The document discusses the evolution of citizen science across three eras, emphasizing the shift from expert-driven information to collaborative approaches involving the public. It highlights the emergence of 'extreme citizen science' which prioritizes local needs and co-creation through participatory methods and technology. Challenges include the need for intermediaries for information sharing and the increasing demand for community engagement in scientific processes.

1. Extreme Citizen Science: the socio-
political potential of citizen science
Muki Haklay & Jerome Lewis
Extreme Citizen Science (ExCiteS) research group, UCL
@mahakly
Source: iMP

2. Outline
• Citizen Science within the 3 eras of
environmental information
– 1969 ~ 1992 By experts, For experts
– 1992 ~ 2005 By experts, For experts & public
– 2005 onward By experts & public, For experts &
public
• The limits of ‘business as usual’ citizen science
• Extending citizen science to
‘collegial’/’extreme’/’up-science’ – process &
technology

3. First era: 1969-[1987-92]
Expert
Public Decision Makers
Expert
http://wp.me/p7DNf-gx

4. First era: 1969-[1987-92]
• Experts responsible for creating
environmental information and using it to
advise government
• Top-down attitude to environmental decision
making
• ‘Information Deficit’ model towards the public
• Environmental information by experts, for
experts
http://wp.me/p7DNf-gx

5. http://wp.me/p7DNf-gx
Second era: 1992 – [2005-12]

6. Second era: 1992 – [2005-12]
• Rio Principle 10, Aarhus Convention
• Public access to environmental information is
a prerequisite to participation, civil society
organisations as intermediaries
• The Web as the dissemination medium
• Information by experts, for experts and the
public (but in expert form)
http://wp.me/p7DNf-gx

7. Volunteer rainfall observer Rick
Grocke checks the rain gauge at
Tanami Downs cattle station in the
Northern Territory of Australia
© WMO–No. 919
© Audubon Cal.
Jennifer Jewett / USFWS
Participating in Christmas
Bird Count

8. http://wp.me/p7DNf-gx
Third era: since 2005-2012
Government
Experts
Citizens

9. Citizen Science in the 3rd Era
• Citizen Science becoming increasing accepted
• Integrated in legislations and operational
programmes (EEA, SEPA, US EPA …)
• Benefiting from societal transition (levels of
education, longevity of healthy life, increase in
leisure time) and technological changes
(smartphones, web, standards)

10. Problem
definition
Data collection
Visualisation &
analysis
Action
Classification
& basic analysis
Basic School
High School
University/College
Postgraduate
PhD
Literacy
Current Citizen Science

11. Zooniverse – Feb 2014

12. IBM World Community Grid:
Aug 2013 survey (15,000 responses)

13. Problem
definition
Data collection
Visualisation &
analysis
Action
Classification
& basic analysis
Basic School
High School
University/College
Postgraduate
PhD
Literacy

14. Typology of Citizen Science
• Contractual projects, communities ask professional
researchers to conduct a specific scientific investigation
• Contributory projects, generally designed by scientists and
for which members of the public primarily contribute data;
• Collaborative projects, generally designed by scientists and
members of the public contribute data but might refine
project design, analyze data, and/or disseminate findings;
• Co-Created projects, designed by scientists and members of
the public working together and some of the public
participants are actively involved in most or all aspects of the
research process;
• Collegial contributions, non-credentialed individuals conduct
research independently with varying degrees of expected
recognition by institutionalized science and/or professionals.
Shirk et al. 2012. Public participation in scientific research: a framework for
deliberate design. Ecology and Society 17(2): 29.

15. After Cooper, Dickinson, Phillips & Bonney, 2007, Citizen Science as tool for conservation in residential ecosystems. Ecology and
Society 12(2)
Question
Study Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis and
Interpretation
Understanding
results
Management Action
Geographic scope
of project
Nature of people
taking action
Research priority
Education priority
Traditional
Science
Scientific
Consulting*
Citizen
Science*
Collaborative
Citizen
Science
Participatory
Action
Research
Variable Narrow NarrowBroad Broad
Managers
Community
Groups Managers Individuals
Community
Groups
Highest Medium High High Medium
Low Medium High High High
*often called Science Shops
Community Science
Co-created
Citizen
Science
Narrow
High
High
All
√
√√√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√ √
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√ √
√
√
√Public Scientists
√
√
√

16. Participation in citizen science
• Collaborative science – problem
definition, data collection and analysis
Level 4 ‘Extreme/
Up-Science’
• Participation in problem definition
and data collection
Level 3 ‘Participatory
science’
• Citizens as basic interpreters
Level 2 ‘Distributed
intelligence’
• Citizens as sensors
Level 1
‘Crowdsourcing’
Haklay. 2013. Citizen Science and volunteered geographic information: Overview
and typology of participation, Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge

17. Extreme Citizen Science
Extreme Citizen Science (ExCiteS) is a situated,
bottom-up practice that takes into account
local needs, practices and culture and works
with broad networks of people to design and
build new devices and knowledge creation
processes that can transform the world.

18. Introduction to
existing public
information
General
perception
mapping
Discussion &
initial priorities
setting
Digitisation,
visualisation
and discussion
Website and
online map
Citizen Science
and data
gathering
Engagement Process
Participatory Approach:
Co-design
Co-determination
Flexibility
Iterative cycles
Alternative pathways for
different levels of
participation
Varies according to nature
of community engaged

19. A discussion leads to
the list of issues that
should be mapped
and the way they will
be mapped
Introduction to
existing public
information
General
perception
mapping
Discussion &
initial priorities
setting
Digitisation,
visualisation and
discussion
Website and
online map
Citizen Science
and data
gathering

20. Technology role
• Technology is an enabler that can allow
communities to carry out their own projects
• Technology must be contextualised and used
while respecting local culture and sensitivies

21. Community Maps
https://new.communitymaps.org.uk/#/welcome

22. http://geokey.org.uk/

24. Towards Intelligent Maps

26. Engagement Methods
26
1) A detailed process of Free, Prior
and Informed Consent (FPIC)
2) Iterative, participatory software
development to ensure the
ExCiteS tools are relevant and
usable
3) Building Community Protocols
for engagement with:
a) The project itself
b) Other stakeholders in the
data to be collected

29. Ashaninka village “Apiwtxa”
Picture by José Frank Melo

30. Developing monitoring

31. Ju|'hoansi people (Namibia)
http://www.crowdfunder.co.uk/juhoansi-to-use-smartphones-for-conservation-1/
http://bit.ly/1Ihxv6Q

32. Source: Paul Weinberg
http://bit.ly/1Ihxv6Q

33. Conclusions
• Citizen Science is on the rise and the collegiate
model is starting to appear in more places,
demand for co-creation also on the rise
• It requires the assistance of intermediaries,
such as conservation organisations and NGOs
• Challenges in sharing and aggregating
information beyond the local project –
another role for trusted intermediaries

34. • Follow us:
– http://www.ucl.ac.uk/excites
– Twitter: @UCL_ExCiteS
– Blog: http://uclexcites.wordpress.com