The document describes the duties of a database administrator (DBA) at the baseball hall of fame. As DBA, they supervise customer service reps who use the hall of fame database daily. The database contains information on hall of fame inductions that is displayed in museum projections and provided over the phone to requesting organizations. The DBA created different views of the database to restrict what information each representative can access.
For more course tutorials visit
uophelp.com is now newtonhelp.com
www.newtonhelp.com
For what reason do commentators need to think about the internal controls of the affiliation? What are some key segments of inside control? Which are the most fundamental? In what way will the overseer need to modify the survey program if the inside controls are viewed as inadequate to help organization articulations?
This document contains a CIS 336 final exam from Devry University with multiple choice and essay questions covering topics in relational database management systems including data types, normalization, joins, and SQL statements. It provides the exam for students to purchase and practice for the final.
This document contains a CIS 336 final exam with multiple choice and essay questions covering topics in database management systems including data modeling, SQL, normalization, and database design. Specifically, it tests knowledge of data types, primary keys, normal forms, constraints, joins, and other SQL statements. It provides the exam questions along with table structures to reference for certain questions requiring queries.
SQL is a programming language used to communicate with and manipulate databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update and delete data from databases. Common SQL statements include JOINs, which combine data from two or more tables based on a common column. Some types of JOINs are INNER JOIN, which returns rows with matches in both tables; LEFT JOIN, which returns all rows from the left table; and FULL JOIN, which returns rows that match in either table. JOINs are often used with SELECT statements to query multiple tables at once.
This document contains a CIS 336 final exam with multiple choice and essay questions covering topics in database management systems including data modeling, normalization, SQL, data definition language, and security. It provides the exam questions to purchase for practice.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
1. (TCO 1) Most DBMS are referred to as _____________database management systems. (Points : 4)
elemental
linked
hierarchical
relational
2. (TCO 1) A relational DBMS provides protection of the _______________________ through security, control, and recovery facilities. (Points : 4)
user
network
system
database
3. (TCO 2) If a foreign key contains either matching values or nulls, the table(s) that make use of such a foreign key is/are said to exhibit __________ integrity. (Points : 4)
This document discusses various SQL functions and concepts including:
1. Single row and multiple row/aggregate functions where single row functions return one result per row and aggregate functions return one result for a group of rows. Common aggregate functions discussed are AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM.
2. The GROUP BY clause which combines records with the same field values and the HAVING clause which specifies conditions for grouped data.
3. Joins which combine data from multiple tables. Types discussed are Cartesian products and equi-joins.
4. SQL constraints including NOT NULL, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, and PRIMARY KEY constraints.
This document discusses Structured Query Language (SQL) and its role in relational database management systems. It covers:
1) SQL allows for standardized database access, reducing training costs and increasing application portability.
2) SQL commands include data definition language (DDL) to define schemas, data manipulation language (DML) to query and modify data, and data control language (DCL) to manage privileges.
3) The SELECT statement is used to query tables, allowing the use of functions, expressions, wildcards, and clauses like WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY.
For more course tutorials visit
uophelp.com is now newtonhelp.com
www.newtonhelp.com
For what reason do commentators need to think about the internal controls of the affiliation? What are some key segments of inside control? Which are the most fundamental? In what way will the overseer need to modify the survey program if the inside controls are viewed as inadequate to help organization articulations?
This document contains a CIS 336 final exam from Devry University with multiple choice and essay questions covering topics in relational database management systems including data types, normalization, joins, and SQL statements. It provides the exam for students to purchase and practice for the final.
This document contains a CIS 336 final exam with multiple choice and essay questions covering topics in database management systems including data modeling, SQL, normalization, and database design. Specifically, it tests knowledge of data types, primary keys, normal forms, constraints, joins, and other SQL statements. It provides the exam questions along with table structures to reference for certain questions requiring queries.
SQL is a programming language used to communicate with and manipulate databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update and delete data from databases. Common SQL statements include JOINs, which combine data from two or more tables based on a common column. Some types of JOINs are INNER JOIN, which returns rows with matches in both tables; LEFT JOIN, which returns all rows from the left table; and FULL JOIN, which returns rows that match in either table. JOINs are often used with SELECT statements to query multiple tables at once.
This document contains a CIS 336 final exam with multiple choice and essay questions covering topics in database management systems including data modeling, normalization, SQL, data definition language, and security. It provides the exam questions to purchase for practice.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
1. (TCO 1) Most DBMS are referred to as _____________database management systems. (Points : 4)
elemental
linked
hierarchical
relational
2. (TCO 1) A relational DBMS provides protection of the _______________________ through security, control, and recovery facilities. (Points : 4)
user
network
system
database
3. (TCO 2) If a foreign key contains either matching values or nulls, the table(s) that make use of such a foreign key is/are said to exhibit __________ integrity. (Points : 4)
This document discusses various SQL functions and concepts including:
1. Single row and multiple row/aggregate functions where single row functions return one result per row and aggregate functions return one result for a group of rows. Common aggregate functions discussed are AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM.
