Introduction
Definition
Healing of skin wounds
Healing in bone
Healing of nervous tissue
Factors influencing healing
Complications of wound healing
Conclusion
References
Wound healing and repair Repair/Healing : restoration of tissue architecture ...MohammadFaisal565026
The regeneration of injured cells and tissues involves cell proliferation, which is driven by growth factors and is critically dependent on the integrity of the extracellular matrix, and by the development of mature cells from stem cells”
Regeneration:
Returning to normal state
Cells having capacity to proliferate
E.g., epithelial cells of skin and intestine
Liver
Scar formation:
Incapable of complete restitution
Supporting tissue severely injured
Fibrosis >> scar formation
“ Acellular connective tissue devoid of inflammatory infiltrate covered by intact epithelium is called scar”
regeneration
Proliferative Capacities of Tissues
Stem Cells
REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Angiogenesis
Migration of Fibroblasts and ECM Deposition (Scar Formation)
PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF REPAIR
Introduction
Definition
Healing of skin wounds
Healing in bone
Healing of nervous tissue
Factors influencing healing
Complications of wound healing
Conclusion
References
Wound healing and repair Repair/Healing : restoration of tissue architecture ...MohammadFaisal565026
The regeneration of injured cells and tissues involves cell proliferation, which is driven by growth factors and is critically dependent on the integrity of the extracellular matrix, and by the development of mature cells from stem cells”
Regeneration:
Returning to normal state
Cells having capacity to proliferate
E.g., epithelial cells of skin and intestine
Liver
Scar formation:
Incapable of complete restitution
Supporting tissue severely injured
Fibrosis >> scar formation
“ Acellular connective tissue devoid of inflammatory infiltrate covered by intact epithelium is called scar”
regeneration
Proliferative Capacities of Tissues
Stem Cells
REPAIR BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Angiogenesis
Migration of Fibroblasts and ECM Deposition (Scar Formation)
PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF REPAIR
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. • The inflammatory response sets into motion the process
of repair.
• It occurs by two types :
3. • 1-Regeneration:
• replace the damaged components
• return to a normal state;
2- Healing by fibrosis: scar formation.
• If the injured tissues are: incapable of complete restitution,
• repair occurs by laying down of connective (fibrous) tissue,
• Although the fibrous scar is not normal, it provides enough
structural stability
both regeneration and scar formation
contribute in varying degrees to the
ultimate repair.
4. • Repair involves :
• 1- the proliferation of various
cells, and
• 2- close interactions between
cells and the extracellular
matrix (ECM).
5. Mechanisms of
tissue repair. In
this example,
injury to the
liver is repaired
by regeneration
if only the
hepatocytes are
damaged, or by
laying down of
fibrous tissue if
the matrix is
also injured.
7. • , several cell types proliferate during tissue repair.
• 1- the remnants of the injured tissue
• 2- vascular endothelial cells (to create new vessels
• 3- fibroblasts
• The proliferation of these cell types is
driven by growth factors.
•
8. • labile tissues:
• 1- hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow
• 2- epithelia,
• Stable Tissues
• quiescent
• capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass.
• 1- the parenchyma of most solid tissues, such as liver, kidney, and pancreas.
• 2- endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells;
• Permanent Tissues
• neurons and cardiac muscle cells
• Skeletal muscle ???
• repair is dominated by scar formation.
9. • Regeneration of human
liver. Computed
tomography scans of the
donor liver in living-donor
liver transplantation. A,
The liver of the donor
before the operation. Note
the right lobe (outline),
which will be resected and
used as a transplant. B,
Scan of the same liver 1
week after resection of
the right lobe; note the
enlargement of the left
lobe (outline) without
regrowth of the right lobe
10. Stem Cells
• Stem cells are characterized by two important
properties:
1. self-renewal capacity and asymmetric replication.
2. Asymmetric replication of stem cells
12. • There is a huge (and ever-increasing) list of known growth
factors.
