. Afzalur
Rahman, Professor Fazila- Tun- Nessa Malik, Professor Kh.
Qamrul Islam; Professor Dr. GM Faruque, Professor M.
Maksumul Haq,Professo Dr. Sajal Krisna Banerjee; Professor
Dr. STM Abu Azam; Professor Mir Jamal Uddin, Professor
Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Professor Dr. AKM Fazlur Rahman,
Professor Dr. Abdul Kader Akanda, Professor Dr. AQM Reza,
Professor Dr. Saiful Islam; Dr. Shams Munwar; Professor Dr.
Chaudhury Meshkat Ahmed, Professor Dr. Khaled Mohsin,
Professor Abdul Wadud Chowdhury, Professor Razia Sultana
Mahmud,Professor Dr. M Touhidul Haque; Professor Dr. Md.
Sahabuddin, Professor Prabir Kumar Das, Professor Dr. Baren
Chakraborty, Professor Dr. Amirul Khusru, Dr. Kaiser Nasrullah
Khan, Professor Ashok Dutta, Professor Md. Khalequzzaman,
Dr. Abdullah Al Jamil, Professor Dr. Amal Kumar Choudhury,
Professor Mostafa Zaman Babul, Professor Dr Dipal Krishna
Adhikary, Professor Dr. Dipankar Chandra Nag professor Dr.
Moeen Uddin Ahmed, professor Mir nesar Uddin; Brig. Gen. Dr.
Syeda Aleya Sultana,Professor Dr Syed Nasir Uddin; Professor
Dr Mohsin Hossain; Dr. Sm Shahidul Haque; Professor Dr
Tawfiq Shahriar Huq; Dr. SM Quamrul Haque; Professor Dr.
Mamunur Rashid Sizar, Professor Dr. Mohsin Ahmed, Professor
Dr. Zillur Rahman; Professor Dr. Tanjima Parveen; Professor Dr.
Harisul hoque, Dr. Reyan Anis, Dr. Ashish Dey, Dr. Mohammad
Ullah firoz, Professor Dr. Udoy Shankar Roy; Dr. Nuruddin
Tareq; Dr. Md. Towhiduzzaman, Dr. Kh. Asaduzzaman, Dr.
AKM Monwarul Islam, Dr. Abdul Momen, Dr. Md. Shafiqur
Rahman Patwary, Dr. Md, Zulfiker Ali Lenin; Dr. Mahbub
Mansur, Dr. CM Shaheen Kabir, Dr. Rumi Alam, Dr. Farah
ii
Tasneem Mowmi, Dr. Rashid Ahmed, Dr. Mohammad Anowar
Hossain, Dr. Mohammad Nasimul Gani,Professor Dr abu Tarek
Iqbal, Dr. Husnayen Nanna, Dr. Abdul Malek, Dr, Ajoy Kumar
Datta, Dr. Nur Alam; Dr. Sahela Nasrin; Dr. Haripada sarker, Dr.
Anisul Awal, Dr. Shaila Nabi; Professor Dr. Umme Salma Khan;
Dr SM Ahsan Habib; Professor Dr Solaiman Hossain; Dr. Bijoy
Dutta,Dr. Shahana Zaman; Dr. Ishrat Jahan shimu, Dr. Ibrahim
Khalil. Dr. Chayan Kumar Singha, Dr. Kazi Nazrul Islam, Dr.
Kamal pasha; professor Dr. Liakat Hossain Tapan, Professor Dr.
Mamun Iqbal, Professor Dr. MG Azam, Dr. Lima Asrin Sayami,
Dr. Smita Kanungo; Dr. Sadequl Islam Shamol; Dr. Swadesh
chakraborty; Dr. Md. Rasul Amin Shepon; Dr. Saqif shahriar;
Your collective wisdom, expertise and commitment to the field
of cardiology have enriched the content of this book. Your
mentorship and guidance have been invaluable in shapi
common cardiac arrhythmias.ppsx
Definition: Cardiac arrhythmias refer to abnormal heart rhythms, where the heartbeat may be too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or irregular.
These irregularities disrupt the normal electrical signaling in the heart.
Rheumatic Heart Disease.ppsx
In a world where hearts beat free and bold,
A silent foe creeps, its story untold,
Rheumatic whispers, in hushed refrain,
A tale of love's struggle, of heartache and pain.
A childhood song, innocent and sweet,
Takes a tragic turn, hearts skip a beat,
Rheumatic winds blow, fierce and unseen,
Leaving scars on hearts that once danced so keen.
Valves that should open, a rhythmic embrace,
Now bear the weight of this silent chase,
Rheumatic echoes, a haunting refrain,
Leaving imprints of sorrow, of loss and of pain.
But amidst the shadows, there's hope that glows,
A symphony of care, compassion bestows,
With knowledge and love, we stand side by side,
To mend these hearts, to be a healing guide.
Rheumatic battles, we'll face them anew,
A united front, a relentless crew,
For every heart deserves freedom's embrace,
And in the face of rheumatic storms, we'll find grace.
So let's raise our voices, let the world hear,
The fight against rheumatic pain, we hold dear,
With courage and faith, we'll rewrite the verse,
A tale of triumph, of hearts that converse.
"Rheumatic fever reminds us that our body is a delicate symphony, and neglecting even the slightest discord can lead to profound consequences." -
"In the battle against rheumatic fever, awareness and early intervention are our most potent allies."
"Rheumatic fever teaches us the vital lesson that the heart, both physical and emotional, must be nurtured with care and vigilance." -
"Every case of rheumatic fever avoided is a triumph of knowledge, compassion, and the will to protect our most vital instrument, the heart." -
"Rheumatic fever serves as a reminder that even the strongest fortresses need vigilant guardians to shield against the unseen enemies within." -
Microsoft Excel for medical postgraduates.pdf
Case Scenario: You're presenting research findings on hypertension prevalence in
different regions. What Excel chart type would best visualize the variation in
prevalence across regions?
Options: A) Line chart B) Pie chart C) Bar chart D) Scatter plot E) Radar chart Answer:
C) Bar chart
Explanation: A bar chart effectively compares values across different categories,
making it ideal for visualizing the variation in hypertension prevalence across different
regions.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing patient demographics, and you want to find the
most common blood type among your patients. What Excel function would help
you identify the mode of the blood types?
Options: A) MEDIAN B) MODE C) COUNTIF D) AVERAGE E) SUM Answer: B)
MODE
Explanation: The MODE function in Excel helps you find the most frequently occurring
value in a range, making it suitable for identifying the most common blood type among
patients.
Case Scenario: You're conducting a study on the effects of exercise on blood
pressure. What Excel tool would you use to create a summary table showing
average blood pressure before and after exercise?
Options: A) Goal Seek B) PivotTable C) Data Validation D) Filter E) Sort Answer: B)
PivotTable
Explanation: A PivotTable in Excel can summarize data and calculate averages,
making it suitable for creating a summary table showing average blood pressure before
and after exercise.
