Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengujian mutu benang melalui penilaian sifat-sifat benang seperti grade, kehalusan, kekuatan, dan tahan gesek. Juga dibahas sistem penomoran benang secara tidak langsung dan langsung beserta contoh perhitungannya.
Laporan 1. Praktek Evaluasi Tekstil I Dekomposisi Kainaji indras
The document discusses analyzing the composition of a fabric sample to determine:
1) Thread count, total threads, and fabric weight
2) Type of weave
It describes the basic theory of fabric decomposition which involves analyzing a sample to obtain data to recreate a fabric with the same composition. This includes determining the thread count, weight, thread number, type of weave, and other factors. The key aspects that must be determined first are the fabric weave which can be plain weave, twill weave, or satin weave formed by the intersection of warp and weft threads.
Kedewasaan serat kapas ditentukan dengan menggunakan larutan NaOH 10%. Laporan praktikum menguji kehalusan dan kedewasaan serat kapas, di mana hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa kehalusan serat kapas China adalah 3,07 μg/inci yang termasuk kategori halus, sedangkan tingkat kedewasaan serat kapas tersebut adalah 85% yang tergolong baik.
LAPORAN PRAKTEK PENGANJIAN (SIZING) PADA BENANG aji indras
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang proses penganjian benang kapas, termasuk tujuan, alat dan bahan, teori dasar, komposisi dan sifat serat kapas, jenis-jenis kanji, serta bahan tambahan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan larutan kanji.
This document discusses yarn hairiness, which refers to fibers protruding from the main body of the yarn. It is generally an undesirable property that can cause issues in fabric production and quality. The document examines various causes of hairiness, its effects, and methods for measuring hairiness, including the Shirley Yarn Hairiness Tester, Zweigle hairiness tester G565, and USTER TESTER 3 hairiness meter attachment. Measurement involves counting the number of hairs per unit length of yarn.
Laporan 1. Praktek Evaluasi Tekstil I Dekomposisi Kainaji indras
The document discusses analyzing the composition of a fabric sample to determine:
1) Thread count, total threads, and fabric weight
2) Type of weave
It describes the basic theory of fabric decomposition which involves analyzing a sample to obtain data to recreate a fabric with the same composition. This includes determining the thread count, weight, thread number, type of weave, and other factors. The key aspects that must be determined first are the fabric weave which can be plain weave, twill weave, or satin weave formed by the intersection of warp and weft threads.
Kedewasaan serat kapas ditentukan dengan menggunakan larutan NaOH 10%. Laporan praktikum menguji kehalusan dan kedewasaan serat kapas, di mana hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa kehalusan serat kapas China adalah 3,07 μg/inci yang termasuk kategori halus, sedangkan tingkat kedewasaan serat kapas tersebut adalah 85% yang tergolong baik.
LAPORAN PRAKTEK PENGANJIAN (SIZING) PADA BENANG aji indras
1. Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang proses penganjian benang kapas, termasuk tujuan, alat dan bahan, teori dasar, komposisi dan sifat serat kapas, jenis-jenis kanji, serta bahan tambahan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan larutan kanji.
This document discusses yarn hairiness, which refers to fibers protruding from the main body of the yarn. It is generally an undesirable property that can cause issues in fabric production and quality. The document examines various causes of hairiness, its effects, and methods for measuring hairiness, including the Shirley Yarn Hairiness Tester, Zweigle hairiness tester G565, and USTER TESTER 3 hairiness meter attachment. Measurement involves counting the number of hairs per unit length of yarn.
This document discusses yarn count and its measurement. It defines yarn count as the numerical expression of the coarseness or fineness of yarn. There are several systems used to express yarn count, including indirect, direct, and universal systems. The most common systems are the indirect system used for cotton, wool, and linen, where higher count means finer yarn, and the direct system used for jute and silk, where higher count means coarser yarn. The universal Tex system introduced by ISO is a direct system where count indicates the weight in grams of 1000 meters of yarn. There are several instruments that can be used to measure yarn count, including quadrant balances, Knowles balances, and measuring drums for
The document discusses the duties and responsibilities of a garment merchandiser. It explains that a merchandiser's main role is to collect export orders, arrange for garment production according to the order specifications, ensure quality control during production, and facilitate export and payment collection. It provides a detailed list of the major duties, which include procuring orders, establishing production schedules, sourcing materials, monitoring production progress and quality, arranging shipping and payments. The document also includes various industry definitions, formulas, standards and best practices.
