56 JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
International Medical Community
*1 Assistant professor, Department of African American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA ([email protected]).
*2 College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
Health Development Experiences in Haiti:
What can be learned from the past to
find a way forward?
JMAJ 54(1): 56–67, 2011
Richard G. WAMAI,*1 Colleen LARKIN*2
Abstract
Haiti’s history is marred by neo colonialism, structural violence, dictatorial politics, and severe natural disasters.
These social political and geo-ecological factors have played a strong role in shaping the country’s past and
current experiences in health and development. This paper overviews Haiti’s recent developments in health in
light of the country’s tragic and complex history and comments on the health impact of the 2010 earthquake. In
light of this information we draw some general conclusions and recommendations for going forward.
Key words Haiti, Development, Healthcare system, Earthquake, Politics
Introductory Background
Located in the Caribbean on the western third of
the island of Hispaniola which it shares with the
country of the Dominican Republic, Haiti has a
population of about 9 million (2009).1 Haiti is the
poorest country in the Western hemisphere and
suffers from extensive deforestation with only
3% of the country forested.2 When environ-
mental disasters occur, they have the ability to
affect large segments of the population as it is
estimated that the agricultural sector and infor-
mal sectors make up 96% of the working class.2
Between August and September of 2008 Haiti
was hit by four hurricanes, which heavily impacted
infrastructure, health and general economic pro-
duction.3 Before the hurricanes the projected
gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate for
2008 was 3.7% but this was scaled down to 1.3%
due to the effects of the hurricanes as well as high
food and oil prices.3 On January 12, 2010, the
country was devastated by the most powerful
earthquake in 200 years with a magnitude of 7.3.4
The devastation of the capital city Port au prince
has been incomprehensible.
According to the government of Haiti an esti-
mated 220,000 lost their lives and 300,000 were
injured.5 The economic damage and loses caused
by the quake are estimated to be about US$8
billion, equivalent to more than 120% of the
country’s 2009 GDP.6 Based on a method of esti-
mating damages and loss due to natural hazards
(DALA) developed three decades ago by the
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), no other
country has experienced such a ratio of damage
to GDP.6,7
Following the earthquake about 1.5 million
people were subjected to living in tents, exposed
to the elements and without access to basic social
services.6 HIV and tuberculosis were already a
major problem in Haiti prior to the earthquake.2
Now with an intensely weakened health care sys-
te.
51 Lidè nan Florida mande Hillary Clinton yon reyinyon sou kek dosye enpotan ...Tripotay Lakay
The letter requests that Secretary Clinton take several actions to support Haitians and Haitian Americans in light of Hurricane Matthew's devastation of Haiti. Specifically, it asks that she commit to advocating for the UN to provide remedies and funding for victims of the cholera epidemic, redesignate Temporary Protected Status for Haiti, expand the limited Haitian Family Reunification Program, support democratic elections and female political participation in Haiti, condemn human rights abuses against Dominicans of Haitian descent, and revert immigration policies affecting Haitians to protect families and non-criminal detainees. The letter is signed by over 30 organizations and individuals advocating for the Haitian and Haitian American community
51 FLORIDA GROUPS/LEADERS ASK HILLARY CLINTON MEETING & VIEWS ON URGENT HAITI...Stanleylucas
We respectfully ask you to promptly inform of us of your views on the following concerns, which are of great importance to the Haitian-American community: Temporary Protected Status , Haitian Family Reunification Program, Cholera, Redesignate Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, Elections, Denationalization of Dominicans of Haitian Descent, Revert to the Pre-September 22 Parole and Non-Detention Policy, Black Lives Matter
The document provides background information on Haiti's history, economy, foreign relations, and U.S. aid. Haiti gained independence in 1804 but has been plagued by poverty, political instability, and natural disasters. Two-thirds of Haitians depend on subsistence farming and most live below the poverty line. The U.S. has provided significant economic and disaster relief aid to Haiti over the years but faces challenges such as corruption. While more aid could boost development, some argue Haiti's governance issues limit effectiveness.