Case Scenario: You're managing patient records and need to categorize patients
into age groups for analysis. What Excel function would you use to assign each
patient to a specific age category?
Options: A) VLOOKUP B) IF C) COUNTIF D) INDEX E) MATCH Answer: B)
IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for categorizing patients into age groups based on their ages.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing the effectiveness of a new drug on reducing
cholesterol levels in patients. Which Excel function would you use to calculate
the percentage reduction in cholesterol for each patient?
Options: A) SUMIF B) AVERAGEIF C) MEDIAN D) COUNTIF E) IF Answer: E) IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for calculating the percentage reduction in cholesterol levels based on the original and
post-treatment values.
Case Scenario: You're preparing a presentation on global prevalence rates of
different heart diseases. What Excel chart type would best display the proportion
of each disease in relation to the whole?
Options: A) Line chart B) Scatter plot C) Bar chart D) Pie chart E) Area chart Answer:
D) Pie chart
Explanation: A pie chart effectively displays proportions and percentages, making it
ideal for showcasing the proportion of each heart disease in relation to the total.
Case Scenario: You're managing a database of medical research papers, including
titles, authors, and publication years. What Excel tool can you use to quickly find
papers published between cert
Rheumatic fever .pdf
5. A 5 years old boy presents with fever & swelling of knee and ankle joint for 3 weeks. Write down 3 important D/D. Discuss the treatment of acute rheumatic fever with carditis. (DU-09Ju)
Three important differential diagnoses of a 5-year-old boy presenting with fever and joint swelling for 3 weeks include:
Septic arthritis: This is an acute bacterial infection of a joint that causes similar symptoms to rheumatic fever but is usually monoarticular and associated with more severe pain, redness, and tenderness of the affected joint. Septic arthritis requires urgent drainage and antibiotics.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: This is a group of chronic autoimmune disorders that can present with fever, joint swelling, and stiffness. The diagnosis is based on clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologic agents.
Reactive arthritis: This is an inflammatory joint disease that can occur after an infection, especially with certain bacteria such as Chlamydia, Salmonella, or Shigella. Reactive arthritis usually affects the lower limb joints, such as knees, ankles, and feet, and may be associated with skin rash, eye inflammation, or urethritis. The treatment may include antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids.
Assuming the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever with carditis, the treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The antibiotics aim to eradicate the streptococcal infection and prevent further rheumatic fever recurrences, while the anti-inflammatory drugs aim to reduce the inflammation and symptoms of carditis. The specific regimen may vary depending on the severity of carditis, the presence of other complications, and the patient's age and weight. In general, the following principles apply:
Antibiotics: A 10-day course of oral or intramuscular penicillin is the first-line antibiotic for acute rheumatic fever, as it is effective against most strains of streptococci and has low toxicity. Alternative antibiotics may be used for patients who are allergic to penicillin or have recurrent rheumatic fever despite adequate penicillin therapy. Long-term prophylaxis with penicillin is recommended to prevent recurrences, usually until the age of 21 years or for 10 years after the last episode of rheumatic fever, whichever is longer.
Anti-inflammatory drugs: High-dose aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen are usually given for the first 2-3 weeks of acute rheumatic fever to control fever, pain, and inflammation. Corticosteroids such as prednisone or methylprednisolone may be used in severe cases of carditis or when other therapies are not effective or contraindicated. The duration and dose of anti-inflammatory drugs should be tailored to the patient's response and adverse effects, such as gastric
applied anatomy for undergraduates.pptx
The Cardiovascular System: Life's Vital Transport System
The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is a fundamental physiological network in the body.
It facilitates the circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells while eliminating waste products.
Essential for maintaining tissue function, energy production, and overall homeostasis.
Defining the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network responsible for circulating vital substances throughout the body.
Components of the Cardiovascular System
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, generating the force required to propel blood through the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that carry blood to and from various body tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid containing red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, essential for nutrient and gas exchange.
applied physiology for undergraduates.pptx
Exploring Applied Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is a cornerstone of human health, regulating the circulation of vital nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
Understanding the applied physiology of this system is essential for healthcare professionals to provide effective medical care and interventions.
Importance of Applied Cardiovascular Physiology
Effective healthcare requires a deep comprehension of how the cardiovascular system functions under various conditions.
Applied physiology knowledge empowers healthcare practitioners to make informed decisions, diagnose disorders, and formulate targeted treatment plans.
Focus on Practical Applications in Healthcare
This presentation delves into the practical aspects of cardiovascular physiology that directly impact clinical practice.
We will explore how physiological concepts are translated into real-world medical scenarios and interventions.
By grasping the applied physiology of the cardiovascular system, healthcare providers can optimize patient care, enhance diagnostics, and improve treatment outcomes.
Throughout this presentation, we'll bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and its practical implications in the field of healthcare.
Understanding the Components
The cardiovascular system comprises three crucial components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, ensuring a continuous flow throughout the body.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that transport blood to and from various tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid that carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and removes waste products.
Role in Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery
Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system are transported to body tissues through the bloodstream.
These essential components are required for cellular metabolism and energy production.
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy .pdf
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a type of heart disease that affects women during the last month of pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. It is characterized by a weakened and enlarged heart muscle, which makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body. The exact cause of PPCM is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the hormonal changes and increased demands on the heart that occur during pregnancy. Symptoms of PPCM can include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, swelling in the legs and feet, and palpitations. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as implantable devices or heart transplantation may be necessary. With early diagnosis and treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives.during pregnancy.
The diagnosis of PPCM is based on clinical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and edema, along with imaging studies, such as echocardiography. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. These medications can include beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and inotropic agents. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation may be necessary.
The prognosis for PPCM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the presence of underlying comorbidities. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives. The recurrence rate of PPCM in subsequent pregnancies is approximately 20%, and women who have had PPCM are advised to avoid future pregnancies or undergo careful monitoring and management during pregnancy.
There are still many unanswered questions about PPCM, including its exact cause, optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand this complex and potentially life-threatening condition.
In conclusion, PPCM is a rare but serious form of heart disease that can occur during or after pregnancy. Early recognition and management of this condition are critical in preventing complications and improving outcomes for both the mother and the baby. Future research will continue to shed light on the pathophysiology and optimal management of PPCM.
হৃদ স্পন্দন ৫ম খন্ড .pdf
The document summarizes several topics related to health and hypertension discussed in Professor Toufiqur Rahman's book 'Rhid Spondon - 5th Part'. It provides brief descriptions of 30 topics covered in the book including common questions patients ask doctors, lifestyle advice for hypertension patients, the role of regular health checkups in detecting hypertension and diabetes, ways to prevent stroke, some facts about hypertension, and whether patients can manage blood pressure at home. It also mentions discussions on hypertension related to lifestyle during travel or living abroad. The document aims to increase awareness on hypertension management and control in an easy to understand way for patients and the general public.