This document discusses different yarn counting systems. There are two main systems - direct and indirect. The direct system defines count as the mass per unit length of yarn (e.g. tex is grams per kilometer). The indirect system defines count as the length per unit mass of yarn (e.g. cotton count is length in hanks of 840 yards per pound). Tables 1 and 2 provide examples of units of length and mass for different direct and indirect counting systems.
The document discusses various techniques for testing yarn characteristics and quality, including twist, count, strength, and evenness. It describes machines like the automatic twist tester and Uster evenness tester that can accurately measure attributes like twists per meter and coefficient of variation. Maintaining proper tension, reducing friction, and following testing standards are important for obtaining precise yarn assessment. A variety of testing helps ensure high quality from raw materials to finished fabrics.
Dyeing fault causes and remedies
Dyeing Fault:
Uneven dyeing:
Causes
•Due to improper pretreatment.
• Very rapid addition of dyes and chemicals.
• Lack of controlling dyeing parameters
Remedies
•Check addition of dyes and chemicals are at a steadily
increasing rate.
•Proper pretreatments.
•Check the rope turnover time.
•Proper washing after dyeing.
Running shade:
Causes
•Machine loading is higher.
•Running at lower nozzle pressure.
•High bath draining temperature.
Remedies
•Proper cycle time should be ensured.
•Nozzle pressure should be accurate.
•Bath draining temperature should be moderate.
Innovative Concepts in Textile Dyeing and PrintingVijay Prakash
This project report summarizes research on innovative concepts in textile dyeing and printing. It was submitted by Vijay Prakash to the Department of Textile Chemistry at Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute in Kanpur, India, in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Textile Chemistry. The report introduces the topics of dye types, including acid, basic, direct, mordant, vat, reactive, disperse, azoic, sulfur and food dyes. It also discusses various printing methods like stamp, transfer, screen, dye sublimation, pigment and reactive printing.
The document discusses yarn hairiness, which is an undesirable property that deteriorates fabric appearance. Higher hairiness can be caused by raw material issues like immature cotton fibers or improper micronaire value, processing problems like inadequate drafting, or maintenance issues on spinning machines.
Three common hairiness testers are described: the Uster Tester 3 uses light scattering to measure total hairiness; the Shirley Yarn Hairiness Tester counts interruptions in a light beam as individual hairs pass through; and the Zweigle Hairiness Tester G565 counts hairs at different distances from the yarn edge using photocells.
The slides will help someone to know basic things on textile technology. Introductory knowledge on textile technology that will help to get introduction. The slides are prepared for some other engineering working in textile sector, specially for energy and water efficiency.
This presentation discusses tensile properties of textile fibers. It defines tensile properties and explains that tensile tests are used to load fiber specimens in a controlled manner while measuring applied load and elongation. The presentation outlines factors that determine tensile test results, such as fiber material and dimensions. It also discusses expressing tensile properties through load-elongation curves and metrics like stress, strain, work of rupture, and Hooke's law. Finally, it examines tensile properties of different fiber types like protein fibers and summarizes that tensile tests provide important information about a material's strength and elasticity.
This document provides information about dimensional stability and geometry in weft knit fabric. It was presented by 7 students from the Textile department of Bangladesh University of Business & Technology. The key points discussed include how knitted fabrics are prone to changes in size and shape from wear and washing. It also discusses dimensional stability states, loop length, areal density, fabric cover, tightness factor, and spirality - defined as dimensional distortion where wale rows are not perpendicular to courses. Formulas are presented for factors that influence the angle of spirality, such as the number of feeders, loop shape, and number of active needles.
In the ICI pilling test the fabric will undergo tumbling action while in the case of Martindale abrasion test the fabric sample will undergo multidirectional action against the emery cloth. So the test condition in Martindale is widely acceptable than ICI pilling.
Proses pengelosan bertujuan untuk mengubah bentuk gulungan benang dari cone ke cone atau streng ke cone agar sesuai dengan proses selanjutnya. Proses ini melibatkan penggulungan benang pada mesin kelos beralur spiral untuk memperbaiki mutu benang dan menyesuaikan bentuk gulungan. Langkah-langkah pengelosan meliputi penimbangan cone, penggulungan benang, dan pengukuran produksi teoritis dan nyata untuk menentukan efisiensi
This document discusses blended dyeing of textiles. It begins with an introduction to blending different fiber types and the properties this can provide. It then describes the types of blends as fiber, combination fiber, or single yarns composed of blended fibers. Reasons for blending fibers include processing, improved properties, multi-colored fabrics, and cost. Key factors that affect dyeing methods are the desired color effect, required colorfastness, compatibility with finishing processes, and costs. The document concludes by stating that learning about blended dyeing, procedures, recipes, and factors is important knowledge for textile students and their future careers.