2. The GROUP BY clause which combines records with the same field values and the HAVING clause which specifies conditions for grouped data.
3. Joins which combine data from multiple tables. Types discussed are Cartesian products and equi-joins.
4. SQL constraints including NOT NULL, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, and PRIMARY KEY constraints.
This document discusses Structured Query Language (SQL) and its role in relational database management systems. It covers:
1) SQL allows for standardized database access, reducing training costs and increasing application portability.
2) SQL commands include data definition language (DDL) to define schemas, data manipulation language (DML) to query and modify data, and data control language (DCL) to manage privileges.
3) The SELECT statement is used to query tables, allowing the use of functions, expressions, wildcards, and clauses like WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY.
The document discusses various techniques for optimizing database performance in Oracle, including:
- Using the cost-based optimizer (CBO) to choose the most efficient execution plan based on statistics and hints.
- Creating appropriate indexes on columns used in predicates and queries to reduce I/O and sorting.
- Applying constraints and coding practices like limiting returned rows to improve query performance.
- Tuning SQL statements through techniques like predicate selectivity, removing unnecessary objects, and leveraging indexes.
The document provides an overview of the topics covered in a data processing course over 10 weeks. Week 1 covers data models and data types. Week 2 discusses data modelling and the components and importance of data models. Weeks 3 and 4 focus on database normalization, including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF and denormalization. Week 5 introduces the star schema model. Weeks 6-8 cover using Microsoft Access and relational data models. Week 9 reviews file organization techniques. Week 10 is for revision and exams.
The document discusses Structured Query Language (SQL) and its basic statements. It covers:
- SQL is used to request and retrieve data from databases. The DBMS processes SQL queries and returns results.
- SQL statements are divided into DDL (data definition language) for managing schema, DML (data manipulation language) for data queries/modification, and DCL (data control language) for managing transactions and access control.
- The document provides examples of using SQL commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT and indexes. It also covers data types, constraints and operators used in SQL queries.
The document provides 45 essential SQL interview questions and answers. It begins with basic questions about SQL clauses and functions like UNION, JOIN, and NULL values. It then covers more advanced topics like implicit vs explicit JOIN syntax, three-valued logic in SQL, and correcting logically invalid WHERE clauses. The questions test a variety of SQL skills from basic syntax and usage to more complex logical puzzles that exploit subtle behaviors.
This document provides an overview of SQL basics including statements for creating, altering and dropping tables and databases. It describes SQL statements for inserting, selecting, updating and deleting data. It also covers SQL functions, joins, views and synonyms. Key statements and syntax are shown for creating tables and databases, adding/deleting columns, defining primary and foreign keys, and selecting data with conditions, sorting and aggregation. Different types of joins and how to create views and synonyms are also summarized.
The document discusses SQL JOIN statements. It defines an INNER JOIN as returning rows when there is at least one match between two tables. It provides an example of using INNER JOIN to combine data from Customers and Orders tables based on matching CustomerNumber columns. It also provides a simple example using INNER JOIN to extract customer names and total sales amounts from Customers and Sales tables by matching on CustomerID.
This document discusses summary queries in SQL. It explains that summary queries are used to retrieve aggregate or summary information rather than details of individual records. It describes SQL column functions such as SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, COUNT that can be used to summarize data. It also discusses GROUP BY and HAVING clauses that allow grouping and filtering of aggregated data. Subqueries and the CASE statement for conditional logic in SQL queries are also briefly covered.
The document discusses subqueries, backups, users, and privileges in SQL. It defines subqueries as SELECT statements nested inside other SELECT statements. Subqueries can include joins, WHERE clauses, and more. The document explains the terminology used in subqueries including inner and outer queries. It provides examples of different types of subqueries like those in the SELECT list, using operators like IN, ANY, ALL, and EXISTS. The document also discusses backups and why they are important to protect against data loss from hardware failures, natural disasters, and human errors. HAVING clauses are introduced as a way to use aggregate functions in queries.
This document provides an overview of Excel formulas and functions. It begins with an introduction to formulas and functions, explaining that formulas perform calculations and functions are predefined formulas. The document then covers filtering and sorting data, and provides examples of string and numeric/mathematical functions like COUNT, COS, EXP, IF, and others. It concludes by listing the outcomes of mastering the materials and providing instructions on formulas and functions.