হৃদ স্পন্দন ৬ষ্ঠ খন্ড -সাক্ষাৎকার পর্ব ০১
This 3 minute Bangla Vision TV program discusses urinary problems and their solutions. It features an interview with two experts - Dr. Ariful Islam, former director of the National Urinary Disease Institute, and Prof. Toufiqur Rahman Faruque from Rajshahi Medical College. The host introduces the guests and invites viewers to ask questions. The experts will discuss causes of urinary issues and effective treatment methods. Reducing urinary problems can improve quality of life.
হৃদরোগীদের নিরাপদ দাম্পত্য জীবন.pdf
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
হৃদ স্পন্দন ৭ম খন্ড সাক্ষাৎকার পর্ব ০২.pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
উচ্চ রক্তচাপ - নীরব ঘাতক.pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Cardiac Rehabilatation .pdf
This document provides an overview of a book titled "From Heartbeat to Healing: A Comprehensive guide to Cardiac Rehabilitation" written by Professor Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman. The book aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for healthcare providers, patients, and families on cardiac rehabilitation. It covers various components of cardiac rehabilitation programs including medical evaluation, exercise training, nutrition counseling, psychosocial support, and medication management. The book also explores latest trends and future directions in cardiac rehabilitation.
Manual of basic CPR.pdf
Outline of CPR manual
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C.
world Hypertension day 2023.pdf
The document discusses World Hypertension Day, which is observed annually on May 17th to raise awareness about hypertension. It provides information on understanding hypertension, including risk factors and health implications. The presentation's objectives are to raise awareness, promote prevention, encourage collaboration, share resources, and inspire action to address the growing issue of hypertension worldwide.
Management of hypertension in elderly .pdf
. Introduction
A. Definition and prevalence of hypertension in the elderly
B. Importance of managing hypertension in this population
II. Risk Factors and Complications
A. Common risk factors for hypertension in the elderly
B. Potential complications associated with uncontrolled hypertension
III. Diagnostic Process
A. Blood pressure measurement techniques and guidelines
B. Target blood pressure goals for elderly patients
C. Identification of secondary causes of hypertension
IV. Non-Pharmacological Management
A. Lifestyle modifications
1. Dietary recommendations (e.g., DASH diet, sodium reduction)
2. Weight management and physical activity
3. Smoking cessation and alcohol moderation
B. Stress management and relaxation techniques
V. Pharmacological Management
A. First-line antihypertensive medications
B. Considerations for drug selection in the elderly
1. Drug interactions and comorbidities
2. Adverse effects and tolerability
C. Individualized treatment approach based on patient characteristics
VI. Monitoring and Follow-Up
A. Frequency of blood pressure monitoring
B. Importance of medication adherence
C. Adjusting treatment based on patient response
D. Collaborative care and involvement of healthcare professionals
VII. Special Considerations
A. Polypharmacy and medication management
B. Management of hypertension in frail and institutionalized elderly
C. Cognitive impairment and medication adherence
VIII. Controversies and Challenges
A. Blood pressure targets and guidelines in the elderly
B. Conflicting evidence on specific antihypertensive agents
C. Adherence issues and barriers to effective management
IX. Conclusion
A. Summary of key points discussed
B. Importance of comprehensive management in elderly patients
C. Future directions in hypertension management for the elderly
Basic CPR .pptx
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C. CPR during a pandemic
1
MBBS QUESTION ANSWER 4 PDF.pdf
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
3. A 50 year old male presents with BP-180/100 mmHg. How will you investigate him? (DU-18Ju)
When investigating a patient with high blood pressure, several tests can be done to determine the cause and severity of the hypertension. Some of the tests that can be performed include:
Blood tests: This may include a complete blood count (CBC), kidney function tests, fasting glucose level, and lipid profile.
Urine tests: A urinalysis may be done to check for the presence of protein or blood in the urine, which could indicate kidney damage.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect any abnormalities in heart function.
Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the heart and can help detect any structural abnormalities or problems with the heart's function.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): This is a portable device that measures blood pressure at regular intervals over a 24-hour period, providing a more accurate assessment of blood pressure patterns.
Renal artery ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the renal arteries, which supply blood to the kidneys, and can help identify any blockages or narrowing in these arteries.
CT or MRI angiography: These imaging tests can provide detailed images of the blood vessels in the body, including the renal arteries, to help identify any blockages or narrowing.
The specific tests ordered will depend on the individual patient and their medical history, and should be decided by a healthcare professional.
4. A 25 year old woman has presented with repeated recordings of blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg. (DU- 21M)
a. What history and clinical signs you would look for?
b. What are the factors affecting the choice of antihypertensive drugs?
a. When evaluating a young woman with repeated recordings of high blood pressure, it is important to take a detailed history and perform a thorough physical exam to identify any underlying causes or risk factors. Some key points to consider include:
Family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease
Personal history of kidney disease, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and tobacco and alcohol use
Medications or supplements that may contribute to hypertension
Symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, or shortness of breath
Physical exam findings such as enlarged kidneys, abnormal heart sounds, or signs of hormonal imbalances
b. The choice of antihypertensive drugs depends on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, and specific blood pressure goals. Some factors to consider when selecting a medication include:
The drug's mechanism of action and potential side effects
The patient's medical history
MBBS QUESTION ANSWER 3 CARD.pdf
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
What are the causes of sinus bradycardia? (DU-04Ja)
Sinus bradycardia is a condition where the sinus node in the heart beats slower than the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. Some common causes of sinus bradycardia include:
Vagal stimulation: This occurs due to an increased activity of the vagus nerve, which is responsible for slowing down the heart rate.
Medications: Certain medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin can cause sinus bradycardia.
Hypothyroidism: Inadequate production of thyroid hormones can cause a decrease in metabolic rate and lead to bradycardia.
Increased intracranial pressure: High pressure within the skull due to conditions like head injury, brain tumors or bleeding can affect the autonomic nervous system and cause bradycardia.
Obstructive sleep apnea: Repeated episodes of apnea during sleep can cause bradycardia due to decreased oxygen supply to the body.
Aging: As the body ages, the electrical activity of the heart can slow down, leading to sinus bradycardia.
Other causes of sinus bradycardia include viral infections, genetic disorders, and certain electrolyte imbalances.
2. A 25 years old female presented with palpitation, on examination her pulse was irregularly irregular. How will you assess and investigate her? (DU- 05Ja)
The patient's presentation suggests the possibility of atrial fibrillation, which is a common arrhythmia characterized by an irregularly irregular pulse. The following are the steps that can be taken to assess and investigate the patient:
History taking: Obtain a detailed history of the patient's symptoms, including the onset, duration, and frequency of palpitations, associated symptoms, and any relevant medical history.