Proses penggintiran naik dengan mesin up twister dilakukan untuk mempelajari bagian-bagian dan proses mesin tersebut. Benang single diletakkan pada spindel dan ditarik ke atas melalui proses penggintiran sebelum digulung. Proses ini lebih sederhana dibanding penggintiran turun dan menghasilkan kualitas yang lebih baik.
The document discusses the USTER HVI 1000 system for testing cotton quality. It analyzes the key components of the system and how it determines various quality characteristics within seconds. The HVI 1000 measures fiber length, uniformity index, micronaire value, strength, elongation, color, trash count/grade and other factors. It provides a fast, objective replacement for human cotton classers and allows farmers, traders, researchers and spinners to efficiently evaluate cotton quality. The HVI 1000 has become a universal standard in the cotton industry for classifying cotton quality.
Its a chapter related to Flammability.
Check the channel for details video in Bengali for this chapter
https://www.youtube.com/c/SaifulsClassroom
t.ly/wVzG
PT. Supersonic Chemical Industry manufactures calcium carbonate powder from limestone sources in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. The manufacturing process involves crushing, drying, milling, classifying, packing, and storage of calcium carbonate powder. The powder is used in applications such as paint, PVC pipes, cables, and plastics. The company has a production capacity of 20,000 tons per month.
Dokumen berisi kuesioner survei kesehatan karyawan perusahaan yang mencakup identitas karyawan, riwayat perjalanan dan penyakit minggu terakhir, kondisi kesehatan anggota keluarga, serta tanggapan karyawan terhadap upaya pencegahan Covid-19 yang dilakukan perusahaan.
This document discusses yarn count and its measurement. It defines yarn count as the numerical expression of the coarseness or fineness of yarn. There are several systems used to express yarn count, including indirect, direct, and universal systems. The most common systems are the indirect system used for cotton, wool, and linen, where higher count means finer yarn, and the direct system used for jute and silk, where higher count means coarser yarn. The universal Tex system introduced by ISO is a direct system where count indicates the weight in grams of 1000 meters of yarn. There are several instruments that can be used to measure yarn count, including quadrant balances, Knowles balances, and measuring drums for
The document discusses the duties and responsibilities of a garment merchandiser. It explains that a merchandiser's main role is to collect export orders, arrange for garment production according to the order specifications, ensure quality control during production, and facilitate export and payment collection. It provides a detailed list of the major duties, which include procuring orders, establishing production schedules, sourcing materials, monitoring production progress and quality, arranging shipping and payments. The document also includes various industry definitions, formulas, standards and best practices.
This document discusses different yarn counting systems. There are two main systems - direct and indirect. The direct system defines count as the mass per unit length of yarn (e.g. tex is grams per kilometer). The indirect system defines count as the length per unit mass of yarn (e.g. cotton count is length in hanks of 840 yards per pound). Tables 1 and 2 provide examples of units of length and mass for different direct and indirect counting systems.
The document discusses various techniques for testing yarn characteristics and quality, including twist, count, strength, and evenness. It describes machines like the automatic twist tester and Uster evenness tester that can accurately measure attributes like twists per meter and coefficient of variation. Maintaining proper tension, reducing friction, and following testing standards are important for obtaining precise yarn assessment. A variety of testing helps ensure high quality from raw materials to finished fabrics.
Dyeing fault causes and remedies
Dyeing Fault:
Uneven dyeing:
Causes
•Due to improper pretreatment.
• Very rapid addition of dyes and chemicals.
• Lack of controlling dyeing parameters
Remedies
•Check addition of dyes and chemicals are at a steadily
increasing rate.
•Proper pretreatments.
•Check the rope turnover time.
•Proper washing after dyeing.
Running shade:
Causes
•Machine loading is higher.
•Running at lower nozzle pressure.
•High bath draining temperature.
Remedies
•Proper cycle time should be ensured.
•Nozzle pressure should be accurate.
•Bath draining temperature should be moderate.