The letter requests that Secretary of State Blinken take urgent action to mobilize international support for Haiti. It asks for a coordinated whole-of-government effort to ensure Haiti receives necessary aid for security, healthcare, and economic development in the aftermath of disasters, hardship, and political turmoil. Specifically, it calls for increased funding to reform and retrain the Haitian National Police, revamp Haiti's healthcare system, and stimulate the economy through job creation programs. The letter emphasizes the urgent humanitarian and security challenges facing Haiti and the need for robust international coordination and assistance.
Extraordinary Conditions a Statutory Analysis of Haiti's Qualification for TPSStanleylucas
Since the U.S. government designated Haiti for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) in January 2010 after one of the world’s worst natural disas- ters, the country has undergone two additional catastrophies: the outbreak of cholera, intro- duced into Haiti’s waterways through reckless sanitation at a United Nations military base, and Hurricane Matthew, the strongest hurricane to hit Haiti in more than half a century. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designates countries for TPS in cases of ongoing armed conflict, natu- ral disaster, or other extraordinary and temporary conditions that prevent the nationals of those countries who have emigrated from safely return- ing to their home country. The DHS redesignated Haiti for TPS in 2011, emphasizing the gravity of the damage that the earthquake had caused and the severity of one of the world’s worst cholera outbreaks. TPS has been extended for Haiti four times since redesignation.1
Testimony of Daniel Erikson Assessing U.S. Policy Toward Haiti Dec, 10, 2019Stanleylucas
The document summarizes the testimony of Daniel P. Erikson before the U.S. House of Representatives regarding the crisis in Haiti. It describes the political, economic, and social situation in Haiti as unprecedented and the most profound crisis in a generation. The political system is breaking down, the economy is in free fall with negative growth, and food insecurity and poverty are widespread. International response has been lackluster as the country's historic governance crisis has converged with the current political crisis under President Moise.
This bill aims to support Haiti's recovery from the 2010 earthquake and 2016 Hurricane Matthew. It establishes policies to strengthen human rights, anti-corruption efforts, freedom of the press and assembly. The Secretary of State must produce reports on these issues in Haiti, including assessments of the 2018 La Saline massacre and attacks on journalists. The bill also prioritizes post-disaster reconstruction, development, transparency and democratic elections in Haiti through US aid and cooperation with Haitian groups.
Poverty in Haiti remains widespread, with over half of the population living below the poverty line and nearly a quarter living in extreme poverty. The country faces numerous challenges including a weak economy, political instability, environmental degradation, and heavy reliance on foreign aid. While aid following the 2010 earthquake was substantial, much of it did not directly support local communities or development efforts. To make meaningful progress against poverty, Haiti will need to strengthen governance, invest in education, health, and agriculture, and pursue sustainable economic and environmental policies.
51 Lidè nan Florida mande Hillary Clinton yon reyinyon sou kek dosye enpotan ...Tripotay Lakay
The letter requests that Secretary Clinton take several actions to support Haitians and Haitian Americans in light of Hurricane Matthew's devastation of Haiti. Specifically, it asks that she commit to advocating for the UN to provide remedies and funding for victims of the cholera epidemic, redesignate Temporary Protected Status for Haiti, expand the limited Haitian Family Reunification Program, support democratic elections and female political participation in Haiti, condemn human rights abuses against Dominicans of Haitian descent, and revert immigration policies affecting Haitians to protect families and non-criminal detainees. The letter is signed by over 30 organizations and individuals advocating for the Haitian and Haitian American community
51 FLORIDA GROUPS/LEADERS ASK HILLARY CLINTON MEETING & VIEWS ON URGENT HAITI...Stanleylucas
We respectfully ask you to promptly inform of us of your views on the following concerns, which are of great importance to the Haitian-American community: Temporary Protected Status , Haitian Family Reunification Program, Cholera, Redesignate Haiti for Temporary Protected Status, Elections, Denationalization of Dominicans of Haitian Descent, Revert to the Pre-September 22 Parole and Non-Detention Policy, Black Lives Matter
The document provides background information on Haiti's history, economy, foreign relations, and U.S. aid. Haiti gained independence in 1804 but has been plagued by poverty, political instability, and natural disasters. Two-thirds of Haitians depend on subsistence farming and most live below the poverty line. The U.S. has provided significant economic and disaster relief aid to Haiti over the years but faces challenges such as corruption. While more aid could boost development, some argue Haiti's governance issues limit effectiveness.
