FACTORIES ACT & RULES, FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCIDENTAL PREVENTION, ELEMENTS OF SAFETY PROGRAMME AND MANAGEMENT

1. SCHOOL OF PHARMACY, SRTMU NANDED
HAZARD AND RISK
MANAGEMENT
FACTORIES ACT & RULES, FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCIDENTAL
PREVENTION, ELEMENTS OF SAFETY PROGRAMME AND
MANAGEMENT
- ANKUSH SULE
Guided By – Chate Sir

2. 1948 FACTORIES ACT, 1948
INITIATION:
 In Great Britain, the second half of the 18th
century, there was a rapid growth of industrial
towns & factories.
 As it was started without planning, they employed the women as well as their children in
factories who needed to work for more than 12 hours a day.
 Some of the employees took initiative to implement labour legislations; Factories Act
came into existence in 1819.
 After some modifications, the final amended of Factories Act took place in 1948.
FACTORIES ACT IN INDIA:
In India, the First factories Act was passed in 1881. This Act was basically designed to
protect children and to provide few measures for health and safety of the workers.
This law was applicable to only those factories, which employed 100 or more workers.
In 1891 another Factories Act was passed which extended to the factories employee 50 or more
workers.
FACTORIES ACT INCLUDES:
 Health
 Safety
 Welfare
 Working Hours Of Adults
 Annual Leave With wages
DEFINITIONS:
“Factory” is defined in section 2(m) of the Act. It means any premises including the precincts
thereof
a) Whereon 10 or more workers are working, or were working on any day of the preceding
12 months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process is being carried on with the
aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on; or
b) Whereon 20 or more workers are working, or were working on any day of the preceding
12 months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process is being carried on without
the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on.
But does not include a mine subject to the operation of the Mines Act, 1952 or a mobile unit
belonging to the Armed forces of the Union, a railway running shed or a hotel, restaurant or
eating place.

3. OTHER DEFINITIONS:
“Manufacturing process” means any process for Making, altering, repairing, ornamenting,
finishing, packing , oiling, washing, cleaning, breaking up, demolishing, or otherwise treating or
adapting any article or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery or disposal ; or
a) Pumping oil, water, sewage or any other substance; or
b) Generating, transforming or transmitting power; or
c) Composing types for printing by letter press, lithography, photogravure or other similar
process or book binding
d) Constructing, reconstructing, repairing, refitting, finishing or breaking up ships or
vessels;
e) Preserving or storing any article in cold storage;
 DAY: means a period of 24 hours beginning at midnight;
 WEEK: means a period of 7 dayz beginning at midnight on Saturday night
 CALENDAR YEAR: means the period of 12 months beginning with the first day of
January in any year
 POWER: means electrical energy, or any other form of energy which is mechanically
transmitted and is not generated by human or animal agency
 PRIME MOVER: means any engine, motor or other appliance which generates or
otherwise provides power;
OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of Factories Act, 1948 is to ensure adequate safety measures and to
promote the health and safety and welfare of the workers employed in factories. The act also
makes provisions regarding employment of women and young persons (including children &
adolescents), annual leave with wages etc.
The Act extended to whole of India including Jammu & Kashmir and covers all
manufacturing processes and establishments falling within the definitions of “factory” as defined
u/s 2(m) of the act. Unless otherwise provided it is also applicable to factories belonging to
Central/State Government (section 116)
PROVISIONS REGARDING HEALTH:
1. Cleanliness
2. Disposal of Wastes & Effluents
3. Ventilations & Temperature
4. Dust & Fumes
5. Artificial Humidification
6. Overcrowding
7. Lighting
8. Drinking Water
9. Latrines & Urinals
10. Spittoons

4. PROVISIONS REGARDING SAFETY:
1. Fencing of Machinery
2. Work on or near Machinery in motion
3. Employment of Young Persons on Dangerous Machines
4. Striking Gear and Devices for cutting off power
5. Self Acting Machines
6. Casing of New Machinery
7. Prohibition of Employment of Women & Children near
8. Cotton openers
9. Hoists, lifts, Lifting Machines and others
10. Revolving Machinery
11. Pressure Plant
12. Floors, Stairs & Means or Access
13. Pits, Sumps, Opening in Floors and others
14. Excessive Weights
15. Protection of Eyesprecautions against Dangerous
16. Fumes, Gases & others
17. Precautions Regarding use of portable electric light
18. Explosive or Inflammable Dust, Gas
19. Precautions in case of fire
20. Specifications of Defective Parts or Tests of Stability
21. Safety of Buildings and machines
22. Safety officers
PROVISIONS REGARDINGWELFARE OF WORKERS
1. Washing Facilities
2. Facilities for Storing & Drying clothing
3. Facilities for Sitting
4. First Aid facilities
5. Canteens, Shelters, Rest Rooms & Lunch Rooms
6. Creches
7. Welfare Officers
HAZARDOUS PROCESSES
Provisions regarding Hazardous Process were instructed in the Act under a new chapter
by the Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987. This Act instructed two new schedules:
I. Listing the industries involving hazardous process
II. Relating to permissible levels of certain chemical substances in work environment

