this is truly based on the the different parts of hawthrone experiment .

1. SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY :
DR. INDIRA SHARMA SHIVANGI TOMAR

4. The Hawthorne Effect refers to the fact that
people will modify their behavior simply
because they are being observed.
The effect gets its name from one of the
most famous industrial
history experiments that took place at
Western Electric's factory in
the Hawthorne suburb of Chicago in the late
1920s and early 1930s.

5.  Hawthorne experiments give rise to a new
Movement which is known as human relations
Movement.
Researchers started investigating the reasons
For human behavior at work.
The credit fir the development of the human
relations approach is given to Elton Mayo.
Other individuals who contributed are Maslow
And McGregor.

6.  For the human relations approach , there are
Many contributors.
But the first intensive and systematic analysis
Of human factor in organizations was made
In the form of Hawthorne experiment.
Hawthorne studies were conducted by Elton
mayo and fritz Roethlisberger in the 1920
With the workers at the Hawthorne plant of
western electric company

7. The Hawthorne plant of western electric
Company was manufacturing telephone system
Bell.
It employed about 30,000 employees at the time of
experiments .
Although company provides benefits like pension
,sickness benefits and other recreational benefits ,there
was great deal of
Dissatisfaction among the workers and productivity was
not up to that mark .
In 1924, a team led by Elton mayo (psychologist) and
Roethlisberger (sociologist) investigated the real causes
Behind this phenomenon.
They conduced various researches in 4 phases from
1924-1932 .

9.  Part 1 – illumination experiments (1924-
1927)
 Part 2 – relay assembly test room study
(1927-1929)
 Part 3- mass interviewing program (1928-
1930)
 Part 4-bank wiring observation room
experiment (1932)

10. Part 1. Illumination experiment
 Illumination experiments were conducted to
find out how varying levels of amount of light
at the work place ( a physical factor )
Affected productivity.
Assumption was that higher illumination
increases productivity.

11.  The researches found they as the increased
the illumination in the experimental group
both group increased production.
 When the intensity of illumination was
decreased, the production continued to
increase in both the groups
 The production in the experimental group
decreased only when the illumination was
decreased to the level of moon light.
 Thus, it was concluded that illumination did
not have any effect on the productivity .

12.  It was designed to determine the effect of
changes in various job conditions on group
productivity
 Researches set up a relay assembly test room,
which involved assembly of telephone relays
 A group of 6 women were selected
 The out put depended on the speed and
continuity with which the women work. The
experiment started with introducing various
changes (duration raised from 4 to 6 weeks)

13. Changes
1. Intensive system was changed.
- Each girl’s extra pay was based on the other
5 rather than output of the large group
- Productivity increased as compare to before.
2 . Two , five minutes rest one in morning and
other in evening session were introduce
it was later increased to 10 minutes .
- The productivity increased
3. The rest period was reduced to 5 minutes
But the frequency was increased.
- the productivity decreased slightly

14. The girls complained that frequent rest intervals
affected the rhythm of the work.
4. The number of rest was reduced to 10 minute
each
But in the morning coffee or soup was served
With sandwich
And in the evening, snack was provided .
-productivity increased
5. Change in working hours and workday were
introduced
Like eliminating Saturday work
Allowing women to leave one hour early from 5:00
Pm to 4:00 pm .
- productivity increased

15.  As each change was introduces absenteeism
decreased morale increased and less
supervision was required .
 Now, the researchers decided to revert back
to original position, that is no rest no benefits
 Surprisingly , productivity increased further
instead of going down .
 It was concludes that productivity increased
not because of positive changes in physical
factors but because of a change in the girls
attitude towards work and their work group.
 They developed a feeling of stability and
sense of belongingness .

16. Part 3 : MASS INTERVIEWING PROGRAMME
Reason for conducting :- to study the human
behavior in the company.
NO. of interviews conducted :- it was
conducted with the 30,000 employees
Theme
Determine employees attitude towards
company ,supervision ,insurance plans ,
Promotions and wages .

17.  The method was changed to direct
interviewing to non-direct interviewing
 Here, interviewer was asked to listen instead
of talking ,arguing or advising .
 The interview program gave valuable insights
About human behavior in the company like
 workers behavior was influenced by group
behavior
The position of worker is a reference from
which the worker gives meaning to events,
features like hours of work, wages, etc.
The social demand of a worker are influenced
by social experience in groups both inside
and the work plant.

18. 4. BANK WIRING OBSERVATION ROOM
EXPERIMENT
WORKERS INVOLVED IN EXPERIMENT :- 14 male
workers .
Work given :- the men was engaged in the assembly
of terminal for the use in telephone exchanges .
Where more productive group will get the bonus
Conclusion ; -As a social being, they are members of
a group
And the management should try to understand
group attitudes
And group psychology .

19.  It was conducted to analyze the functioning
Of small group and its impact on individual
behavior.
The hypthosis was that in order to rarn more,
workers produce more .
Also to get the group bonus, theywould help
each other to produce more .
Workers decided the target for themselves
which was lower than the company target .
This study suggested that informal
relationships
Are an important factor in determining the
human behavior .

20.  Fear of unemployment
 Fear of raising the standards
 Protection of slower workers
 Satisfaction on the part of
management

21.  Organization is a social system
 System is composed of many interacting groups
 Many informal groups emerged a work place
 They have great impact on the behavior of the
members
 Workers don’t always behave rationally
(emotions, feelings ,values ,play an important
role )
 Monetary gains alone cannot motivate workers
 Workers participation in decision making boosts
moral and productivity