Innovative Concepts in Textile Dyeing and PrintingVijay Prakash
This project report summarizes research on innovative concepts in textile dyeing and printing. It was submitted by Vijay Prakash to the Department of Textile Chemistry at Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute in Kanpur, India, in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Textile Chemistry. The report introduces the topics of dye types, including acid, basic, direct, mordant, vat, reactive, disperse, azoic, sulfur and food dyes. It also discusses various printing methods like stamp, transfer, screen, dye sublimation, pigment and reactive printing.
The document discusses yarn hairiness, which is an undesirable property that deteriorates fabric appearance. Higher hairiness can be caused by raw material issues like immature cotton fibers or improper micronaire value, processing problems like inadequate drafting, or maintenance issues on spinning machines.
Three common hairiness testers are described: the Uster Tester 3 uses light scattering to measure total hairiness; the Shirley Yarn Hairiness Tester counts interruptions in a light beam as individual hairs pass through; and the Zweigle Hairiness Tester G565 counts hairs at different distances from the yarn edge using photocells.
The slides will help someone to know basic things on textile technology. Introductory knowledge on textile technology that will help to get introduction. The slides are prepared for some other engineering working in textile sector, specially for energy and water efficiency.
This presentation discusses tensile properties of textile fibers. It defines tensile properties and explains that tensile tests are used to load fiber specimens in a controlled manner while measuring applied load and elongation. The presentation outlines factors that determine tensile test results, such as fiber material and dimensions. It also discusses expressing tensile properties through load-elongation curves and metrics like stress, strain, work of rupture, and Hooke's law. Finally, it examines tensile properties of different fiber types like protein fibers and summarizes that tensile tests provide important information about a material's strength and elasticity.
This document provides information about dimensional stability and geometry in weft knit fabric. It was presented by 7 students from the Textile department of Bangladesh University of Business & Technology. The key points discussed include how knitted fabrics are prone to changes in size and shape from wear and washing. It also discusses dimensional stability states, loop length, areal density, fabric cover, tightness factor, and spirality - defined as dimensional distortion where wale rows are not perpendicular to courses. Formulas are presented for factors that influence the angle of spirality, such as the number of feeders, loop shape, and number of active needles.
In the ICI pilling test the fabric will undergo tumbling action while in the case of Martindale abrasion test the fabric sample will undergo multidirectional action against the emery cloth. So the test condition in Martindale is widely acceptable than ICI pilling.
Proses pengelosan bertujuan untuk mengubah bentuk gulungan benang dari cone ke cone atau streng ke cone agar sesuai dengan proses selanjutnya. Proses ini melibatkan penggulungan benang pada mesin kelos beralur spiral untuk memperbaiki mutu benang dan menyesuaikan bentuk gulungan. Langkah-langkah pengelosan meliputi penimbangan cone, penggulungan benang, dan pengukuran produksi teoritis dan nyata untuk menentukan efisiensi
This document discusses blended dyeing of textiles. It begins with an introduction to blending different fiber types and the properties this can provide. It then describes the types of blends as fiber, combination fiber, or single yarns composed of blended fibers. Reasons for blending fibers include processing, improved properties, multi-colored fabrics, and cost. Key factors that affect dyeing methods are the desired color effect, required colorfastness, compatibility with finishing processes, and costs. The document concludes by stating that learning about blended dyeing, procedures, recipes, and factors is important knowledge for textile students and their future careers.
Proses penggintiran naik dengan mesin up twister dilakukan untuk mempelajari bagian-bagian dan proses mesin tersebut. Benang single diletakkan pada spindel dan ditarik ke atas melalui proses penggintiran sebelum digulung. Proses ini lebih sederhana dibanding penggintiran turun dan menghasilkan kualitas yang lebih baik.
The document discusses the USTER HVI 1000 system for testing cotton quality. It analyzes the key components of the system and how it determines various quality characteristics within seconds. The HVI 1000 measures fiber length, uniformity index, micronaire value, strength, elongation, color, trash count/grade and other factors. It provides a fast, objective replacement for human cotton classers and allows farmers, traders, researchers and spinners to efficiently evaluate cotton quality. The HVI 1000 has become a universal standard in the cotton industry for classifying cotton quality.
Its a chapter related to Flammability.