The letter requests that Secretary of State Blinken take urgent action to mobilize international support for Haiti. It asks for a coordinated whole-of-government effort to ensure Haiti receives necessary aid for security, healthcare, and economic development in the aftermath of disasters, hardship, and political turmoil. Specifically, it calls for increased funding to reform and retrain the Haitian National Police, revamp Haiti's healthcare system, and stimulate the economy through job creation programs. The letter emphasizes the urgent humanitarian and security challenges facing Haiti and the need for robust international coordination and assistance.
Extraordinary Conditions a Statutory Analysis of Haiti's Qualification for TPSStanleylucas
Since the U.S. government designated Haiti for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) in January 2010 after one of the world’s worst natural disas- ters, the country has undergone two additional catastrophies: the outbreak of cholera, intro- duced into Haiti’s waterways through reckless sanitation at a United Nations military base, and Hurricane Matthew, the strongest hurricane to hit Haiti in more than half a century. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designates countries for TPS in cases of ongoing armed conflict, natu- ral disaster, or other extraordinary and temporary conditions that prevent the nationals of those countries who have emigrated from safely return- ing to their home country. The DHS redesignated Haiti for TPS in 2011, emphasizing the gravity of the damage that the earthquake had caused and the severity of one of the world’s worst cholera outbreaks. TPS has been extended for Haiti four times since redesignation.1
Testimony of Daniel Erikson Assessing U.S. Policy Toward Haiti Dec, 10, 2019Stanleylucas
The document summarizes the testimony of Daniel P. Erikson before the U.S. House of Representatives regarding the crisis in Haiti. It describes the political, economic, and social situation in Haiti as unprecedented and the most profound crisis in a generation. The political system is breaking down, the economy is in free fall with negative growth, and food insecurity and poverty are widespread. International response has been lackluster as the country's historic governance crisis has converged with the current political crisis under President Moise.
This bill aims to support Haiti's recovery from the 2010 earthquake and 2016 Hurricane Matthew. It establishes policies to strengthen human rights, anti-corruption efforts, freedom of the press and assembly. The Secretary of State must produce reports on these issues in Haiti, including assessments of the 2018 La Saline massacre and attacks on journalists. The bill also prioritizes post-disaster reconstruction, development, transparency and democratic elections in Haiti through US aid and cooperation with Haitian groups.
Poverty in Haiti remains widespread, with over half of the population living below the poverty line and nearly a quarter living in extreme poverty. The country faces numerous challenges including a weak economy, political instability, environmental degradation, and heavy reliance on foreign aid. While aid following the 2010 earthquake was substantial, much of it did not directly support local communities or development efforts. To make meaningful progress against poverty, Haiti will need to strengthen governance, invest in education, health, and agriculture, and pursue sustainable economic and environmental policies.
Country AnalysisProduct name Alternative MedicineCountr.docxfaithxdunce63732
Country Analysis
Product name: Alternative Medicine
Countries: US and Canada
Group’s Names:
1. Abdullah Alzubaidi
1. Abdulrahman Alzahrani
1. Saad Alnashwan
1. Saleh Alqahtani
1. Hesham Jebrial
1. Fahad Alanazi
United States of America
4.1 Country’s profile:
4.1.1 Country Overview: THE FOLLOWING SECTION IS PLAGIARISED
Geography:
USA is world's third-largest country by size after Russia and Canada. In terms of population after China and India; Mt. McKinley is highest point in North America and Death Valley the lowest point on the continent. It is located bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico. Majority parts have temperate climate but Hawaii and Florida has tropical climate. US terrain is central plain but west has hills and east has low mountains, Alaska has rugged mountains and broad river valleys, Hawaii has volcanic topography.
Burning of fossil fuels generate carbon dioxide and hence cause acid rain in US. US suffer from water pollution caused from fertilizers and pesticides. The country has limited sources of fresh water and requires a careful management.