This document discusses the different types of functions in Microsoft Excel 2003, including mathematical, statistical, financial, and database functions. Mathematical functions perform basic math operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Statistical functions analyze data, including AVERAGE, MEDIAN, MODE, MIN, and MAX. Financial functions handle time-value-of-money calculations like FV, NPER, PV, RATE, and more. Database functions extract and manipulate data from databases, such as DSUM, DCOUNT, DGET, and DVAR.
Dream for Oracle Quick Start User GuideMarcus Drost
This document provides a quick start user guide for using the DREAM solution to automate regression, non-regression, and test output control. It outlines the key functions including login, importing data, comparing baselines, analyzing results, and administering the system. The import function allows copying data from a source to create a baseline snapshot for comparison. The compare function analyzes two baselines to find differences in data records and structure. Analysis views provide interfaces to check compare statuses, details, and aggregations without SQL.
This document provides information about SQL and database management systems. It discusses:
- SQL is a standard language for querying, manipulating, and defining data in databases. It was developed by IBM in the 1970s.
- SQL can be used to perform functions like retrieving data from a database, inserting new records, updating existing records, and deleting records.
- The main components of SQL are DDL, DML, DCL, and DQL which allow creating, modifying and deleting database structures, manipulating data, controlling access to data, and querying data respectively.
- Common SQL statements are discussed including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, CREATE TABLE, and DROP TABLE. Data types and
MySQL optimization involves understanding the entire system to be optimized. The query optimizer attempts to determine the most efficient way to execute a query by considering possible query plans. Key aspects of optimization include data types and schema design, indexing, and query optimization. Smaller data types, simpler schemas, and indexes on commonly used columns can improve performance.
The document discusses SQL queries in MS SQL Server 2005. It provides examples of creating tables to store employee, department, project, and works on data. It then covers simple select queries including using WHERE, BETWEEN, IN, IS NULL, and LIKE clauses. It provides examples of querying the sample database including finding employees by gender, department number or location, salary range, and name patterns using wildcard characters.
This document provides a quiz with 15 multiple choice questions about Excel pivot tables, filtering, sorting, and conditional formatting. Correct answers are provided to help students learn how to apply these Excel features to organize and analyze data in tables. The questions cover topics like hiding versus deleting columns, defining the print area, sorting records by field values, using text and number filters, applying conditional formatting, and creating pivot tables and pivot charts.
This document provides an overview of single-row functions in SQL. It discusses different categories of single-row functions including character, number, date, and conversion functions. It provides examples of how to use functions like TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, ROUND, TRUNC, and NVL. It also covers conditional expressions using CASE and DECODE, and nesting multiple functions together.
The document discusses various SQL statements that can be used in PL/SQL programs including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE. It provides examples of using each statement to retrieve, manipulate, and manage data in Oracle databases. The SELECT statement is used to query data, INSERT adds new rows, UPDATE modifies rows, DELETE removes rows, and MERGE can insert or update rows in a single statement. Joins and cursors are also introduced.
The document discusses database normalization. It defines normalization as reducing relations with anomalies to produce smaller, well-structured relations based on normal forms and functional dependencies. The document outlines the different normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, and discusses functional dependencies, anomalies, and the purpose of normalization to reduce redundancy and simplify data management. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like update anomalies, insertion anomalies, and normal forms.
Sql server ___________session 3(sql 2008)Ehtisham Ali
This document discusses several new features in SQL Server 2008 related to data manipulation language (DML) and XML data types, including table value constructors, table-valued parameters, the MERGE statement, enhanced GROUP BY functionality using ROLLUP, CUBE, and GROUPING SETS, and improved XML data type handling. It provides examples and explanations of the syntax and usage for each feature.
This document provides an overview of nested queries in SQL, including examples and explanations of:
- What nested queries are and how they are structured using subqueries
- How to write nested queries using operators like IN, EXISTS, and correlated subqueries
- Examples of nested queries for SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and the FROM clause using data on country fertility rates
- Advantages of nested queries like readability and ability to isolate parts of statements
The document discusses various techniques for optimizing database performance in Oracle, including:
- Using the cost-based optimizer (CBO) to choose the most efficient execution plan based on statistics and hints.
- Creating appropriate indexes on columns used in predicates and queries to reduce I/O and sorting.
- Applying constraints and coding practices like limiting returned rows to improve query performance.
- Tuning SQL statements through techniques like predicate selectivity, removing unnecessary objects, and leveraging indexes.
The document provides an overview of the topics covered in a data processing course over 10 weeks. Week 1 covers data models and data types. Week 2 discusses data modelling and the components and importance of data models. Weeks 3 and 4 focus on database normalization, including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF and denormalization. Week 5 introduces the star schema model. Weeks 6-8 cover using Microsoft Access and relational data models. Week 9 reviews file organization techniques. Week 10 is for revision and exams.
The document discusses Structured Query Language (SQL) and its basic statements. It covers:
- SQL is used to request and retrieve data from databases. The DBMS processes SQL queries and returns results.