Physical examination: Conduct a thorough physical examination, including a cardiovascular examination, to assess the patient's heart sounds, rhythm, and rate. Check for any signs of heart failure or underlying heart disease.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Perform an ECG to confirm the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and to determine the heart rate and rhythm. An ECG will also help rule out other arrhythmias or underlying heart conditions.
Blood tests: Check the patient's thyroid function, electrolyte levels, and other relevant blood tests to identify any underlying conditions that may be causing the arrhythmia.
Echocardiography: Perform an echocardiogram to assess the structure and function of the heart and to identify any underlying heart disease.
Holter monitor: Use a Holter monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate and rhythm over a 24-hour period to identify any episodes of atrial fibrillation that may not be captured during a routine ECG.
Other tests: Consider other tests, such as a stress test or electrophysiology study, if necessary, to further evaluate the patient's heart funct
MBBS QUESTION ANSWER CARDIOLOGY IHD HF.pdf
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
Enumerate the types of cardiac apical impulse with example
Normal apical impulse:
The normal apical impulse is described as a brief, tapping, and low-pitched sensation felt at the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line. It has a duration of less than 0.16 seconds and an amplitude of less than 2.5 cm. This is considered a normal finding and represents the left ventricular impulse.
Displaced apical impulse:
A displaced apical impulse refers to a sensation felt at a location other than the normal 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line. This finding can be indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, or pericardial effusion. For example, in left ventricular hypertrophy, the apical impulse is felt at a more lateral location in the 6th or 7th intercostal space, while in pericardial effusion, the apical impulse may be difficult to palpate due to the accumulation of fluid around the heart.
Hyperdynamic impulse: A forceful and sustained apical impulse that is typically seen in conditions such as hyperthyroidism or anemia.
Heaving impulse: A slow-rising, sustained apical impulse that may be seen in conditions such as aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Tapping impulse: A sharp, brief apical impulse that is felt during the first half of systole and may be seen in conditions such as mitral stenosis or aortic regurgitation.
Displaced impulse: An apical impulse that is felt in a location other than the normal fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line. This may be seen in conditions such as left ventricular hypertrophy or cardiac tamponade.
Diffuse impulse: An apical impulse that is felt over a wider area than normal, indicating enlargement of the heart. This may be seen in conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic severe mitral regurgitation.
What are the causes of shifted cardiac impulse ?
Shifted cardiac impulse or displaced cardiac impulse is a clinical finding in which the cardiac apex is located outside the normal location. It may occur due to various causes, including:
Left ventricular hypertrophy: A thickening of the left ventricle of the heart, commonly seen in conditions like hypertension and aortic stenosis.
Dilated cardiomyopathy: A condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and weakened, leading to heart failure.
Constrictive pericarditis: Inflammation and scarring of the pericardium (outer layer of the heart) leading to restricted movement of the heart.
Tension pneumothorax: A condition in which air accumulates in the pleural cavity and compresses the heart leading to a shift in its position.
Large pleural effusion: An accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity which can compress the heart leading to its displacement.
Massive ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen which can push the diaphragm upwards leading to t
MBBS QUESTION answer history and Gen examination.pdf
Write down the clinical importance of occupational history in medical practice.
Identification of potential health risks: Obtaining an occupational history can help healthcare providers identify potential health risks associated with a patient's occupation. For instance, a patient working in a factory that uses toxic chemicals may be at risk of developing respiratory problems or cancer.
Diagnosis and management of work-related illnesses and injuries: Understanding a patient's work history can help healthcare providers diagnose and manage work-related illnesses and injuries. For example, a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome may be diagnosed with a work-related injury if their job involves repetitive hand motions.
Appropriate preventive measures: Knowledge of a patient's occupation can help healthcare providers provide appropriate preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing work-related illnesses or injuries. For instance, a healthcare worker may be advised to use personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent exposure to infectious diseases.
Legal and insurance purposes: Occupational history can also be important for legal and insurance purposes. For example, a worker's compensation claim may require documentation of the patient's occupation and the circumstances surrounding the injury.
Social and environmental factors: Occupational history can provide information about a patient's social and environmental factors that may contribute to their health status. For example, a patient with a stressful job may be at higher risk of developing mental health conditions.
In summary, obtaining a patient's occupational history is crucial for healthcare providers to understand potential health risks, diagnose and manage work-related illnesses and injuries, provide appropriate preventive measures, and consider social and environmental factors.
Question: Mention the importance of past history in medical practice.
Past medical history is an important aspect of medical practice as it provides valuable information about a patient's health status and can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about their diagnosis, treatment, and management. Here are some points and examples elaborating the importance of past medical history in medical practice:
Understanding the patient's medical background: A patient's past medical history can provide information about their medical conditions, surgeries, hospitalizations, and medications. This information can help healthcare providers understand the patient's medical background, which is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. For example, a patient with a history of heart disease may be at higher risk of developing complications from a respiratory illness.
Identifying risk factors and potential health problems: Past medical history can help identify risk factors and potential health problems that may be relevant to a patient's current condition. For instance, a patient with a his
Cardiac Rehabilitation .pptx
Cardiac rehabilitation involves exercise training, education, and counseling to improve the physical and psychological well-being of patients with heart disease. It aims to prevent future cardiac events by reducing risk factors and improving adherence to healthy behaviors. The goals are to recover from cardiac events, enhance physical fitness, provide education and support for lifestyle changes, and improve quality of life. Components include medical evaluation, exercise training, nutrition counseling, psychosocial support, risk factor management, and medication management. Cardiac rehabilitation has been shown to reduce mortality and hospitalizations while improving health outcomes.