Demography:
US population as estimated in July 2011 is 313,847,465. As per 2011 estimation, the population growth rate is 0.899%. As per 2009 consensus, Population in major cities like New York-Newark has 19.3 million, Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana 12.675 million; Chicago 9.134 million; Miami 5.699 million; WASHINGTON, D.C. (capital) 4.421 million. As per 2007 estimations, country has several religions sharing different percentage composition like Protestant 51.3%, Roman Catholic 23.9%, Mormon 1.7%, other Christian 1.6%, Jewish 1.7%, Buddhist 0.7%, Muslim 0.6%, other or unspecified 2.5%, unaffiliated 12.1%, none 4%. According to 2000 census, English language top the chart by 82.1% followed by Spanish 10.7% , other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7%. US literacy rate is equal as per 2003 estimations, 99% of both male and female over the age of 15 can read and write.
Government:
US conventional long form is United States of America (USA) and conventional short form is United States (US). US is strong democratic nation with Constitution-based federal republic government type. Its capital is Washington DC. US have 50 states and one district. US was declared an independent nation on 4 July 1776 and was recognized by Great Britain on 3 September 1783. Its constitution was formed on 17 September 1787 and become effective from 4 March 1789.
Economy:
US is the most technologically advanced economy in the world and its per capita GDP is $48,100. In private economy, majority of the decisions are made by individuals and business firms and federal and state government make all the purchases of the needed goods and services. Businesses in US have greater flexibility in terms of expanding capital plant, lay off surplus workers and in developing new products. Industry related to computers, medi.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of the Republic of Haiti. It discusses how Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Hispaniola in 1492 and established the first European settlement. It describes how the Spanish brutalized the native Taino people and exploited the island for gold. The Spanish were interested in expanding their territory and spreading Catholicism. The document begins to discuss how Haiti gained independence from France in 1804 but is cut off.
The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a devastating natural disaster that killed over 230,000 people and left the country paralyzed without resources or infrastructure. As the capital and most populated city, Port-au-Prince suffered immense damage which destroyed government buildings and overwhelmed the limited existing support systems. International humanitarian aid from over 140 countries was crucial to meeting Haiti's urgent needs for relief and rebuilding in the earthquake's aftermath.
Assemblée Générale Nations Unies: Nouvelle Approche sur le Choléra en HaitiStanleylucas
Les Nations Unies a travers leur mission en Haiti MINUSTAH sont responsables de la propagation de l'épidémie du choléra en Haiti. Les soldats Népalais faisant partie de la MINUSTAH ont contamine avec leurs déchets les eaux d'Haiti avec la bactérie. Apres avoir dénié leurs responsabilité dans la propagation du choléra, le Secrétaire General Ban Ki-moon a finalement admis leurs responsabilité face aux preuves scientifiques.
The document summarizes information about Haiti and the 2010 earthquake that devastated the country. It provides background on Haiti's geography, population, poverty levels, and history. It then describes details of the 2010 earthquake such as its magnitude, location, damage caused, and previous quakes that impacted Haiti. Finally, it discusses relief efforts including those of the Red Cross in providing medical care, water and sanitation, shelter, and donations from celebrities to support recovery.
The document provides background information on Haiti and recommendations for UNDP. It summarizes Haiti's history, geography, demographics, environmental issues, current economic and political situation. Haiti has the highest poverty rate in the western hemisphere and struggles with political instability. UNDP is recommended to focus on infrastructure development programs in roads and water/sanitation to stimulate the economy and improve living standards.
The document discusses the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. It began with a 7.0 magnitude earthquake on January 12, 2010 in Haiti, which caused massive devastation and death. The earthquake destroyed buildings and infrastructure, leaving over 300,000 people dead and over 1 million homeless. Several years after the disaster, Haiti is still struggling to recover from the impacts of the earthquake, which exacerbated existing problems of poverty, unemployment, and an unreliable government. International aid has helped with relief efforts but has not addressed the underlying issues holding back Haiti's development.
A 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010. Over 200,000 people were killed and 1.2 million were left homeless due to the destruction of buildings and infrastructure. The earthquake caused massive social, economic, political, and environmental impacts on the impoverished nation of Haiti, which has a low GDP and relies heavily on agriculture. International aid and rebuilding efforts will be needed to help Haiti recover.