Check the channel for details video in Bengali for this chapter
https://www.youtube.com/c/SaifulsClassroom
t.ly/wVzG
PT. Supersonic Chemical Industry manufactures calcium carbonate powder from limestone sources in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta. The manufacturing process involves crushing, drying, milling, classifying, packing, and storage of calcium carbonate powder. The powder is used in applications such as paint, PVC pipes, cables, and plastics. The company has a production capacity of 20,000 tons per month.
Dokumen berisi kuesioner survei kesehatan karyawan perusahaan yang mencakup identitas karyawan, riwayat perjalanan dan penyakit minggu terakhir, kondisi kesehatan anggota keluarga, serta tanggapan karyawan terhadap upaya pencegahan Covid-19 yang dilakukan perusahaan.
This document outlines various risks to a company's business continuity including the loss of accommodation, staff, IT/data, telecommunications, hard records, mains services, key partners/suppliers, and severe weather. For each identified risk, the document evaluates recovery options and criteria as well as notes possible further actions to improve continuity planning.
PT Supersonic Chemical Industry memproduksi calcium carbonate dengan proses yang terdiri dari penanganan material, penghancuran, pengeringan, penggilingan dan penyaringan, pengemasan, penyimpanan, dan pengiriman. Batu kapur diproses menjadi bubuk calcium carbonate melalui serangkaian tahapan reduksi ukuran dan pemisahan kontaminan.
Dokumen ini memberikan daftar pilihan pertunjukan untuk acara Rencana Bersih Dusun Ngebrak Tahun 2016, termasuk pilihan pertunjukan Sabtu malam dan dalang untuk pentas Minggu malam.
Ringkasan dokumen ini adalah proposal untuk acara reuni akbar tahunan alumni SMA Negeri 1 Pare. Acara ini akan diadakan pada 24 September 2009 dengan tujuan untuk mempererat tali silaturahmi antar alumni dan meningkatkan dukungan mereka untuk sekolah. Kegiatannya meliputi halal bihalal, kunjungan ke sekolah, hiburan, dan pengumpulan dana untuk beasiswa siswa dan perbaikan sekolah.
Dokumen ini memberikan panduan cara merawat bayi yang benar sejak dalam kandungan hingga usia 12 tahun berdasarkan tinjauan medis dan psikologis terbaru untuk mencetak anak yang cerdas, kreatif dan jenius. Dokumen ini menyarankan kunjungan ke website www.AnakJenius.com untuk mendapatkan panduan lengkap tentang cara merawat bayi yang meliputi kebersihan, kesehatan, perlengkapan, dan aspek-aspek
2. Sifat-sifat yang menentukan mutu
benang antara lain:
A. Grade dan kenampakan benang
B. Kehalusan benang
C. Kekuatan benang
D. Twist dan ketidakrataannya.
E. Tahan gesek benang
3. A. GRADE DAN KENAMPAKAN BENANG:
Kebersihan benang
Kerataan benang
Berbulu atau tidak
Warna
Kilau
Pegangan
cacad
4. B. KEHALUSAN BENANG
Kehalusan benang dinyatakan dengan
“nomor benang”.
Kehalusan benang merupakan
perbandingan antara panjang benang dan
berat benang.
5. SISTEM PENOMORAN BENANG
Untuk menyatakan kehalusan benang
biasanya dinyatakan dengan
perbandingan antara panjang dengan
beratnya. Perbandingan ini disebut
dengan nomer benang.
6. SATUAN-SATUAN PERHITUNGAN NOMOR BENANG:
Untuk satuan panjang:
1 inch (1”) = 2,54 cm
12 inches= 1 feet (1’) = 30,48 cm
36 inches= 3 feet = 1 yard=91,44 cm
120 yards = 1 lea = 109,73 m
7 lea’s = 1 hank = 840 yards = 768 m
8. Ada beberapa cara yang dipakai untuk memberikan nomor
pada benang.
Beberapa negara dan beberapa cabang industri tekstil yang
besar, biasanya mempunyai cara-cara tersendiri untuk
menetapkan penomeran pada benang. Tetapi banyak
negara yang menggunakan cara-cara penomoran yang
sama. Pada waktu ini ada bermacam-macam cara
penomoran benang yang dikenal, tetapi pada dasarnya
dapat dibagi menjadi dua cara yaitu:
1. Penomoran Benang secara Tidak Langsung (PBTL)
2. Penomoran Benang secara Langsung (PBL)
9. SISTEM PENOMORAN BENANG
SISTEM TAK LANGSUNG
(PBTL)
SISTEM LANGSUNG
(PBL)
1. Penomoran cara worsted (Ne3)
2. Penomoran cara wol (Ne2 atau Ne)
3. Penomoran cara kapas (Ne1)
4. Penomoran cara metris (Nm)
5. Penomoran cara Perancis (Nf)
6. Penomoran cara wol garu (Ne4)
1. Penomoran Cara Denier (D / Td)
2. Penomoran Cara Tex (Tex)
3. Penomoran Cara Jute (Ts)
10. I. PENOMORAN BENANG SECARA TIDAK LANGSUNG
(PBTL)
Prinsip: makin besar (kasar) benangnya,
makin kecil nomornya, atau makin kecil (halus)
benangnya, makin tinggi nomornya.