world heart day 2022.ppsx
এবারের বিশ্ব হার্ট দিবস ২০২২ এর প্রতিপাদ্য বিষয় হল –Use Heart for Every Heart---- অর্থাৎ হৃদয় দিয়ে সবার হৃদযন্ত্রের যত্ন নিন। বিশ্ব হার্ট দিবস উপলক্ষে আমরা সবাইকে সচেতন করতে পারি যে, সবাই কিভাবে হৃদরোগ প্রতিরোধ করতে পারি , জাতি, ধর্ম, বর্ণ , ধনী- গরীব নির্বিশেষে সকলের স্বাস্থ্য সেবা নিশ্চিত করতে পারি , কার্বন নিঃসরন কমিয়ে প্রকৃতি সংরক্ষণ করতে পারি এবং নিজেকে মানসিক চাপ মুক্ত করে নিজের হার্ট এট্যাকের ঝুঁকি কমাতে পারি ।এতে হৃদরোগের প্রকোপ কমাতে সাহায্য করবে ।
Use Heart বলতে কিছুটা ভিন্ন ভাবে চিন্তা করা , যেমন- সঠিক সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়া , সাহসের সাথে কাজ করা , অন্যকে সাহায্য করা , হৃদরোগের কারন ও প্রতিরোধ করতে প্রয়োজনীয় ব্যবস্থা নিতে নিজেকে সক্রিয় রাখা , কারন হার্ট শরীরের একমাত্র অংগ যা যে কেউ শুনতে ও অনুভব করতে পারে ।
এটা জীবন শুরু ও জীবন শেষের চিহ্ন । হৃদয়ের সঠিক ব্যবহারের মাধ্যমে আমরা সমগ্র বিশ্ব বাসী পরস্পরের সাথে একসাথে মানুষ হিসেবে যুক্ত হতে পারি ।
For Every Heart মানে আমরা নিজেদের প্রতি খেয়াল রাখার পাশাপশি অন্যদের যাতে হৃদযন্ত্র ভাল থাকে ও তাদের যাতে হৃদরোগ প্রতিরোধ করা যায় সেদিকেও দৃষ্টি রাখতে হবে । আমাদের সচেতনতামূলক প্রচার প্রচারনা জাতি, ধর্ম, বর্ণ , ধনী- গরীব নির্বিশেষে সকলের কাছে পৌঁছাতে হবে , সবার যাতে হৃদরোগ মুক্ত স্বাস্থ্য অর্জন করা যায় ।
এবারের ওয়ার্ল্ড হার্ট ফেডারেশনের বিশ্ব হার্ট দিবস ২০২২ উপলক্ষে - Use Heart for Every Heart --- এই থিমের বাস্তবায়নের জন্য প্রধানত তিন গ্রুপের প্রতি আলোকপাত করেছে ও তাদের লাভবান হওয়ার জন্য বা লক্ষ অর্জনের জন্য তিনটা পিলার বা স্তম্ভের রুপরেখা প্রদান করেছে ।
১. Use heart for Humanity for a world of equity ---সমগ্র মানবজাতির জন্য সাম্যাবস্থার দুনিয়া কায়েম করার জন্য আমাদের হৃদয় ব্যবহার করতে হবে ।
জাতি, ধর্ম, বর্ণ , ধনী- গরীব নির্বিশেষে সকলেই যাতে হৃদরোগ নির্নয় , চিকিৎসা ও প্রতিরোধের জন্য সমান সুযোগ পায় তা নিশ্চিত করা । শতকরা ৭৫ ভাগেরও বেশী হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত মানুষ মারা যায় কম ও মধ্যম আয়ের দেশগুলোতে । বিশ্ব হার্ট দিবস উপলক্ষে আয়োজিত বিভিন্ন আন্তর্জাতিক ও আন্চলিক অনুষ্ঠানে অংশগ্রহণ ও বিভিন্ন কর্মকান্ডের মাধ্যমে সমগ্র মানবজাতি যাতে হৃদরোগ প্রতিরোধ ও সময়মত প্রয়োজনীয় চিকিৎসা পায় সে ব্যাপারে সচেতনতা গড়ে তুলতে হবে ।
২. Use Heart for Nature for the planet health and yours -----আমাদের নিজেদের ও পৃথিবী নামক গ্রহের স্বাস্থ্য সুরক্ষা করার জন্য হৃদয় দিয়ে আমাদের প্রকৃতিকে সুরক্ষা করতে হবে ।
হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত শতকরা ২৫ ভাগ রোগী বায়ুদূষনে মারা যায় , প্রতি বছরে আমরা ৭০ লক্ষ মানুষ হারাই। তাই বায়ুদূষন কমাতে জীবাষ্ম জ্বালানী তেলের ব্যবহার কমাতে হবে , সেজন্যে আমাদের যাতায়াতে মোটরযানের ব্যবহার কমিয়ে বেশী হাটতে হবে বা সাইকেল ব্যবহার করতে হবে । বায়ুদূষন সংক্রান্ত আইন যাতে যথাযথ প্রয়োগ হয় সে ব্যাপারে আমাদের সজাগ থাকতে হবে ।
৩.Use Heart for You to realize your full potential ---- নিজের যোগ্যতার পুরোটা যাতে সদ্ব্যবহার করা যায় সেজন্যে নিজের হৃদযন্ত্রের যত্ন নিজেই করতে হবে ।
মানসিক চাপ আমাদের হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত হওয়ার ঝুঁকি দ্বিগুন করে । নিয়মিত ব্যায়াম , মেডিটেশন পর্যাপ্ত পরিমানে ভাল ঘুম আমাদের মানসিক চাপ অনেকটা কমায়। ক্ষতিকর ও অস্বাস্থ্যকর পারস্পরিক প্রতিযোগীতা ও বদ অভ্যাস পরিহার করে আমরা আমাদের হৃদযন্ত্রের সুস্বাস্থ্য সর্বোচ্চ পরিমান ভাল রাখতে পারি ।
Heart failure management - role of arni
1. A Case report of Heart Failure
2. Discussion on Heart Failure
3. Role of Peptides in Heart Failure
4. Importance of 30 days in heart failure
5. Role of ENTRESTO in Stable Heart Failure patient (PARADIGM-HF study)(HFrEF)
6. Biomarkers in Heart Failure
7. Role of ARNI in Hospitalized Heart Failure patient (PIONEER-HF study)
8. Role of ARNI in HFpEF (PARAMOUNT Trial)
9. Safety and usefulness of ACEI/ARB/ARNI
10. Role of SGPL2 inhibitors in HF with/without DM
An approach to a patient with Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Definition, causes, associations, prevalence, embryology, presentations, diagnostic workup, treatment
The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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applied physiology for undergraduates.pptx
Exploring Applied Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is a cornerstone of human health, regulating the circulation of vital nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
Understanding the applied physiology of this system is essential for healthcare professionals to provide effective medical care and interventions.
Importance of Applied Cardiovascular Physiology
Effective healthcare requires a deep comprehension of how the cardiovascular system functions under various conditions.
Applied physiology knowledge empowers healthcare practitioners to make informed decisions, diagnose disorders, and formulate targeted treatment plans.
Focus on Practical Applications in Healthcare
This presentation delves into the practical aspects of cardiovascular physiology that directly impact clinical practice.
We will explore how physiological concepts are translated into real-world medical scenarios and interventions.
By grasping the applied physiology of the cardiovascular system, healthcare providers can optimize patient care, enhance diagnostics, and improve treatment outcomes.
Throughout this presentation, we'll bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and its practical implications in the field of healthcare.
Understanding the Components
The cardiovascular system comprises three crucial components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, ensuring a continuous flow throughout the body.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that transport blood to and from various tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid that carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and removes waste products.
Role in Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery
Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system are transported to body tissues through the bloodstream.
These essential components are required for cellular metabolism and energy production.
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy .pdf
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a type of heart disease that affects women during the last month of pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. It is characterized by a weakened and enlarged heart muscle, which makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body. The exact cause of PPCM is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the hormonal changes and increased demands on the heart that occur during pregnancy. Symptoms of PPCM can include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, swelling in the legs and feet, and palpitations. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as implantable devices or heart transplantation may be necessary. With early diagnosis and treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives.during pregnancy.