- SQL statements are divided into DDL (data definition language) for managing schema, DML (data manipulation language) for data queries/modification, and DCL (data control language) for managing transactions and access control.
- The document provides examples of using SQL commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT and indexes. It also covers data types, constraints and operators used in SQL queries.
The document provides 45 essential SQL interview questions and answers. It begins with basic questions about SQL clauses and functions like UNION, JOIN, and NULL values. It then covers more advanced topics like implicit vs explicit JOIN syntax, three-valued logic in SQL, and correcting logically invalid WHERE clauses. The questions test a variety of SQL skills from basic syntax and usage to more complex logical puzzles that exploit subtle behaviors.
This document provides an overview of SQL basics including statements for creating, altering and dropping tables and databases. It describes SQL statements for inserting, selecting, updating and deleting data. It also covers SQL functions, joins, views and synonyms. Key statements and syntax are shown for creating tables and databases, adding/deleting columns, defining primary and foreign keys, and selecting data with conditions, sorting and aggregation. Different types of joins and how to create views and synonyms are also summarized.
The document discusses SQL JOIN statements. It defines an INNER JOIN as returning rows when there is at least one match between two tables. It provides an example of using INNER JOIN to combine data from Customers and Orders tables based on matching CustomerNumber columns. It also provides a simple example using INNER JOIN to extract customer names and total sales amounts from Customers and Sales tables by matching on CustomerID.
This document discusses summary queries in SQL. It explains that summary queries are used to retrieve aggregate or summary information rather than details of individual records. It describes SQL column functions such as SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, COUNT that can be used to summarize data. It also discusses GROUP BY and HAVING clauses that allow grouping and filtering of aggregated data. Subqueries and the CASE statement for conditional logic in SQL queries are also briefly covered.
The document discusses subqueries, backups, users, and privileges in SQL. It defines subqueries as SELECT statements nested inside other SELECT statements. Subqueries can include joins, WHERE clauses, and more. The document explains the terminology used in subqueries including inner and outer queries. It provides examples of different types of subqueries like those in the SELECT list, using operators like IN, ANY, ALL, and EXISTS. The document also discusses backups and why they are important to protect against data loss from hardware failures, natural disasters, and human errors. HAVING clauses are introduced as a way to use aggregate functions in queries.
This document provides an overview of Excel formulas and functions. It begins with an introduction to formulas and functions, explaining that formulas perform calculations and functions are predefined formulas. The document then covers filtering and sorting data, and provides examples of string and numeric/mathematical functions like COUNT, COS, EXP, IF, and others. It concludes by listing the outcomes of mastering the materials and providing instructions on formulas and functions.
This document discusses the different types of functions in Microsoft Excel 2003, including mathematical, statistical, financial, and database functions. Mathematical functions perform basic math operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Statistical functions analyze data, including AVERAGE, MEDIAN, MODE, MIN, and MAX. Financial functions handle time-value-of-money calculations like FV, NPER, PV, RATE, and more. Database functions extract and manipulate data from databases, such as DSUM, DCOUNT, DGET, and DVAR.
Dream for Oracle Quick Start User GuideMarcus Drost
This document provides a quick start user guide for using the DREAM solution to automate regression, non-regression, and test output control. It outlines the key functions including login, importing data, comparing baselines, analyzing results, and administering the system. The import function allows copying data from a source to create a baseline snapshot for comparison. The compare function analyzes two baselines to find differences in data records and structure. Analysis views provide interfaces to check compare statuses, details, and aggregations without SQL.
This document provides information about SQL and database management systems. It discusses:
- SQL is a standard language for querying, manipulating, and defining data in databases. It was developed by IBM in the 1970s.
- SQL can be used to perform functions like retrieving data from a database, inserting new records, updating existing records, and deleting records.
- The main components of SQL are DDL, DML, DCL, and DQL which allow creating, modifying and deleting database structures, manipulating data, controlling access to data, and querying data respectively.
- Common SQL statements are discussed including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, CREATE TABLE, and DROP TABLE. Data types and
MySQL optimization involves understanding the entire system to be optimized. The query optimizer attempts to determine the most efficient way to execute a query by considering possible query plans. Key aspects of optimization include data types and schema design, indexing, and query optimization. Smaller data types, simpler schemas, and indexes on commonly used columns can improve performance.
The document discusses SQL queries in MS SQL Server 2005. It provides examples of creating tables to store employee, department, project, and works on data. It then covers simple select queries including using WHERE, BETWEEN, IN, IS NULL, and LIKE clauses. It provides examples of querying the sample database including finding employees by gender, department number or location, salary range, and name patterns using wildcard characters.