The document provides testimony on the political and economic crisis in Haiti. It discusses:
1) Widespread protests since 2018 demanding accountability for misappropriated funds from Venezuela's PetroCaribe program, implicating high-level officials. The government has undermined accountability efforts and responded to protests with violence.
2) The economy has deteriorated under President Moise, with high inflation and a devalued currency. Armed gangs proliferate with government ties.
3) Haitian civil society calls for an inclusive transition process to establish a reformed government addressing corruption and human rights. They do not believe the current administration can resolve the crisis.
4) The testimony requests that the U.
The document discusses the international humanitarian response to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. It argues that the response failed due to a lack of data collection and sharing between aid organizations. Media coverage of the disaster influenced aid distribution by focusing on logistical problems and speculation, rather than evidence-based needs. As a result, aid was not effectively coordinated and did not fully support the Haitian government or prioritize input from Haitians. The response highlights ongoing issues with international development aid and foreign involvement in Haiti since its independence.
A 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010. Over 200,000 people were killed and 1.2 million were left homeless. Haiti was already the poorest country in the Americas, and the earthquake caused major economic losses that set back development. The disaster severely impacted infrastructure, housing, and the environment. International aid and rebuilding efforts were needed to help Haiti recover.
The document is a briefing book prepared by the Department of State Disaster Task Force for the Secretary of State ahead of an upcoming UN summit on international disaster response. It provides analysis on issues like Haiti's stability following the 2010 earthquake, the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and the role of web 2.0 in future disaster information dissemination. Key findings note instability in Haiti due to government corruption and the likelihood that relief efforts will face challenges after the US military withdraws in June.
- Haiti was France's most profitable colony due to its bountiful sugar and coffee plantations worked by enslaved Africans. Saint Domingue surpassed Brazil as the leading sugar producer in the 18th century.
- On the eve of the Haitian Revolution, Saint Domingue had become the most lucrative colony in the world, being the top global producer of sugar, coffee, indigo, cacao and cotton.
- The 2010 Haiti earthquake killed over 200,000 people, left over 1 million homeless, and severely damaged infrastructure including the government, schools, and hospitals. Cholera outbreaks since have killed thousands more. Reconstruction has been slow with billions of aid dollars going to
This document provides an overview of globalization and its impacts from a social work perspective. It discusses the history and waves of globalization, defining terms like globalism and neo-liberalism. It examines structural adjustment programs imposed by organizations like the IMF and their effects, like diverting funds from social services. Statistics are presented on growing global and domestic inequalities and rising poverty. The neo-liberal agenda is said to prioritize corporate profits over democratic values.
For this Portfolio Project, you will write a paper about John A.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this Portfolio Project, you will write a paper about "John Adams" as well as any event in U.S. history that is relevant to your major area of study or of interest to you. You will write about John Adams from the perspective of another historical personality who lived at the same time as the person or event you are going to describe.
For your historical personality, try to select someone from an under-represented population (examples of possible perspectives include that of Anne Hutchinson, Pocahontas, or Sojourner Truth). This analysis is to make you think about how events/people’s actions were interpreted at the time.
Key Points::
Remember that you will be writing from the perspective of a historical person about another person or an event from a period of U.S. history up to Reconstruction. From your historical person’s perspective, provide a thorough summary of the person or event you’ve chosen to write about, including the incidents that took place and any key individuals involved or affected.
Address the general importance of the person or event in the context of U.S. history.
Now, explain specifically how the person or event changed “your” daily life—“you” being the historical persona you have adopted.
Think long-term: How will the person or the event you are describing make a long-term impact in the lives of people who are in the under-represented group to which your historical person/perspective belongs?
Paper Requirements:
Your paper must be four to six pages, not including the required references and title pages.
Use at least five sources, not including the textbook. Include a scholarly journal article. Include at least one
primary
source from those identified in the syllabus.
Definition of a Primary Source
: A primary source is any source, document or artifact that was created at the time of the event. It was usually created by someone who witnessed the event, lived during or even shortly afterwards, or somehow would have first-hand knowledge of that event. A secondary source, by contrast, is written by a historian or someone writing about the event after it happened.
Have an introduction and strong thesis statement. Make use of support and examples supporting your thesis
Finish with a forceful conclusion reiterating your main idea.
Format your paper according to the
CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements
(Links to an external site.)