5. PROVISIONS REGARDING HAZARDOUS PROCESSES
1. Constitution of Site Appraisal Committee
2. Compulsory Disclosure of Information
3. Special Responsibility of the occupier in relation to Hazardous processes:
4. Maintaining accurate and up-to-date health and medical records of workers exposed to
any chemical, toxic or any other harmful substances manufactured, stored, handled or
transported
5. Appointing qualified, experienced & compete persons in handling such substances to
supervise handling and for protecting the workers from the hazard
6. Providing for medical examination of every worker at intervals
 Appointment of Inquiry Committee
 Emergency Standards
 Permissible Limits of Exposure of chemical and toxic
 Substances
 Workers‟ participation in safety management
 Right of workers to warn about imminent danger
WORKING HOURS OF ADULTS:
 Weekly Hours: < 48 hours
 Weekly Holidays : at least 1 holiday in a week , substitute holidays
 Compensatory Holidays
 Daily Hours : < 9 hours
 Intervals for rest : at least half an hour
 Spread Over
 Night Shifts
 Prohibition of Overlapping Shifts : not more than 2 continuous shift
 Extra wages for overtime : wages at the rate of twice at his ordinary rate of wages for
overtime
 Notice of period of work
RESTRICTION ON EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN & CHILDREN:
 Work between 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. only
 Strictly restriction for women for employment between 10 p.m. to 5 a.m.
 Employment of women in night shift is permitted only in the case of fish-curring and
fish-canning
ANNUAL LEAVE WITHWAGES
 Annual leave with wages
 Wages during leave period
 Payment in advance in certain cases
 Mode of Recovery of unpaid wages
 Power to make rules

6. OFFENCES
A court can take cognizance of the offence only when the complaint is made within 3
months of the date on which the alleged commission of the offence came to the knowledge of the
inspector, but where the offence consist of disobeying a written order made by an
Inspector, complaint may be made within 6 months of the commission of the offence
PENALTIES:
 General penalties for offence
 Penalty for the contravention of Provisions Relating to Hazardous process
 Penalty for obstructing Inspector
 Penalty for wrongfully Disclosing Results of Analysis
 Penalty relating to casing of new machinery
 Penalties for Offences by workers & Parents
 Penalty for offence by a medical practitioner
 Penalty for employing child labour
FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCIDENTAL PREVENTION
Accident Prevention
• Requires the creation and maintenance of a safe working environment, and the promotion
of safe behaviour.
• Originally a reactive process - waiting for accidents or ill health to happen and then
devising and implementing a prevention control.
Accident
Investigate accident – process and outcome
steered by the pre-conceptions of the
investigators about accident causation.
Attribute primary cause to
shortcomings in the behaviour of the
injured person (unsafe acts)
Attribute primary cause to
shortcomings in the physical working
environment (unsafe conditions)
Devise a RULE forbidding the
behaviour identified to prevent a re-
occurrence of the unsafe act.
Devise a TECHNICAL solution (e.g.
guards, PPE) to make the conditions
safe to protect people from the
hazard.

7. Unsafe Acts & Conditions in Quarries
Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions
• Operating equipment at improper
speeds
• Operating equipment with authority
• Using equipment improperly
• Using defective equipment
• Failure to wear PPE
• Taking and improper working position
• Servicing equipment in motion
• Defeating safety devices
• Inadequate guards
• Defective tools or equipment
• Congestion of working area
• Poor housekeeping
• Excessive noise
• Poor illumination
• Poor ventilation
Operating Procedures
• Most common form of control measure
• In some cases the only practical way of managing a particular risk.
• Should allow for methodical execution of tasks.
• Should address the hazards that have been identified in the risk assessment.
• Requirement of law - Section 10 of the Quarry Regulations, 1999, it is „the duty of the
quarry operator to ensure that rules and procedures are in place for reasons of health and
safety‟.
A Safe System of Work
• Eliminates identified hazards and controls others.
• Plans to achieve the controlled completion of the work with minimum risk.
• Fundamental to accident prevention.
• Should fully document the hazards, precautions and safe working methods.
Framework for Safe System of Work
1. Safe design.
2. Safe installation.
3. Safe premises and plant.
4. Safe tools and equipment.
5. Correct use of plant, tools and equipment.