This document provides a quiz with 15 multiple choice questions about Excel pivot tables, filtering, sorting, and conditional formatting. Correct answers are provided to help students learn how to apply these Excel features to organize and analyze data in tables. The questions cover topics like hiding versus deleting columns, defining the print area, sorting records by field values, using text and number filters, applying conditional formatting, and creating pivot tables and pivot charts.
This document provides an overview of single-row functions in SQL. It discusses different categories of single-row functions including character, number, date, and conversion functions. It provides examples of how to use functions like TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, ROUND, TRUNC, and NVL. It also covers conditional expressions using CASE and DECODE, and nesting multiple functions together.
The document discusses various SQL statements that can be used in PL/SQL programs including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE. It provides examples of using each statement to retrieve, manipulate, and manage data in Oracle databases. The SELECT statement is used to query data, INSERT adds new rows, UPDATE modifies rows, DELETE removes rows, and MERGE can insert or update rows in a single statement. Joins and cursors are also introduced.
The document discusses database normalization. It defines normalization as reducing relations with anomalies to produce smaller, well-structured relations based on normal forms and functional dependencies. The document outlines the different normal forms including 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, and discusses functional dependencies, anomalies, and the purpose of normalization to reduce redundancy and simplify data management. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like update anomalies, insertion anomalies, and normal forms.
Sql server ___________session 3(sql 2008)Ehtisham Ali
This document discusses several new features in SQL Server 2008 related to data manipulation language (DML) and XML data types, including table value constructors, table-valued parameters, the MERGE statement, enhanced GROUP BY functionality using ROLLUP, CUBE, and GROUPING SETS, and improved XML data type handling. It provides examples and explanations of the syntax and usage for each feature.
This document provides an overview of nested queries in SQL, including examples and explanations of:
- What nested queries are and how they are structured using subqueries
- How to write nested queries using operators like IN, EXISTS, and correlated subqueries
- Examples of nested queries for SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and the FROM clause using data on country fertility rates
- Advantages of nested queries like readability and ability to isolate parts of statements
Cara uji timbal (pb) dengan spektrofotometer serapan atom (ssa) nyalaUIN Alauddin Makassar
Sampel teh gelas diuji kandungan timbalnya (Pb) menggunakan spektrofotometer serapan atom setelah dihancurkan dengan asam nitrat dan dipanaskan hingga menjadi larutan jernih yang siap diukur kadarnya.
Cara Uji Nitrit (NO2 N) secara Spektrofotometriinfosanitasi
Standar ini menjelaskan cara pengujian kadar nitrit (NO2-N) secara spektrofotometri dalam air dan air limbah. Metode ini melibatkan reaksi nitrit dengan sulfanilamid dan NED dihidroklorida membentuk senyawa berwarna merah keunguan yang diukur absorbansinya pada panjang gelombang 543 nm. Standar ini menjelaskan prinsip, bahan, peralatan, prosedur persiapan dan penghitungan yang diperlukan untuk pengujian
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengujian kadar besi pada bayam menggunakan spektrofotometer serapan atom. Bayam kaya akan zat besi dan vitamin C yang dapat membantu penyerapan besi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah spektrofotometer serapan atom yang bekerja berdasarkan hukum Lambert-Beer. Sebelum analisis, sampel perlu dihancurkan terlebih dahulu menggunakan metode destruksi basah atau kering.
El resumen contiene información sobre los requerimientos y actividades para los estudiantes de tercer año básico de la semana del 2 al 6 de diciembre. Se solicita que los estudiantes traigan su libro de lenguaje todos los días para prepararse para las evaluaciones finales. También deben traer su libro de matemáticas para reforzar contenidos como tablas de datos, gráficos y fracciones. Se realizarán pruebas de preparación en diferentes asignaturas. Además, se ensayará para la gala navideña durante las clases
The document provides an overview of database design concepts including:
- Entity-relationship modeling to logically design databases
- Normalization to reduce data redundancy and improve integrity
- Transforming logical designs into physical database schemas
- Dimensional modeling using star schemas for data warehousing
SQL Server 2000 provides database functionality including tables, indexes, queries, and stored procedures. It allows for structured storage and retrieval of data. Key objects in SQL Server include databases, tables, indexes, and queries. Databases can be designed in normal forms to avoid data duplication and inconsistencies.
The document discusses various PHP file functions including fopen(), fclose(), fread(), and fwrite() for opening, closing, reading, and writing to files. It also discusses MySQL functions such as INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, JOIN, GROUP BY, and aggregate functions like COUNT, AVG, SUM for manipulating data in a MySQL database. Finally, it discusses PHP formatting and provides case studies on how companies use MySQL.