.
.
For this portfolio assignment, you are required to research and anal.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this portfolio assignment, you are required to research and analyze a TV program that ran between 1955 and 1965.
To successfully complete this essay, you will need to answer the following questions:
What is the background of this show? Explain what years it was on TV, describe the channel it aired on, the main characters, setting, etc..
What social issues and historical events were taking place at the time the show was being broadcast?
Did these issues affect the television show in any way?
Did the television show make an impact on popular culture?
Your thesis for the essay should attempt to answer this question:
Explain the cultural relevance of the show, given the information gathered from the show's background, and cultural history. How can television act as a reflection of the social, political, and cultural current events?
.
For this paper, discuss the similarities and differences of the .docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this paper, discuss the similarities and differences of the impacts of the causes of the 2008 Great Recession and the current world crisis with the CoVID-19 virus*
How did the regulations you've studied over the past few chapters and in the Financial Crisis Chapter (Chapter 12) prepare banks and other financial institutions to better weather the effects of the stay-at-home orders and other impacts of the pandemic? Are there other regulations that could be placed on the banking industry that would make sense and help them through these trying times?
*Note: I am not trying to downplay or minimize in any way the "human" impact or any other non-economic impacts of the virus; this paper is just focusing on one component of the costs, among the many different impacts (perhaps much more important impacts)
4 pages 4 resources
.
For this paper, discuss the similarities and differences of the impa.docxevonnehoggarth79783
The document asks the student to discuss the similarities and differences between the impacts of the causes of the 2008 Great Recession and the current CoVID-19 crisis. It prompts the student to consider how banking regulations studied in previous chapters prepared financial institutions for the pandemic's effects and whether additional regulations could help the banking industry weather challenging times. The document notes that the focus is solely on the economic impacts of the virus, not minimizing its human and other non-economic costs.
For this paper choose two mythological narratives that we have exami.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this paper choose two mythological narratives that we have examined so far in this course, or that you are otherwise personally familiar with. The two myths that you choose should have one or more elements in common, possibly including (but not limited to):
Overarching story (e.g., creation, flood) or story elements (e.g., descent into the underworld, establishment of divine rulership, rapture of mortals by gods, divine disguise)
Narrative structure (e.g., repetitive patterns, discursion)
Themes (e.g., love, jealousy, mortality, revenge, mutability/transformation, limits of human power/knowledge)
Characters (e.g., tricksters)
Cultural functions (e.g., reinforcement of societal norms, explanation of origins of society, explanation of natural phenomena, incorporation in ritual practices, entertainment)
Compare and contrast the two myths you choose, taking into consideration the various elements noted above and any others you deem relevant. (In making comparisons, you do not necessarily need to apply the specifically "comparativist" approach discussed in the course as one historical strand of mythological analysis.)
While you are welcome to reference external sources, this is not a research paper and the use of secondary sources is not required or expected. If you choose to examine a myth not discussed in the course, however, please indicate the source from which you have taken this.
.
For this module, there is only one option. You are to begin to deve.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this module, there is only one option. You are to begin to develop your diversity consciousness by
identifying a current event in the news pertaining to social inequality in terms social class, gender, or racial ethnicity.
You are to
provide the link to this news article and analyze
the report including in your discussion the following:
What social inequality is being demonstrated in this current even? Describe it
What relationship is going on between the “majority” and “minority group.” Define who is the majority and who is the minority. Describe why you have identified the group as minority and majority.
Who is being marginalized in this event? How? Why do you believe they are being marginalized?
Is any group being “blamed” in this event? Is this “blame” at the individual level or the societal level – or both?
Who has the power in this situation? What is that power?
Who has the privilege in this situation? What is that privilege?
What suggestions do you have that would assist in addressing this social inequality?
What did you learn? (How did this develop your diversity consciousness?)
need to cite using apa and needs to be at least 250 words
.