RUMUS:
Panjang (P)
Nomer = ---------------
Berat (B)
11. YANG TERMASUK DALAM PBTL:
1. Penomoran cara kapas (Ne1)
2. Penomoran cara worsted (Ne3)
3. Penomoran cara wol (Ne2 atau Ne)
4. Penomoran cara metris (Nm)
5. Penomoran cara Perancis (Nf)
6. Penomoran cara wol garu (Ne4)
12. 1. PENOMORAN CARA KAPAS (Ne1):
Ini adalah penomoran menurut cara Inggris. Cara ini
biasanya digunakan untuk penomoran benang kapas,
macam-macam benang stapel rayon dan benang stapel
sutera. Satuan panjang yang digunakan adalah HANK,
sedang satuan beratnya ialah POUND.
Ne1 menunjukkan berapa hanks panjang benang untuk
setiap berat 1 pound.
RUMUS:
Panjang (P) dalam hank
Ne1 = -----------------------------------
Berat (B) dalam pound
13. CONTOH:
1. Apa artinya Ne1 1?
Jawab: dalam setiap berat benang 1 pound, panjangnya
adalah 1 hank atau 1 x 840 yards.
2. Apa arti Ne1 25?
Jawab: dalam setiap berat benang 1 pound, panjangnya
adalah 25 hank atau 25 x 840 yards.
3. Apa arti Ne1 55?
4. Diketahui benang kapas panjangnya 8400 yards, beratnya 0,5
lb (0,5 pound). Hitung berapa Ne1-nya?
5. Diketahui benang dengan panjang 120 yards, beratnya 25
grains. Hitung berapa Ne1-nya?
6. Diketahui 1 yards lap beratnya 14 Oz. Berapa nomor lap
tersebut?
14. 2. Penomoran Cara Worsted (Ne3)
Cara ini dipakai untuk benang-benang wol
sisir, mohair, alpaca, unta, dan cashmere.
Satuan panjang yang digunakan ialah 560
yards, dan satuan beratnya ialah pound.
Ne3 menunjukkan berapa kali 560 yards
panjang benang setiap berat 1 pound.
Rumusnya:
P (panjang) dalam 560 yards
Ne3 = ------------------------------------
B (berat) dalam pound
15. CONTOH:
Apa artinya Ne3 1?
Jawab: untuk setiap berat 1 lb,
panjangnya 1 x 560 yards.
Apa artinya Ne3 26?
Benang wol sisir panjang 1680 yards,
beratnya ¼ pound. Berapa Ne3-nya?
16. 3. Penomoran Cara Wol (Ne2 atau Ne)
Cara ini digunakan untuk penomoran benang-
benang wol garu, linen, henep, jute, dan rami.
Ne2 untuk: linen, henep, jute, dan rami. Ne
untuk: wol.
Satuan panjang yang digunakan ialah 300 yards,
sedangkan satuan beratnya ialah pound.
Ne2 atau Ne menunjukkan berapa kali 300 yards
panjang benang untuk setiap berat 1 pound.
Rumusnya:
P (panjang) dalam 300 yards
Ne2 = ---------------------------------------------
B (berat) dalam pound.
17. CONTOH:
Apa artinya Ne2 1?
Jawab: untuk setiap berat 1 lb,
panjangnya 1 x 300 yards.
Apa artinya Ne 25?
Benang rami panjang 3600 yards, berat
1/5 pound. Berapa Ne2 nya?
Benang wol panjang 4200 yards, berat
90,72 gram. Berapa Ne-nya?
18. 4. Penomoran Cara Metris (Nm)
Cara ini digunakan untuk penomoran segala
macam benang. Satuan panjang yang digunakan
ialah meter, sedangkan satuan beratnya ialah
gram.