The document discusses the components of the SQL Server database engine and services. The database engine includes key processes like the algebrizer, query optimizer, query engine, storage engine, buffer manager, and lock manager. SQL Server services allow controlling and communicating with SQL Server, including the SQL Server Agent, Database Mail, and Distributed Transaction Coordinator. The document also covers SQL statements, query flow, joins, and including data with subqueries and common table expressions.
This document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language). It discusses SQL functions including data manipulation language (DML) and data definition language (DDL). DML commands like SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE and INSERT are covered. The SELECT statement syntax and use of clauses like WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY and JOINs are explained. Aggregate functions like COUNT, AVG, SUM etc and scalar functions are also summarized. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate the concepts and syntax.
1. A database is a collection of structured data organized by metadata that describes the structure.
2. The first normal form requires each attribute contain one value per tuple and each tuple be unique. The second normal form requires satisfying the first normal form and that all attributes depend on the candidate key.
3. The three primary types of relationships in a relational database are one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
SQL is a database sublanguage used to query and modify relational databases. It consists of two categories of statements: DDL (data definition language) used to define database schema objects like tables and indexes, and DML (data manipulation language) used to manipulate data within those objects. Oracle's SQL*Plus tool allows users to enter, edit, run and format SQL statements against an Oracle database. Common Oracle database objects include tables, views, indexes, triggers, and users. SQL statements like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and SELECT are used to define and manipulate data in database tables.
A talk given by Julian Hyde at DataCouncil SF on April 18, 2019
How do you organize your data so that your users get the right answers at the right time? That question is a pretty good definition of data engineering — but it is also describes the purpose of every DBMS (database management system). And it’s not a coincidence that these are so similar.
This talk looks at the patterns that reoccur throughout data management — such as caching, partitioning, sorting, and derived data sets. As the speaker is the author of Apache Calcite, we first look at these patterns through the lens of Relational Algebra and DBMS architecture. But then we apply these patterns to the modern data pipeline, ETL and analytics. As a case study, we look at how Looker’s “derived tables” blur the line between ETL and caching, and leverage the power of cloud databases.
The document provides an overview of SQL and database implementation. It discusses SQL environments, data types, database definition using DDL statements to create tables and views, and DML statements for data manipulation including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Examples are provided for each statement type. The SELECT statement is discussed in more depth, with examples demonstrating clauses like WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING, functions and operators.
SQL is a relational database language used to define, manipulate, and control access to data in a relational database. SQL statements are used to perform tasks like data retrieval, insertion, deletion, updating and table/database management. The basic structure of an SQL query involves selecting data from one or more tables to display or use. SQL supports features like constraints, indexes, views, triggers that enforce data integrity and security.
MySQL uses indexes to optimize queries and improve performance. Indexes are stored in b-trees to keep data sorted and allow fast searches, inserts and deletions. The selectivity of an index, or the ratio of unique values within a column, determines how effectively the index can reduce the result set size. Highly selective columns on frequently queried subsets of rows make the best candidates for indexes. MySQL can use indexes to optimize data lookups, sorting, avoiding full table scans, and certain aggregation functions.
The document provides an overview of SQL and the database development process. It discusses SQL standards and environments. It also demonstrates how to define databases and tables using SQL data definition language. Examples are provided for SQL statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE to manipulate and query data. Views, functions, joins and other SQL features are also explained.
The document discusses database design at the conceptual, logical, and physical levels. At the conceptual level, entity-relationship diagrams are used to show data organization and relationships without attribute details. The logical model adds attributes and normalizes relationships into tables. The physical model specifies tables, columns, and relationships between tables based on performance factors. It may involve denormalization to improve efficiency. The key steps are: 1) Create a conceptual model from requirements; 2) Design the logical model with attributes and keys; 3) Transform to relations and normalize; 4) Design the physical model with tables and columns.
This document provides an introduction to structured query language (SQL). It outlines the objectives of learning SQL, which are to use SQL for data administration and data manipulation. The agenda covers SQL concepts like data types, constraints, database relationships, queries, and commands. It discusses SQL database objects and how to retrieve, customize, group and join data. It also covers inserting, updating, deleting data and working with tables, views, constraints, stored procedures and functions.
James Colby Maddox Business Intellignece and Computer Science Portfoliocolbydaman
This portfolio covers the business intelligence course work I have completed at Set Focus, and some of the course work I have completed at Kennesaw State University
This document contains examples from a portfolio of business intelligence projects including data modeling, SQL programming, SSIS, SSAS, SSRS, PPS, Excel Services, and SharePoint. It includes examples of relational and dimensional data models, SQL queries, SSIS packages for data integration and processing, an SSAS cube with calculations, KPIs and reports, Excel dashboards published to SharePoint using Excel Services, and reports and dashboards deployed to SharePoint.
The document provides an introduction to the SQL language, including its main components of DML (Data Manipulation Language) and DDL (Data Definition Language). It discusses SQL concepts such as creating tables with data types, defining primary and foreign keys, and using basic queries with SELECT, FROM, WHERE and ORDER BY clauses.
