Ground Breakers Romania: Explain the explain_planMaria Colgan
This session was delivered as part of the EMEA Ground Breakers tour in Romania, Oct. 2019. The execution plan for a SQL statement can often seem complicated and hard to understand. Determining if the execution plan you are looking at is the best plan you could get or attempting to improve a poorly performing execution plan can be a daunting task even for the most experienced DBA or developer. This session examines the different aspects of an execution plan, from selectivity to parallel execution and explains what information you should be gleaming from the plan and how it affects the execution. It offers insight into what caused the Optimizer to make the decision it did as well as a set of corrective measures that can be used to improve each aspect of the plan.
Ground Breakers Romania: Explain the explain_planMaria Colgan
This session was delivered as part of the EMEA Ground Breakers tour in Romania, Oct. 2019. The execution plan for a SQL statement can often seem complicated and hard to understand. Determining if the execution plan you are looking at is the best plan you could get or attempting to improve a poorly performing execution plan can be a daunting task even for the most experienced DBA or developer. This session examines the different aspects of an execution plan, from selectivity to parallel execution and explains what information you should be gleaming from the plan and how it affects the execution. It offers insight into what caused the Optimizer to make the decision it did as well as a set of corrective measures that can be used to improve each aspect of the plan.
2° Ciclo Microsoft CRUI 3° Sessione: l'evoluzione delle piattaforme tecnologi...Jürgen Ambrosi
L’obiettivo è quello di fare una panoramica dello stato dell’arte sulle tecnologie a supporto dei database. Alcuni esempi sono la tecnologia in-memory integrata con le funzionalità di analisi operative in tempo reale e della tecnologia Always Encrypted per la protezione dei dati utilizzati in locale o durante gli spostamenti. La tecnologia in-memory consente di migliorare di 30 volte le performance delle transazioni utilizzando hardware standard di settore. Inoltre i Big Data e l'analisi sono diventati un importante fattore di differenziazione competitivo, ma la gestione delle enormi quantità di dati correlate a un tempo di attività 24 ore su 24 continua a essere una sfida per l'IT. Oggi è più importante che mai soddisfare a livello aziendale l'esigenza di prestazioni, disponibilità e sicurezza efficace per gestire carichi di lavoro mission-critical a un costo contenuto. Le soluzioni Microsoft fissano un nuovo standard nelle performance mission-critical.
Part 3 of the SQL Tuning workshop examines the different aspects of an execution plan, from cardinality estimates to parallel execution and explains what information you should be gleaming from the plan and how it affects the execution. It offers insight into what caused the Optimizer to make the decision it did as well as a set of corrective measures that can be used to improve each aspect of the plan.
2° Ciclo Microsoft CRUI 3° Sessione: l'evoluzione delle piattaforme tecnologi...Jürgen Ambrosi
L’obiettivo è quello di fare una panoramica dello stato dell’arte sulle tecnologie a supporto dei database. Alcuni esempi sono la tecnologia in-memory integrata con le funzionalità di analisi operative in tempo reale e della tecnologia Always Encrypted per la protezione dei dati utilizzati in locale o durante gli spostamenti. La tecnologia in-memory consente di migliorare di 30 volte le performance delle transazioni utilizzando hardware standard di settore. Inoltre i Big Data e l'analisi sono diventati un importante fattore di differenziazione competitivo, ma la gestione delle enormi quantità di dati correlate a un tempo di attività 24 ore su 24 continua a essere una sfida per l'IT. Oggi è più importante che mai soddisfare a livello aziendale l'esigenza di prestazioni, disponibilità e sicurezza efficace per gestire carichi di lavoro mission-critical a un costo contenuto. Le soluzioni Microsoft fissano un nuovo standard nelle performance mission-critical.