Nm menunjukkan berapa meter panjang benang
untuk setiap berat 1 gram.
Rumus:
P (panjang) dalam meter
Nm = ------------------------
B (berat) dalam gram
19. CONTOH:
1. Apa artinya Nm 1?
Jawab: Untuk setiap berat 1 gram,
panjangnya 1 meter.
2. Apa artinya Nm 30?
3. Benang kapas panjang 60 meter,
beratnya 2 gram. Berapa Nm-nya?
4. Nomor suatu benang kapas adalah Nm
10. Berapa Ne1 nya?
20. 5. Penomoran Benang Cara Perancis (Nf)
Cara ini digunakan untuk penomoran
benang kapas. Satuan panjang yang
digunakan adalah meter, sedang satuan
beratnya ialah gram. Nf menunjukkan
berapa meter panjang benang untuk
setiap berat ½ gram.
Rumus:
P (panjang) dalam meter
Nf = ----------------------------
B (berat) dalam ½ gram
21. CONTOH:
Apa artinya Nf 1?
Jawab: untuk setiap berat benang ½
gram, panjangnya 1 meter.
Apa artinya Nf 20?
Benang kapas panjangnya 40m, beratnya
1 gram. Berapa Nf-nya?
Nomor benang kapas adalah Nf 24. Hitung
nomor benang tersebut dalam Ne1 dan
Nm.
22. 6. Penomoran Benang Cara Wol Garu (Ne4)
Cara ini digunakan untuk penomoran benang wol
garu dan semacamnya. Satuan panjang yang
digunakan ialah 256 yards, sedang satuan
beratnya ialah pound. Ne4 menunjukkan berapa
kali 256 yards panjang benang, untuk setiap
berat 1 pound.
Rumus:
P (panjang) dalam 256 yards
Ne4 = ----------------------------------
B (berat) dalam pound
23. CONTOH:
1. Apa artinya Ne4 1?
Jawab: setiap berat 1 pound, panjangnya
1 x 256 yards.
2. Apa artinya Ne4 30?
3. Benang wol garu panjangnya 2560 yards,
beratnya ¼ pound. Berapa Ne4 –nya?
4. Diketahui nomor benang wol garu adalah
Ne4 12. Hitunglah nomor benang tersebut
dalam Nf, Nm, dan Ne.
24. II. PENOMORAN BENANG SECARA LANGSUNG
(PBL)
Cara penomoran ini kebalikan dari cara
penomoran benang secara tidak langsung.
Pada cara ini, makin kecil (halus)
benangnya makin rendah nomornya,
sedangkan makin besar (kasar)
benangnya, makin tinggi nomornya.
Rumus:
Berat (B)
Nomor PBL = ----------------
Panjang (P)
25. Yang termasuk dalam PBL:
1. Penomoran Cara Denier (D atau Td)
2. Penomoran Cara Tex (Tex)
3. Penomoran Cara Jute (Ts)
26. 1. Penomoran Cara Denier (D atau Td)
Cara ini digunakan untuk penomoran benang-
benang sutera, benang filamen rayon dan benang
filamen buatan lainnya.
Satuan berat yang digunakan ialah gram, sedang
satuan panjangnya ialah 9000meter. D atau Td
menunjukkan berapa gram berat benang untuk
setiap panjang 9000meter.
Rumus:
B (berat) dalam gram
D atau Td = ------------------------------------
P (panjang) dalam 9000 meter
27. CONTOH:
1. Apa artinya D 1?
Jawab: untuk setiap panjang 9000m,
beratnya 1 gram.
2. Apa artinya Td 50?
3. Benang sutera panjangnya 2000m,
beratnya 30 gram. Berapa D nya?
4. Nomor benang rayon Td 30. Berapa Nm-
nya?
28. 2. Penomoran Cara Tex (Tex)
Cara ini digunakan untuk penomoran segala
macam benang. Satuan berat yang digunakan
adalah GRAM, sedang satuan panjangnya adalah
1000 METER. Tex menunjukkan berapa gram
berat benang untuk setiap panjang 1000 meter.
RUMUS:
B (berat) dalam gram
Tex = -------------------------------
P (panjang) dalam 1000 meter
29. CONTOH:
1. Apa artinya Tex 1?
Jawab: untuk setiap panjang 1000
meter, beratnya 1 gram.
2. Apa artinya Tex 30?
3. Benang kapas panjangnya 2000m,
beratnya 10 gram. Berapa Texnya?