More Related Content
Similar to 56 JMAJ, January February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1Internati.docx
Country AnalysisProduct name Alternative MedicineCountr.docxfaithxdunce63732
Country Analysis
Product name: Alternative Medicine
Countries: US and Canada
Group’s Names:
1. Abdullah Alzubaidi
1. Abdulrahman Alzahrani
1. Saad Alnashwan
1. Saleh Alqahtani
1. Hesham Jebrial
1. Fahad Alanazi
United States of America
4.1 Country’s profile:
4.1.1 Country Overview: THE FOLLOWING SECTION IS PLAGIARISED
Geography:
USA is world's third-largest country by size after Russia and Canada. In terms of population after China and India; Mt. McKinley is highest point in North America and Death Valley the lowest point on the continent. It is located bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico. Majority parts have temperate climate but Hawaii and Florida has tropical climate. US terrain is central plain but west has hills and east has low mountains, Alaska has rugged mountains and broad river valleys, Hawaii has volcanic topography.
Burning of fossil fuels generate carbon dioxide and hence cause acid rain in US. US suffer from water pollution caused from fertilizers and pesticides. The country has limited sources of fresh water and requires a careful management.
Demography:
US population as estimated in July 2011 is 313,847,465. As per 2011 estimation, the population growth rate is 0.899%. As per 2009 consensus, Population in major cities like New York-Newark has 19.3 million, Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana 12.675 million; Chicago 9.134 million; Miami 5.699 million; WASHINGTON, D.C. (capital) 4.421 million. As per 2007 estimations, country has several religions sharing different percentage composition like Protestant 51.3%, Roman Catholic 23.9%, Mormon 1.7%, other Christian 1.6%, Jewish 1.7%, Buddhist 0.7%, Muslim 0.6%, other or unspecified 2.5%, unaffiliated 12.1%, none 4%. According to 2000 census, English language top the chart by 82.1% followed by Spanish 10.7% , other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7%. US literacy rate is equal as per 2003 estimations, 99% of both male and female over the age of 15 can read and write.
Government:
US conventional long form is United States of America (USA) and conventional short form is United States (US). US is strong democratic nation with Constitution-based federal republic government type. Its capital is Washington DC. US have 50 states and one district. US was declared an independent nation on 4 July 1776 and was recognized by Great Britain on 3 September 1783. Its constitution was formed on 17 September 1787 and become effective from 4 March 1789.
Economy:
US is the most technologically advanced economy in the world and its per capita GDP is $48,100. In private economy, majority of the decisions are made by individuals and business firms and federal and state government make all the purchases of the needed goods and services. Businesses in US have greater flexibility in terms of expanding capital plant, lay off surplus workers and in developing new products. Industry related to computers, medi.
The document provides background information on the founding and early history of the Republic of Haiti. It discusses how Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Hispaniola in 1492 and established the first European settlement. It describes how the Spanish brutalized the native Taino people and exploited the island for gold. The Spanish were interested in expanding their territory and spreading Catholicism. The document begins to discuss how Haiti gained independence from France in 1804 but is cut off.
The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a devastating natural disaster that killed over 230,000 people and left the country paralyzed without resources or infrastructure. As the capital and most populated city, Port-au-Prince suffered immense damage which destroyed government buildings and overwhelmed the limited existing support systems. International humanitarian aid from over 140 countries was crucial to meeting Haiti's urgent needs for relief and rebuilding in the earthquake's aftermath.
Assemblée Générale Nations Unies: Nouvelle Approche sur le Choléra en HaitiStanleylucas
Les Nations Unies a travers leur mission en Haiti MINUSTAH sont responsables de la propagation de l'épidémie du choléra en Haiti. Les soldats Népalais faisant partie de la MINUSTAH ont contamine avec leurs déchets les eaux d'Haiti avec la bactérie. Apres avoir dénié leurs responsabilité dans la propagation du choléra, le Secrétaire General Ban Ki-moon a finalement admis leurs responsabilité face aux preuves scientifiques.
The document summarizes information about Haiti and the 2010 earthquake that devastated the country. It provides background on Haiti's geography, population, poverty levels, and history. It then describes details of the 2010 earthquake such as its magnitude, location, damage caused, and previous quakes that impacted Haiti. Finally, it discusses relief efforts including those of the Red Cross in providing medical care, water and sanitation, shelter, and donations from celebrities to support recovery.