Part 3 of the SQL Tuning workshop examines the different aspects of an execution plan, from cardinality estimates to parallel execution and explains what information you should be gleaming from the plan and how it affects the execution. It offers insight into what caused the Optimizer to make the decision it did as well as a set of corrective measures that can be used to improve each aspect of the plan.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. 1
Systems Development
Life Cycle
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Enterprise modeling
Conceptual data modeling
Logical database design
Physical database design
and definition
Database implementation
Database maintenance
Database
Development Process
2. 2
Part Four: Implementation
Chapter 7 – Introduction to SQL
Chapter 8 – Advanced SQL
Chapter 9 – Client/Server Environment
Chapter 10 – Internet
Chapter 11 – Data Warehousing
3. 3
Overview
Define a database using SQL data
definition language
Work with Views
Write single table queries
Establish referential integrity
4. 4
SQL Overview
Structured Query Language
The standard for relational database
management systems (RDBMS)
SQL-92 and SQL-99 Standards – Purpose:
Specify syntax/semantics for data definition and
manipulation
Define data structures
Enable portability
Specify minimal (level 1) and complete (level 2)
standards
Allow for later growth/enhancement to standard
6. 6
SQL Environment
Catalog
A set of schemas that constitute the description of a
database
Schema
The structure that contains descriptions of objects
created by a user (base tables, views, constraints)
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Commands that define a database, including creating,
altering, and dropping tables and establishing
constraints
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Commands that maintain and query a database
Data Control Language (DCL)
Commands that control a database, including
administering privileges and committing data
7. 7
SQL Data types
(from Oracle 9i)
String types
CHAR(n) – fixed-length character data, n characters long
Maximum length = 2000 bytes
VARCHAR2(n) – variable length character data, maximum
4000 bytes
LONG – variable-length character data, up to 4GB. Maximum
1 per table
Numeric types
NUMBER(p,q) – general purpose numeric data type
INTEGER(p) – signed integer, p digits wide
FLOAT(p) – floating point in scientific notation with p binary
digits precision
Date/time type
DATE – fixed-length date/time in dd-mm-yy form
9. 9
SQL Database Definition
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Major CREATE statements:
CREATE SCHEMA – defines a portion of the
database owned by a particular user
CREATE TABLE – defines a table and its columns
CREATE VIEW – defines a logical table from one
or more views
Other CREATE statements: CHARACTER SET,
COLLATION, TRANSLATION, ASSERTION,
DOMAIN
15. 15
Primary key of
parent table
Identifying foreign keys and establishing relationships
Foreign key of
dependent table
16. 16
Data Integrity Controls
Referential integrity – constraint that
ensures that foreign key values of a
table must match primary key values of
a related table in 1:M relationships
Restricting:
Deletes of primary records
Updates of primary records
Inserts of dependent records
18. 18
Using and Defining Views
Views provide users controlled access to tables
Base Table – table containing the raw data
Dynamic View
A “virtual table” created dynamically upon request by a user
No data actually stored; instead data from base table made
available to user
Based on SQL SELECT statement on base tables or other
views
Materialized View
Copy or replication of data
Data actually stored
Must be refreshed periodically to match the corresponding
base tables
19. 19
Sample CREATE VIEW
CREATE VIEW EXPENSIVE_STUFF_V AS
SELECT PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_NAME, UNIT_PRICE
FROM PRODUCT_T
WHERE UNIT_PRICE >300
WITH CHECK_OPTION;
View has a name
View is based on a SELECT statement
CHECK_OPTION works only for
updateable views and prevents updates that
would create rows not included in the view
20. 20
Advantages of Views
Simplify query commands
Assist with data security (but don't rely on views
for security, there are more important security
measures)
Enhance programming productivity
Contain most current base table data
Use little storage space
Provide customized view for user
Establish physical data independence
21. 21
Disadvantages of Views
Use processing time each time view is
referenced
May or may not be directly updateable