4. Nomor suatu benang rayon adalah Tex
60. Berapa Td-nya?
30. 3. Penomoran Cara Jute (Ts)
Cara ini digunakan untuk penomoran benang
jute. Satuan berat yang digunakan ialah
POUND, sedang satuan panjangnya ialah
14400 YARD.
Ts menunjukkan berapa pound berat benang
untuk setiap panjang 14400 yards.
RUMUS:
B (berat dalam pound)
Ts = -------------------------------
P (panjang dalam 14400 yards
31. CONTOH:
1. Apa artinya Ts 1?
Jawab: untuk setiap panjang 14400
yards, beratnya 1 pound.
2. Apa artinya Ts 20?
3. Benang jute panjangnya 28800 yards,
beratnya 6 pounds. Berapa Ts nya?
4. Berat benang jute 10 pounds,
panjangnya 57600 yards. Hitunglah
nomor benang tersebut dalam Ts, Tex,
dan denier.
32. Benang-benang tunggal seringkali digintir untuk
memperoleh benang yang lebih kuat, lebih tebal
atau untuk memperoleh efek-efek lainnya.
Komposisi dari benang-benang gintir dapat terjadi
sebagai berikut:
1. Nomor dan bahan sama.
2. Nomor tidak sama, bahan sama.
3. Bahan tidak sama tapi cara penomorannya sama.
4. Bahan tidak sama dan penomorannya tidak sama.
35. C. KEKUATAN BENANG
Kekuatan merupakan salah satu sifat benang yang
sangat penting.
Ada dua macam cara pengujian kekuatan benang,
yaitu:
1. Pengujian kekuatan benang per helai
2. Pengujian kekuatan benang per untai/bendel/berkas
(per ka)
1 (satu) lea adalah seuntai benang yang panjangnya
120 yard.
Contoh uji diperoleh dari penggulungan benang pada
kincir penggulung. Sedangkan pengujian kekuatan
benang per helai diperoleh dengan mengukur tiap helai
benang tersebut.
36. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kekuatan:
1. Panjang stapel
2. Kehalusan serat
3. Kekuatan serat
4. Twist
5. Kerataan
6. Distribusi panjang serat
7. Pengerjaan finish serat
8. Faktor-faktor lain:
- Pengerjaan kimia
- Regain
- letak serat dan mulur serat individu
37. D. TWIST BENANG
Twist dan pengukuran jumlah twist per inci pada
benang tunggal maupun benang gintir adalah
penting, karena jumlah twist benang ini dapat
mempengaruhi sifat fisik benang, pemakaian
benang, dan kenampakan (appereance) benang.
Bagi pimpinan produksi, jumlah twist
mempengaruhi jumlah produksi, makin tinggi
twist berarti makin kecil produksi.
Arah twist pada benang dibedakan menjadi arah
kanan atau arah Z, dan arah kiri atau arah S.
38. Lanjutan Twist
Prinsip untuk menentukan jumlah twist pada
benang gintir adalah dengan cara pelurusan
benang komponennya. Sedangkan untuk
menentukan jumlah twist pada benang tunggal
adalah dengan cara membuka twist sampai serat-
serat sejajar atau melanjutkan putaran sampai
diperoleh panjang benang semula. Jumlah twist
dapat diperoleh dengan membagi dua jumlah
putaran yang tertera pada counter.
Benang gintir diperoleh dari dua buah atau lebih
benang tunggal yang di-twist bersama. Benang
gintir yang baik akan diperoleh dari benang-
benang tunggal yang arah twistnya sama, lalu
digintir dengan arah yang berbeda dengan arah
twist benang tunggalnya.
39. E. TAHAN GESEK BENANG
Ketahanan gesek benang diperlukan bukan dalam
pemakaian kain kemudian, akan tetapi penting sekali
dalam pemakaian benang selama mengalami proses
pertenunan.
Pada prinsipnya, ketahanan gesek benang ini ditentukan
dengan memberi g esekan pada benang sampai benang
tersebut putus, baik gesekan antara benang dengan
benang maupun gesekan antara logam dengan benang
yang menyerupai kejadian yang dialami oleh benang pada
proses pertenunan.
Jika benang putus, alat akan berhenti secara otomatis dan
jumlah putaran akan terlihat pada counter. Makin banyak
gesekan yang diperlukan untuk memutus benang tersebut,
berarti makin baik ketahanan geseknya.