The diagnosis of PPCM is based on clinical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and edema, along with imaging studies, such as echocardiography. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. These medications can include beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and inotropic agents. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation may be necessary.
The prognosis for PPCM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the presence of underlying comorbidities. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives. The recurrence rate of PPCM in subsequent pregnancies is approximately 20%, and women who have had PPCM are advised to avoid future pregnancies or undergo careful monitoring and management during pregnancy.
There are still many unanswered questions about PPCM, including its exact cause, optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand this complex and potentially life-threatening condition.
In conclusion, PPCM is a rare but serious form of heart disease that can occur during or after pregnancy. Early recognition and management of this condition are critical in preventing complications and improving outcomes for both the mother and the baby. Future research will continue to shed light on the pathophysiology and optimal management of PPCM.
হৃদ স্পন্দন ৫ম খন্ড .pdf
The document summarizes several topics related to health and hypertension discussed in Professor Toufiqur Rahman's book 'Rhid Spondon - 5th Part'. It provides brief descriptions of 30 topics covered in the book including common questions patients ask doctors, lifestyle advice for hypertension patients, the role of regular health checkups in detecting hypertension and diabetes, ways to prevent stroke, some facts about hypertension, and whether patients can manage blood pressure at home. It also mentions discussions on hypertension related to lifestyle during travel or living abroad. The document aims to increase awareness on hypertension management and control in an easy to understand way for patients and the general public.
হৃদ স্পন্দন ৬ষ্ঠ খন্ড -সাক্ষাৎকার পর্ব ০১
This 3 minute Bangla Vision TV program discusses urinary problems and their solutions. It features an interview with two experts - Dr. Ariful Islam, former director of the National Urinary Disease Institute, and Prof. Toufiqur Rahman Faruque from Rajshahi Medical College. The host introduces the guests and invites viewers to ask questions. The experts will discuss causes of urinary issues and effective treatment methods. Reducing urinary problems can improve quality of life.
হৃদরোগীদের নিরাপদ দাম্পত্য জীবন.pdf
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
হৃদ স্পন্দন ৭ম খন্ড সাক্ষাৎকার পর্ব ০২.pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
উচ্চ রক্তচাপ - নীরব ঘাতক.pdf
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Cardiac Rehabilatation .pdf
This document provides an overview of a book titled "From Heartbeat to Healing: A Comprehensive guide to Cardiac Rehabilitation" written by Professor Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman. The book aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for healthcare providers, patients, and families on cardiac rehabilitation. It covers various components of cardiac rehabilitation programs including medical evaluation, exercise training, nutrition counseling, psychosocial support, and medication management. The book also explores latest trends and future directions in cardiac rehabilitation.
Manual of basic CPR.pdf
Outline of CPR manual
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C.
world Hypertension day 2023.pdf
The document discusses World Hypertension Day, which is observed annually on May 17th to raise awareness about hypertension. It provides information on understanding hypertension, including risk factors and health implications. The presentation's objectives are to raise awareness, promote prevention, encourage collaboration, share resources, and inspire action to address the growing issue of hypertension worldwide.
Management of hypertension in elderly .pdf
. Introduction
A. Definition and prevalence of hypertension in the elderly
B. Importance of managing hypertension in this population
II. Risk Factors and Complications
A. Common risk factors for hypertension in the elderly
B. Potential complications associated with uncontrolled hypertension
III. Diagnostic Process
A. Blood pressure measurement techniques and guidelines
B. Target blood pressure goals for elderly patients
C. Identification of secondary causes of hypertension
IV. Non-Pharmacological Management
A. Lifestyle modifications
1. Dietary recommendations (e.g., DASH diet, sodium reduction)
2. Weight management and physical activity
3. Smoking cessation and alcohol moderation
B. Stress management and relaxation techniques
V. Pharmacological Management
A. First-line antihypertensive medications
B. Considerations for drug selection in the elderly
1. Drug interactions and comorbidities
2. Adverse effects and tolerability
C. Individualized treatment approach based on patient characteristics
VI. Monitoring and Follow-Up
A. Frequency of blood pressure monitoring
B. Importance of medication adherence
C. Adjusting treatment based on patient response
D. Collaborative care and involvement of healthcare professionals
VII. Special Considerations
A. Polypharmacy and medication management
B. Management of hypertension in frail and institutionalized elderly
C. Cognitive impairment and medication adherence
VIII. Controversies and Challenges
A. Blood pressure targets and guidelines in the elderly
B. Conflicting evidence on specific antihypertensive agents
C. Adherence issues and barriers to effective management
IX. Conclusion
A. Summary of key points discussed
B. Importance of comprehensive management in elderly patients
C. Future directions in hypertension management for the elderly
Basic CPR .pptx
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C. CPR during a pandemic
1
MBBS QUESTION ANSWER 4 PDF.pdf
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
3. A 50 year old male presents with BP-180/100 mmHg. How will you investigate him? (DU-18Ju)
When investigating a patient with high blood pressure, several tests can be done to determine the cause and severity of the hypertension. Some of the tests that can be performed include:
Blood tests: This may include a complete blood count (CBC), kidney function tests, fasting glucose level, and lipid profile.
Urine tests: A urinalysis may be done to check for the presence of protein or blood in the urine, which could indicate kidney damage.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect any abnormalities in heart function.
Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the heart and can help detect any structural abnormalities or problems with the heart's function.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): This is a portable device that measures blood pressure at regular intervals over a 24-hour period, providing a more accurate assessment of blood pressure patterns.
Renal artery ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the renal arteries, which supply blood to the kidneys, and can help identify any blockages or narrowing in these arteries.
CT or MRI angiography: These imaging tests can provide detailed images of the blood vessels in the body, including the renal arteries, to help identify any blockages or narrowing.
The specific tests ordered will depend on the individual patient and their medical history, and should be decided by a healthcare professional.
4. A 25 year old woman has presented with repeated recordings of blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg. (DU- 21M)
a. What history and clinical signs you would look for?
b. What are the factors affecting the choice of antihypertensive drugs?
a. When evaluating a young woman with repeated recordings of high blood pressure, it is important to take a detailed history and perform a thorough physical exam to identify any underlying causes or risk factors. Some key points to consider include:
Family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease
Personal history of kidney disease, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and tobacco and alcohol use
Medications or supplements that may contribute to hypertension
Symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, or shortness of breath
Physical exam findings such as enlarged kidneys, abnormal heart sounds, or signs of hormonal imbalances
b. The choice of antihypertensive drugs depends on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, and specific blood pressure goals. Some factors to consider when selecting a medication include:
The drug's mechanism of action and potential side effects
The patient's medical history
MBBS QUESTION ANSWER 3 CARD.pdf
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
What are the causes of sinus bradycardia? (DU-04Ja)
Sinus bradycardia is a condition where the sinus node in the heart beats slower than the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. Some common causes of sinus bradycardia include:
Vagal stimulation: This occurs due to an increased activity of the vagus nerve, which is responsible for slowing down the heart rate.