Queries allow users to extract specific information from one or more database tables. There are different ways to create queries, including using design view, a wizard, or SQL view. Queries can include calculations, formatting, parameters, and summaries to provide flexible reporting of essential data.
Data Exploration with Apache Drill: Day 2Charles Givre
Study after study shows that data scientists and analysts spend between 50% and 90% of their time preparing their data for analysis. Using Drill, you can dramatically reduce the time it takes to go from raw data to insight. This course will show you how.
The course material for this presentation are available at https://github.com/cgivre/data-exploration-with-apache-drill
The physical data model includes tables, columns, relationships, and database properties to implement the logical data model in a database. It considers performance, indexing, storage, and denormalization. The transformation from logical to physical model imposes database rules, referential integrity, and other aspects. DDL scripts are used to create the required database objects like tables, constraints, indexes, sequences, and triggers.
3. Story
I am the dba at the baseball hall of fame.
My job duties include supervising the different customer service reps that
utilize the database on a daily basis.
At the museum, we use projections to display different information about
hall of fame inductions.
Also, we regularly get calls from organizations requesting statistics from the
hall of fame database.
Since my representatives don’t need access to the entire database, I
created different views for them to search through.
4. Problems
Did not have download problems with data
Online source converted to csv
However, had to copy/paste data into notepad, vs simply downloading data.
CSV format issues
%
Code names instead of real names
DECIMAL vs INT datatype
Try inserting/selecting value as integer
If column datatype is decimal need decimal value vs integer value
Problems with Common Table Expressions for certain math functions
5. Solutions
Changed data type from decimal to varchar in my table to accept %
Found new data to list names instead of codes
Changed selection to decimal value vs int value
For example: typed 437 instead of 437.0
Researched & found an example query of what I wanted: Common Table
Expression (CTE)
Helpful when you need to reference/join the same data set multiple times.
6. Questions Attempted
Are there more players than other positions inducted into the hall of fame
since 1936?
Are there more null or not null entries in the votes column?
How many managers have been inducted between 2009 & 2013? Since
2000?
7. Queries
Created a database
Created tables
Imported data into database/table
Inserted data into table
Created a view
Deleted entries in a table
Created an index
Retrieved data from more than one table
Combined rows from the player_info table based on the common
‘name’ field.
8. Queries Pt 2
Combined rows from the player_info & player_votes
tables based on the common ‘votes’ field.
Found the difference between 2 different counts of
data
Counted all the votes in the table
Null valuesVacant (NOT EMPTY)
Not null values Not_Vacant
View all the results from the view
The year inducted between 2009-2013.
9. Query Pt 3
Described the table’s structure to test what
allowed nulls vs not nulls
VOTES & PERCENT_OF_BALLOTS = NULL
10. Concepts
Ch 1– Database (P1)
Structure that contains different categories of information and the relationships between these categories.
Use of: Created new database.
Ch 1- Sample Data (Entire chapter)
Set of data collected.
Use of: Retrieved sample data from website.
A sample of data: the view I created of managers inducted
after the year 2000.
Ch 2- Primary Key (P30)
Unique Identifier for the table.
All columns in the table functionally dependent on PK
No subcollection of the columns in the PK (if it’s a collection) also has attribute 1
Data didn’t come with one, so SQL created one (for each table & view).
Ch 2- First (1NF) & Second (2NF) normal forms (P40&44)
Does not contain a repeating group—1NF
1 NF & the primary key only contains a single column.—2NF
11. Concepts pt 2
Ch 3- INSERT command (P72)
Adds rows to a table.
Used when importing the data.
Ch 3- Data types (P70)
For each column in the table, specify the type of data to be stored.
For PERCENT_OF_BALLOTS, wanted to use DECIMAL. Needed VARCHAR instead. [%]
Ch 4- Aggregate functions (P112)
Special functions used by SQL
Used count to identify number of null values vs not nulls
Ch 4- Operators to retrieve certain sections/subsections of data (P105&108)
BETWEEN OPERATOR in view determine managers inducted BETWEEN 2009 & 2013
LIKE OPERATOR in create view query to only include those positions in view where the name is LIKE ‘MAN’.