22. 22
Create Four Views
CREATE VIEW CUSTOMER_V AS SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER_T;
CREATE VIEW ORDER_V AS SELECT * FROM ORDER_T;
CREATE VIEW ORDER_LINE_V AS SELECT * FROM ORDER_LINE_T;
CREATE VIEW PRODUCT_V AS SELECT * FROM PRODUCT_T;
‘*’ is the wildcard
23. 23
Changing and Removing Tables
ALTER TABLE statement allows you to
change column specifications:
ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER_T ADD (TYPE
VARCHAR(2))
DROP TABLE statement allows you to
remove tables from your schema:
DROP TABLE CUSTOMER_T
24. 24
Schema Definition
Control processing/storage efficiency:
Choice of indexes
File organizations for base tables
File organizations for indexes
Data clustering
Statistics maintenance
Creating indexes
Speed up random/sequential access to base table
data
Example
CREATE INDEX NAME_IDX ON
CUSTOMER_T(CUSTOMER_NAME)
This makes an index for the CUSTOMER_NAME field of
the CUSTOMER_T table
25. 25
Insert Statement
Adds data to a table
Inserting a record with all fields
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_T VALUES (001, ‘Contemporary
Casuals’, 1355 S. Himes Blvd.’, ‘Gainesville’, ‘FL’, 32601);
Inserting a record with specified fields
INSERT INTO PRODUCT_T (PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION,
PRODUCT_FINISH, STANDARD_PRICE, PRODUCT_ON_HAND) VALUES
(1, ‘End Table’, ‘Cherry’, 175, 8);
Inserting records from another table
INSERT INTO CA_CUSTOMER_T SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER_T WHERE
STATE = ‘CA’;
30. 30
Delete Statement
Removes rows from a table
Delete certain rows
DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T WHERE STATE
= ‘HI’;
Delete all rows
DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T;
32. 32
SELECT Statement
Used for queries on single or multiple tables
Clauses of the SELECT statement:
SELECT
List the columns (and expressions) that should be returned from the query
FROM
Indicate the table(s) or view(s) from which data will be obtained
WHERE
Indicate the conditions under which a row will be included in the result
GROUP BY
Indicate columns to group the results
HAVING
Indicate the conditions under which a group will be included
ORDER BY
Sorts the result according to specified columns
34. 34
SELECT Example
Find products with standard price less than
$275
SELECT PRODUCT_NAME, STANDARD_PRICE
FROM PRODUCT_V
WHERE STANDARD_PRICE < 275;
Product table
36. 36
SELECT Example using Alias
Alias is an alternative column or table name
SELECT CUST.CUSTOMER AS NAME,
CUST.CUSTOMER_ADDRESS
FROM CUSTOMER_V CUST
WHERE NAME = ‘Home Furnishings’;
37. 37
SELECT Example
Using a Function
Using the COUNT aggregate function to
find totals
Aggregate functions: SUM(), MIN(), MAX(),
AVG(), COUNT()
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ORDER_LINE_V
WHERE ORDER_ID = 1004;
Order line table
38. 38
SELECT Example – Boolean Operators
AND, OR, and NOT Operators for customizing
conditions in WHERE clause
SELECT PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION, PRODUCT_FINISH,
STANDARD_PRICE
FROM PRODUCT_V
WHERE (PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION LIKE ‘%Desk’
OR PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION LIKE ‘%Table’)
AND UNIT_PRICE > 300;
Note: the LIKE operator allows you to compare strings using wildcards. For
example, the % wildcard in ‘%Desk’ indicates that all strings that have any
number of characters preceding the word “Desk” will be allowed
39. 39
SELECT Example –
Sorting Results with the ORDER BY Clause
Sort the results first by STATE, and within a
state by CUSTOMER_NAME
SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME, CITY, STATE
FROM CUSTOMER_V
WHERE STATE IN (‘FL’, ‘TX’, ‘CA’, ‘HI’)
ORDER BY STATE, CUSTOMER_NAME;
Note: the IN operator in this example allows you to include rows whose
STATE value is either FL, TX, CA, or HI. It is more efficient than separate
OR conditions
40. 40
SELECT Example –
Categorizing Results Using the GROUP BY Clause
SELECT STATE, COUNT(STATE)
FROM CUSTOMER_V
GROUP BY STATE;
Note: you can use single-value fields with
aggregate functions if they are included in the
GROUP BY clause
Customer table
41. 41
SELECT Example –
Qualifying Results by Categories
Using the HAVING Clause
For use with GROUP BY
SELECT STATE, COUNT(STATE)
FROM CUSTOMER_V
GROUP BY STATE
HAVING COUNT(STATE) > 1;
Like a WHERE clause, but it operates on groups (categories),
not on individual rows. Here, only those groups with total
numbers greater than 1 will be included in final result