• growth factors produced by :
• leukocytes
• parenchymal cells .
• the stromal (connective tissue)
13. Growth Factors and Cytokines Involved in Regeneration and Wound Healing
Cytokine Symbol Source Functions
1- Epidermal
growth factor
EGF Activated
macrophages,
salivary glands,
keratinocytes,
and many other
cells
Mitogenic for keratinocytes
and fibroblasts; stimulates
keratinocyte migration and
granulation tissue
formation
2- Transforming
growth factor α
TGF-α Activated
macrophages, T
lymphocytes,
keratinocytes,
and many other
cells
Similar to EGF; stimulates
replication of hepatocytes
and many epithelial cells
19. ECM occurs in two basic forms: interstitial
matrix and basement membrane
• Interstitial Matrix
• This is present in the spaces between cells
• synthesized by mesenchymal cells (e.g., fibroblasts)
• Its major constituents are :
• fibrillar and nonfibrillar collagens,
• fibronectin,
• elastin,
• proteoglycans,
• hyaluronate, and
• other elements
20. Basement Membrane
• interstitial matrix in connective tissues becomes highly organized
around epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells,
forming the specialized basement membrane.
• nonfibrillar type IV collagen and laminin
21. The major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagens, proteoglycans, and adhesive
glycoproteins. Note that although there are some overlaps in their constituents, basement membrane and
interstitial ECM have different general compositions and architecture. Both epithelial and mesenchymal cells
(e.g., fibroblasts) interact with ECM via integrins. For the sake of simplification, many ECM components have
been left out (e.g., elastin, fibrillin, hyaluronan, syndecan).
23. • If tissue injury is severe or chronic,
• and results in damage to parenchymal cells
and epithelia as well as the stromal
framework,
• or if nondividing cells are injured,
• replacement of the nonregenerated cells with
connective tissue, or by a combination of
regeneration of some cells and scar
formation.
24. granulation tissue
• within 24 hours of injury :
1. emigration of fibroblasts and
2. fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation.
• 3 to 5 days:
• granulation tissue, is formed
• pink, soft, granular gross appearance
25. Granulation tissue is characterized by
1. proliferation of fibroblasts
2. (angiogenesis),
3. a loose ECM
4. eventually resulting in the formation of a scar
26. Repair by connective tissue deposition
consists of four sequential processes:
1. Formation of new blood vessels(angiogenesis)
2. Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
3. Deposition of ECM (scar formation)
4. Maturation and reorganization of the fibrous
tissue (remodeling)
27. 1- Angiogenesis
Neovascularization: vessels send out capillary sprouts to produce
new vessels
steps
1. Vasodilation :nitric oxide
2. increased permeability by (VEGF)
3. Migration of endothelial cells
4. Proliferation of endothelial cells
5. Inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and remodeling into
capillary tubes
6. Recruitment of periendothelial cells (pericytes for small
capillaries and smooth muscle cells for larger vessels) to form
the mature vessel
28. Angiogenesis resulting from, A, the mobilization of bone marrow endothelial precursor cells (EPCs), and, B, from
preexisting vessels at the site of injury. EPCs can be mobilized from the bone marrow and migrate to a site of injury or
tumor growth. At these sites EPCs differentiate and form a mature network by linking with preexisting vessels. In
angiogenesis from preexisting vessels, endothelial cells from these vessels become motile and proliferate to form
capillary sprouts. Regardless of the mechanism of angiogenesis, vessel maturation requires the recruitment of pericytes
and smooth muscle cells to form the periendothelial layer
29. 2- Migration of Fibroblasts and ECM
Deposition (Scar Formation)
• . It occurs in two steps:
• (1) migration and proliferation of fibroblasts into
the site of injury
• (2) deposition of ECM by these cells.
• growth factors, :
• PDGF,
• FGF-2
• TGF-β.
30. 4- Maturation and reorganization of
the fibrous tissue (remodeling)
• Occur by : avascularaization