8. 6. Effective planned maintenance of plant and equipment.
7. Proper working environment ensuring adequate lighting, heating and ventilation.
8. Trained and competent employees.
9. Adequate and competent supervision.
10. Enforcement of safety policy and rules.
11. Additional protection for vulnerable employees.
12. Formalised issue and proper utilisation of all necessary clothing.
13. Continued emphasis on adherence to the agreed safe method of work.
14. Regular annual reviews of all systems of work to ensure:-
 Compliance with current legislation.
 Systems are still workable in practice.
 Plant modifications are accounted for.
 Substituted materials are allowed for.
 New work methods are incorporated into the system.
 Advances in technology are exploited.
 Proper precautions in light of any accidents are taken.
 Continued involvement in and awareness of the importance of written safe
systems of work.
15. Regular feedback to all concerned.
Maintenance
Concerned with the reliability of machines or equipment.
Permits to Work (PTW)
• Formal „safe system of work‟
• Not generally used for low risk operations.
• Permit to Work Systems are required by Regulation 18 of the Quarry Regulations, 1999.
The essential elements of a PTW scheme are:
• Full explanation of the hazards involved to the workforce.
• The work to be carried out is properly detailed and understood by both sides.
• The area in which the work to be carried out is properly detailed and understood by both
sides.
• The area is which the work is to be carried out is clearly identified and made safe, or the
hazards are highlighted.
• The workmen must sign the permit to say that they fully understand the work that is to be
carried out, and the hazards and potential risks to be faced.

9. • When the work is finished, the workmen must sign off the permit to say that they have
completed the specified work and left the operation in a suitable state.
Training
Training helps people acquire the skills, knowledge and attitudes to make them competent in the
health and safety aspects of their work.
There are generally two types of safety training:-
• Specific safety training (or on the job training) for tasks of a specific nature.
• Planned training, such as general safety training, induction training, management
training, skill training or refresher courses, that are planned by the organisation.
Personnel Protective Equipment
Personnel protective equipment (PPE) may be broadly divided as follows:
– Hearing protection.
– Respiratory protection.
– Eye and face protection.
– Protective clothing.
PPE does nothing to stop the hazard at source, but simply provides protection to reduce the
severity of the potential accident.
It is only an effective control if worn and so any organisation which provides for the issue of
PPE should:
– Carry adequate stock.
– Enable accessibility at appropriate times.
– Respond to changing demands.
– Have a system for exchanging equipment.
– Be managed to ensure its effective running.

10. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
WHERE
NEEDED
Eye
Where machines
or operations
present a danger
from flung
objects,,
hazardous
liquids, or
injurious
radiation.
Head
Where there is
danger from
impact and
penetration from
falling or flying
objects or from
limited electric
shock.
Foot/Toe
In areas where
there is a
potential for foot
or toe injuries.
TYPES OF
PROTECTI
ON
Goggles, full face
shields, safety
glasses, side-
shields, welders’
lenses (should
meet standards).
Safety hats full
brim, brimless,
limited voltage
protection, no
voltage
protection,
(should meet
standards).
Impact and
compression
resistance,
metatarsal
protection,
puncture
resistance,
electrical hazard
resistance,
conductive
FITTING
REQUIRE
MENT
Comfortable fit
(not interfere with
movement).
Comfortable,
proper fit.
Proper fit.
SUGGEST
ED
RECORDS
Date issued,
reissued, type
issued,
instructions given
Date issued,
type issued,
instructions
given (need to
wear,
maintenance,
disciplinary
action).
Date issued,
amount
reimbursed,
instructions
given (need to
wear,
maintenance,
disciplinary
action).
EXAMINA
TIONS
NEEDED
Visual acuity,
depth perception.

11. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS (2)
WHERE
NEEDED
Hand
Danger of cuts, or
from handling
corrosives,
solvents, or other
chemicals.
Hearing
Noise exposure
that equals or
exceeds 85 dBA
in an 8-hour
time-weighted
period.
Respiratory
In areas that
present a limited
breathable
environment
TYPES OF
PROTECTI
ON
Cotton/leather
gloves; gauntlets;
heat-resistant
gloves; barrier
creams; chain
mail gloves; haly-
gloves; rubber
gloves. (Should
meet standards).
Full muffs,
disposable
plugs, Swedish
wool, non-
disposable
plugs. (Should
meet standards).
Air-purifying
respirators,
chemical
cartridge
respirators, air-
supplied
respirators,
combination
respirators, self
contained
breathing
devices. (Should
meet standards).
FITTING
REQUIRE
MENTS
Proper fit. Proper fit, correct
type for noise
exposure.
Significant fitting
requirements.
SUGGEST
ED
RECORDS
Date issued,
reissued, type
issued,
instructions given,
(need to wear,
maintenance,
conservation,
disciplinary
action.)
Audiometric
exam, date
issued,
instructions
given (need to
wear, effects of
noise, cleaning,
conservation,
fitting,
disciplinary
action.)
Date issued,
reissued, type
issued,
instructions
given
(respiratory
hazards present;
functions; fit
testing; proper
utilisation,
cleaning and
maintenance;
conservation,
EXAMINAT
IONS
NEEDED
Audiometric
(baseline and
annual).
Pulmonary
function.

12. Hierarchy of Control Measures
Eliminate risk by substituting the dangerous for the less dangerous, e.g.
• Use less hazardous substances.
• Substitute a type of machine which is better guarded to make the same product.
• Avoid the use of certain processes.
Combat risks at source by engineering controls and giving collective protective measures
priority, e.g:
• Separate the operator from the risk of exposure to a known hazardous substance by
enclosing the process.
• Protect the dangerous parts of a machine by guarding.
• Design process machinery and work activities to minimise the release, or to suppress or
contain airborne hazards.
• Design machinery which is remotely operated and to which materials are fed
automatically, thus separating the operator from danger areas.
Minimise risk by:
• Designing suitable systems of working
• Using personal protective clothing and equipment, this should only be used as a last
resort.
The hierarchy reflects an increased reliability in risk elimination and control by the use of
physical engineering controls and safeguards compared to reliance on employees.

13. 6 ELEMENTS OF AN SAFETY PROGRAMME AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
There are so many aspects to creating and maintaining a safe working environment that
sometimes it‟s easy to get lost in it all. To truly succeed in creating a safe place of work, the key
is to develop and implement an effective safety management system.
A safety management system combines all the different elements in your workplace that need
attention to ensure you provide a safe working environment for everyone who enters it.
Safety management systems make health and safety an integral part of your business‟s core
operations. By designing, developing and implementing an effective safety management system,
you will have methods for managing reporting, responsibilities, planning and resourcing to create
a safer workplace.
Safety management systems have six elements:
 a safety plan;
 policies, procedures and processes;
 training and induction;
 monitoring;
 supervision; and
 reporting.
Remember, it is not enough to simply adopt a satisfactory safety management system. You must
also actively implement that system in your workplace. To do this, you must ensure that:
 workers comply with procedures and instructions;
 workers are appropriately trained; and
 workers are subject to ongoing supervision.
1. Safety plan
A safety plan is a strategic action plan that forms part of the business plan. It analyses the current
and prospective risk for a company and charts how the risks will be eradicated and controlled
over a calendar period (the safety plan must have a budget).
This plan will ensure that there is a governance structure within your company that ensures every
worker clearly understands their safety obligations (and how to comply) and is accountable to
carry out those obligations.
2. Policies, procedures and processes
Policies, procedures and processes include all safety paper infrastructures within your company.
This paperwork will describe all safety behaviour, expectations, record-keeping, incident
reporting, and incident notification documentation.

14. 3. Training and induction
Depending on the nature of your workplace (whether it is low-risk or high-risk), everyone who
enters your workplace should receive training on:
 the rules of your company;
 the rules of the site; and
 the rules of the location they are visiting.
The training content will depend on the level of risk the person is exposed to.
4. Monitoring
Your obligations to monitor your workplace depend on circumstances and need. Always
consider the level of risk. The higher the risk, the more frequent and detailed the monitoring
needs to be.
Other times when monitoring will be necessary include:
 to ensure that all risk has been covered by a new risk assessment that has been carried out
due to a change in process, e.g. the installation of new workstations; and
 when an investigation takes place following an incident.
5. Supervision
The only way to ensure your workers are carrying out their safety obligations is to have adequate
supervision.
The level of supervision required in your workplace will increase if the level of safety control put
in place to reduce a risk is low, i.e. the less effective the control measure used, the higher the
level of supervision necessary.
6. Reporting
The governance structure of your company needs safety reporting at all levels, not just at board
level.