Medications: Certain medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin can cause sinus bradycardia.
Hypothyroidism: Inadequate production of thyroid hormones can cause a decrease in metabolic rate and lead to bradycardia.
Increased intracranial pressure: High pressure within the skull due to conditions like head injury, brain tumors or bleeding can affect the autonomic nervous system and cause bradycardia.
Obstructive sleep apnea: Repeated episodes of apnea during sleep can cause bradycardia due to decreased oxygen supply to the body.
Aging: As the body ages, the electrical activity of the heart can slow down, leading to sinus bradycardia.
Other causes of sinus bradycardia include viral infections, genetic disorders, and certain electrolyte imbalances.
2. A 25 years old female presented with palpitation, on examination her pulse was irregularly irregular. How will you assess and investigate her? (DU- 05Ja)
The patient's presentation suggests the possibility of atrial fibrillation, which is a common arrhythmia characterized by an irregularly irregular pulse. The following are the steps that can be taken to assess and investigate the patient:
History taking: Obtain a detailed history of the patient's symptoms, including the onset, duration, and frequency of palpitations, associated symptoms, and any relevant medical history.
Physical examination: Conduct a thorough physical examination, including a cardiovascular examination, to assess the patient's heart sounds, rhythm, and rate. Check for any signs of heart failure or underlying heart disease.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Perform an ECG to confirm the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and to determine the heart rate and rhythm. An ECG will also help rule out other arrhythmias or underlying heart conditions.
Blood tests: Check the patient's thyroid function, electrolyte levels, and other relevant blood tests to identify any underlying conditions that may be causing the arrhythmia.
Echocardiography: Perform an echocardiogram to assess the structure and function of the heart and to identify any underlying heart disease.
Holter monitor: Use a Holter monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate and rhythm over a 24-hour period to identify any episodes of atrial fibrillation that may not be captured during a routine ECG.
Other tests: Consider other tests, such as a stress test or electrophysiology study, if necessary, to further evaluate the patient's heart funct
MBBS QUESTION ANSWER CARDIOLOGY IHD HF.pdf
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
Enumerate the types of cardiac apical impulse with example
Normal apical impulse:
The normal apical impulse is described as a brief, tapping, and low-pitched sensation felt at the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line. It has a duration of less than 0.16 seconds and an amplitude of less than 2.5 cm. This is considered a normal finding and represents the left ventricular impulse.
Displaced apical impulse:
A displaced apical impulse refers to a sensation felt at a location other than the normal 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line. This finding can be indicative of left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, or pericardial effusion. For example, in left ventricular hypertrophy, the apical impulse is felt at a more lateral location in the 6th or 7th intercostal space, while in pericardial effusion, the apical impulse may be difficult to palpate due to the accumulation of fluid around the heart.
Hyperdynamic impulse: A forceful and sustained apical impulse that is typically seen in conditions such as hyperthyroidism or anemia.
Heaving impulse: A slow-rising, sustained apical impulse that may be seen in conditions such as aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Tapping impulse: A sharp, brief apical impulse that is felt during the first half of systole and may be seen in conditions such as mitral stenosis or aortic regurgitation.
Displaced impulse: An apical impulse that is felt in a location other than the normal fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line. This may be seen in conditions such as left ventricular hypertrophy or cardiac tamponade.
Diffuse impulse: An apical impulse that is felt over a wider area than normal, indicating enlargement of the heart. This may be seen in conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic severe mitral regurgitation.
What are the causes of shifted cardiac impulse ?
Shifted cardiac impulse or displaced cardiac impulse is a clinical finding in which the cardiac apex is located outside the normal location. It may occur due to various causes, including:
Left ventricular hypertrophy: A thickening of the left ventricle of the heart, commonly seen in conditions like hypertension and aortic stenosis.
Dilated cardiomyopathy: A condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and weakened, leading to heart failure.
Constrictive pericarditis: Inflammation and scarring of the pericardium (outer layer of the heart) leading to restricted movement of the heart.
Tension pneumothorax: A condition in which air accumulates in the pleural cavity and compresses the heart leading to a shift in its position.
Large pleural effusion: An accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity which can compress the heart leading to its displacement.
Massive ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen which can push the diaphragm upwards leading to t
MBBS QUESTION answer history and Gen examination.pdf
Write down the clinical importance of occupational history in medical practice.
Identification of potential health risks: Obtaining an occupational history can help healthcare providers identify potential health risks associated with a patient's occupation. For instance, a patient working in a factory that uses toxic chemicals may be at risk of developing respiratory problems or cancer.
Diagnosis and management of work-related illnesses and injuries: Understanding a patient's work history can help healthcare providers diagnose and manage work-related illnesses and injuries. For example, a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome may be diagnosed with a work-related injury if their job involves repetitive hand motions.
Appropriate preventive measures: Knowledge of a patient's occupation can help healthcare providers provide appropriate preventive measures to reduce the risk of developing work-related illnesses or injuries. For instance, a healthcare worker may be advised to use personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent exposure to infectious diseases.
Legal and insurance purposes: Occupational history can also be important for legal and insurance purposes. For example, a worker's compensation claim may require documentation of the patient's occupation and the circumstances surrounding the injury.
Social and environmental factors: Occupational history can provide information about a patient's social and environmental factors that may contribute to their health status. For example, a patient with a stressful job may be at higher risk of developing mental health conditions.
In summary, obtaining a patient's occupational history is crucial for healthcare providers to understand potential health risks, diagnose and manage work-related illnesses and injuries, provide appropriate preventive measures, and consider social and environmental factors.
Question: Mention the importance of past history in medical practice.
Past medical history is an important aspect of medical practice as it provides valuable information about a patient's health status and can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about their diagnosis, treatment, and management. Here are some points and examples elaborating the importance of past medical history in medical practice:
Understanding the patient's medical background: A patient's past medical history can provide information about their medical conditions, surgeries, hospitalizations, and medications. This information can help healthcare providers understand the patient's medical background, which is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. For example, a patient with a history of heart disease may be at higher risk of developing complications from a respiratory illness.