12. Concepts pt 3
Ch 5- Self-join (P143)
Using an alias to join a table to itself
JOINED player_info table to itself with alias
NAME=NAME & INDUCTED_AS LIKE ‘%MAN%’
Ch 5- Correlated subquery (P139)
The subquery involves a table listed in the
outer query
Ch 6- Creating new table from an existing (P167-
169)
CREATE TABLE command
INSERT INTO command
Ch 6- DELETE COMMAND (P175)
To delete data from the database, use the
DELETE COMMAND
DELETE COMMAND query
SELECT YEAR_INDUCTED, NAME,
INDUCTED_AS
FROM PLAYER_INFO
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM AFTER2000
WHERE INDUCTED BETWEEN 2010
AND 2014
AND PLAYER_INFO.NAME =
AFTER2000.NAME
AND NAME LIKE '%BOB%‘
)
GO
13. Concepts pt 4
Ch 7- CREATE VIEW COMMAND/defining query (P192)
A program’s/individual user’s picture of the database
Create view AFTER2000 to view the managers inducted after the year 2000
Ch 7-CREATE INDEX COMMAND (P 207)
The main way to increase the efficiency which data is retrieved from the
database.
Use of: Created index to search more easily through the names &
corresponding votes in descending order.
14. Takeaways
While working with my data, I began
to realize there were more
players than any other positions.
I couldn’t decide how to use basic math
in this assignment.
I realized, I could use math to describe this trend.
I figured out how to subtract 2 count queries and display the results as
‘difference.’
15. Sum up
I learned that even with a small data set (312 rows), you can still use the
data to help learn more about databases.
I enjoyed learning about & using baseball hall of fame statistics.
I enjoyed relearning all the database concepts.
17. Code--Appendix
CREATE DATABASE BASEBALL_STATS;
CREATE TABLE PLAYER_INFO
(
YEAR_INDUCTED VARCHAR(5) NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
LIFE_SPAN VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
VOTED_BY VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
INDUCTED_AS VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
VOTES VARCHAR(15) NULL,
PERCENT_OF_BALLOTS VARCHAR(10) NULL
)
GO
18. Code—Pt 2
BULK
INSERT PLAYER_INFO
FROM 'cpsc231-sqlaSHAREDTS28576playerInfo.csv'
WITH
(
FIELDTERMINATOR = ',',
ROWTERMINATOR = 'n'
)
GO
--Check the content of the table.
19. Code—Pt 3
CREATE VIEW AFTER2000 (INDUCTED, NAME, JOB_TITLE) AS
SELECT YEAR_INDUCTED, NAME, INDUCTED_AS
FROM PLAYER_INFO
WHERE YEAR_INDUCTED > 2000
AND INDUCTED_AS LIKE '%MAN%';
CREATE TABLE PLAYER_VOTES
(NAME VARCHAR (50) NOT NULL,
VOTED_BY VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
VOTES DECIMAL(4, 1) NULL,
BALLOT_PERCENTAGE VARCHAR(25) NULL
)
GO
20. Code—Pt 4
INSERT INTO PLAYER_VOTES
SELECT NAME, VOTED_BY, VOTES, PERCENT_OF_BALLOTS
FROM PLAYER_INFO
WHERE VOTES < 300.0
GO
SELECT P1.NAME, P2.NAME, P1.INDUCTED_AS
FROM PLAYER_INFO P1, PLAYER_INFO P2
WHERE P1.NAME = P2.NAME
AND P1.INDUCTED_AS LIKE '%MAN%'
GO
21. Code—Pt 5
SELECT PLAY.NAME, VOTE.NAME, PLAY.INDUCTED_AS, VOTE.VOTES
FROM PLAYER_INFO PLAY, PLAYER_VOTES VOTE
WHERE PLAY.VOTES = VOTE.VOTES
AND PLAY.INDUCTED_AS LIKE '%PLAY%'
GO
SELECT * FROM AFTER2000 WHERE INDUCTED BETWEEN 2009 AND 2013
GO
SELECT COUNT(*) AS VACANT FROM PLAYER_INFO WHERE VOTES IS NULL;
SELECT COUNT(*) AS NOT_VACANT FROM PLAYER_INFO WHERE VOTES IS NOT
NULL;
22. Code—Pt 6
CREATE INDEX VOTES ON PLAYER_VOTES(NAME, VOTES DESC);
SELECT YEAR_INDUCTED, NAME, INDUCTED_AS
FROM PLAYER_INFO
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM AFTER2000
WHERE INDUCTED BETWEEN 2010 AND 2014
AND PLAYER_INFO.NAME = AFTER2000.NAME
AND NAME LIKE '%BOB%'
)
GO
23. Code—Pt 7
WITH c1 AS(select count(*) as position from PLAYER_INFO WHERE INDUCTED_AS
IS NOT NULL),
c2 AS
(SELECT COUNT(*) AS PLAYER FROM PLAYER_INFO WHERE INDUCTED_AS LIKE
'%PLAY%')
SELECT c1.position, c2.PLAYER, c1.position -c2.PLAYER AS DIFFERENCE
FROM c1, c2
GO
sp_help PLAYER_INFO
GO
DELETE FROM PLAYER_VOTES WHERE VOTED_BY LIKE '%RU%';