Identifying risk factors and potential health problems: Past medical history can help identify risk factors and potential health problems that may be relevant to a patient's current condition. For instance, a patient with a his
Cardiac Rehabilitation .pptx
Cardiac rehabilitation involves exercise training, education, and counseling to improve the physical and psychological well-being of patients with heart disease. It aims to prevent future cardiac events by reducing risk factors and improving adherence to healthy behaviors. The goals are to recover from cardiac events, enhance physical fitness, provide education and support for lifestyle changes, and improve quality of life. Components include medical evaluation, exercise training, nutrition counseling, psychosocial support, risk factor management, and medication management. Cardiac rehabilitation has been shown to reduce mortality and hospitalizations while improving health outcomes.
world heart day 2022.ppsx
এবারের বিশ্ব হার্ট দিবস ২০২২ এর প্রতিপাদ্য বিষয় হল –Use Heart for Every Heart---- অর্থাৎ হৃদয় দিয়ে সবার হৃদযন্ত্রের যত্ন নিন। বিশ্ব হার্ট দিবস উপলক্ষে আমরা সবাইকে সচেতন করতে পারি যে, সবাই কিভাবে হৃদরোগ প্রতিরোধ করতে পারি , জাতি, ধর্ম, বর্ণ , ধনী- গরীব নির্বিশেষে সকলের স্বাস্থ্য সেবা নিশ্চিত করতে পারি , কার্বন নিঃসরন কমিয়ে প্রকৃতি সংরক্ষণ করতে পারি এবং নিজেকে মানসিক চাপ মুক্ত করে নিজের হার্ট এট্যাকের ঝুঁকি কমাতে পারি ।এতে হৃদরোগের প্রকোপ কমাতে সাহায্য করবে ।
Use Heart বলতে কিছুটা ভিন্ন ভাবে চিন্তা করা , যেমন- সঠিক সিদ্ধান্ত নেওয়া , সাহসের সাথে কাজ করা , অন্যকে সাহায্য করা , হৃদরোগের কারন ও প্রতিরোধ করতে প্রয়োজনীয় ব্যবস্থা নিতে নিজেকে সক্রিয় রাখা , কারন হার্ট শরীরের একমাত্র অংগ যা যে কেউ শুনতে ও অনুভব করতে পারে ।
এটা জীবন শুরু ও জীবন শেষের চিহ্ন । হৃদয়ের সঠিক ব্যবহারের মাধ্যমে আমরা সমগ্র বিশ্ব বাসী পরস্পরের সাথে একসাথে মানুষ হিসেবে যুক্ত হতে পারি ।
For Every Heart মানে আমরা নিজেদের প্রতি খেয়াল রাখার পাশাপশি অন্যদের যাতে হৃদযন্ত্র ভাল থাকে ও তাদের যাতে হৃদরোগ প্রতিরোধ করা যায় সেদিকেও দৃষ্টি রাখতে হবে । আমাদের সচেতনতামূলক প্রচার প্রচারনা জাতি, ধর্ম, বর্ণ , ধনী- গরীব নির্বিশেষে সকলের কাছে পৌঁছাতে হবে , সবার যাতে হৃদরোগ মুক্ত স্বাস্থ্য অর্জন করা যায় ।
এবারের ওয়ার্ল্ড হার্ট ফেডারেশনের বিশ্ব হার্ট দিবস ২০২২ উপলক্ষে - Use Heart for Every Heart --- এই থিমের বাস্তবায়নের জন্য প্রধানত তিন গ্রুপের প্রতি আলোকপাত করেছে ও তাদের লাভবান হওয়ার জন্য বা লক্ষ অর্জনের জন্য তিনটা পিলার বা স্তম্ভের রুপরেখা প্রদান করেছে ।
১. Use heart for Humanity for a world of equity ---সমগ্র মানবজাতির জন্য সাম্যাবস্থার দুনিয়া কায়েম করার জন্য আমাদের হৃদয় ব্যবহার করতে হবে ।
জাতি, ধর্ম, বর্ণ , ধনী- গরীব নির্বিশেষে সকলেই যাতে হৃদরোগ নির্নয় , চিকিৎসা ও প্রতিরোধের জন্য সমান সুযোগ পায় তা নিশ্চিত করা । শতকরা ৭৫ ভাগেরও বেশী হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত মানুষ মারা যায় কম ও মধ্যম আয়ের দেশগুলোতে । বিশ্ব হার্ট দিবস উপলক্ষে আয়োজিত বিভিন্ন আন্তর্জাতিক ও আন্চলিক অনুষ্ঠানে অংশগ্রহণ ও বিভিন্ন কর্মকান্ডের মাধ্যমে সমগ্র মানবজাতি যাতে হৃদরোগ প্রতিরোধ ও সময়মত প্রয়োজনীয় চিকিৎসা পায় সে ব্যাপারে সচেতনতা গড়ে তুলতে হবে ।
২. Use Heart for Nature for the planet health and yours -----আমাদের নিজেদের ও পৃথিবী নামক গ্রহের স্বাস্থ্য সুরক্ষা করার জন্য হৃদয় দিয়ে আমাদের প্রকৃতিকে সুরক্ষা করতে হবে ।
হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত শতকরা ২৫ ভাগ রোগী বায়ুদূষনে মারা যায় , প্রতি বছরে আমরা ৭০ লক্ষ মানুষ হারাই। তাই বায়ুদূষন কমাতে জীবাষ্ম জ্বালানী তেলের ব্যবহার কমাতে হবে , সেজন্যে আমাদের যাতায়াতে মোটরযানের ব্যবহার কমিয়ে বেশী হাটতে হবে বা সাইকেল ব্যবহার করতে হবে । বায়ুদূষন সংক্রান্ত আইন যাতে যথাযথ প্রয়োগ হয় সে ব্যাপারে আমাদের সজাগ থাকতে হবে ।
৩.Use Heart for You to realize your full potential ---- নিজের যোগ্যতার পুরোটা যাতে সদ্ব্যবহার করা যায় সেজন্যে নিজের হৃদযন্ত্রের যত্ন নিজেই করতে হবে ।
মানসিক চাপ আমাদের হৃদরোগে আক্রান্ত হওয়ার ঝুঁকি দ্বিগুন করে । নিয়মিত ব্যায়াম , মেডিটেশন পর্যাপ্ত পরিমানে ভাল ঘুম আমাদের মানসিক চাপ অনেকটা কমায়। ক্ষতিকর ও অস্বাস্থ্যকর পারস্পরিক প্রতিযোগীতা ও বদ অভ্যাস পরিহার করে আমরা আমাদের হৃদযন্ত্রের সুস্বাস্থ্য সর্বোচ্চ পরিমান ভাল রাখতে পারি ।
Heart failure management - role of arni
1. A Case report of Heart Failure
2. Discussion on Heart Failure
3. Role of Peptides in Heart Failure
4. Importance of 30 days in heart failure
5. Role of ENTRESTO in Stable Heart Failure patient (PARADIGM-HF study)(HFrEF)
6. Biomarkers in Heart Failure
7. Role of ARNI in Hospitalized Heart Failure patient (PIONEER-HF study)
8. Role of ARNI in HFpEF (PARAMOUNT Trial)
9. Safety and usefulness of ACEI/ARB/ARNI
10. Role of SGPL2 inhibitors in HF with/without DM
An approach to a patient with Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Definition, causes, associations, prevalence, embryology, presentations, diagnostic workup, treatment
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MBBS QUESTION answer history and Gen examination.pdf
MBBS QUESTION answer history and Gen examination.pdf
An approach to a patient with Atrial septal defect (ASD)
An approach to a patient with Atrial septal defect (ASD)
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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