The document provides background information on Haiti and recommendations for UNDP. It summarizes Haiti's history, geography, demographics, environmental issues, current economic and political situation. Haiti has the highest poverty rate in the western hemisphere and struggles with political instability. UNDP is recommended to focus on infrastructure development programs in roads and water/sanitation to stimulate the economy and improve living standards.
The document discusses the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. It began with a 7.0 magnitude earthquake on January 12, 2010 in Haiti, which caused massive devastation and death. The earthquake destroyed buildings and infrastructure, leaving over 300,000 people dead and over 1 million homeless. Several years after the disaster, Haiti is still struggling to recover from the impacts of the earthquake, which exacerbated existing problems of poverty, unemployment, and an unreliable government. International aid has helped with relief efforts but has not addressed the underlying issues holding back Haiti's development.
A 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010. Over 200,000 people were killed and 1.2 million were left homeless due to the destruction of buildings and infrastructure. The earthquake caused massive social, economic, political, and environmental impacts on the impoverished nation of Haiti, which has a low GDP and relies heavily on agriculture. International aid and rebuilding efforts will be needed to help Haiti recover.
The document provides testimony on the political and economic crisis in Haiti. It discusses:
1) Widespread protests since 2018 demanding accountability for misappropriated funds from Venezuela's PetroCaribe program, implicating high-level officials. The government has undermined accountability efforts and responded to protests with violence.
2) The economy has deteriorated under President Moise, with high inflation and a devalued currency. Armed gangs proliferate with government ties.
3) Haitian civil society calls for an inclusive transition process to establish a reformed government addressing corruption and human rights. They do not believe the current administration can resolve the crisis.
4) The testimony requests that the U.
The document discusses the international humanitarian response to the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. It argues that the response failed due to a lack of data collection and sharing between aid organizations. Media coverage of the disaster influenced aid distribution by focusing on logistical problems and speculation, rather than evidence-based needs. As a result, aid was not effectively coordinated and did not fully support the Haitian government or prioritize input from Haitians. The response highlights ongoing issues with international development aid and foreign involvement in Haiti since its independence.
A 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010. Over 200,000 people were killed and 1.2 million were left homeless. Haiti was already the poorest country in the Americas, and the earthquake caused major economic losses that set back development. The disaster severely impacted infrastructure, housing, and the environment. International aid and rebuilding efforts were needed to help Haiti recover.
The document is a briefing book prepared by the Department of State Disaster Task Force for the Secretary of State ahead of an upcoming UN summit on international disaster response. It provides analysis on issues like Haiti's stability following the 2010 earthquake, the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and the role of web 2.0 in future disaster information dissemination. Key findings note instability in Haiti due to government corruption and the likelihood that relief efforts will face challenges after the US military withdraws in June.
- Haiti was France's most profitable colony due to its bountiful sugar and coffee plantations worked by enslaved Africans. Saint Domingue surpassed Brazil as the leading sugar producer in the 18th century.
- On the eve of the Haitian Revolution, Saint Domingue had become the most lucrative colony in the world, being the top global producer of sugar, coffee, indigo, cacao and cotton.
- The 2010 Haiti earthquake killed over 200,000 people, left over 1 million homeless, and severely damaged infrastructure including the government, schools, and hospitals. Cholera outbreaks since have killed thousands more. Reconstruction has been slow with billions of aid dollars going to
This document provides an overview of globalization and its impacts from a social work perspective. It discusses the history and waves of globalization, defining terms like globalism and neo-liberalism. It examines structural adjustment programs imposed by organizations like the IMF and their effects, like diverting funds from social services. Statistics are presented on growing global and domestic inequalities and rising poverty. The neo-liberal agenda is said to prioritize corporate profits over democratic values.
Similar to 56 JMAJ, January February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1Internati.docx (16)
For this Portfolio Project, you will write a paper about John A.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this Portfolio Project, you will write a paper about "John Adams" as well as any event in U.S. history that is relevant to your major area of study or of interest to you. You will write about John Adams from the perspective of another historical personality who lived at the same time as the person or event you are going to describe.
For your historical personality, try to select someone from an under-represented population (examples of possible perspectives include that of Anne Hutchinson, Pocahontas, or Sojourner Truth). This analysis is to make you think about how events/people’s actions were interpreted at the time.
Key Points::
Remember that you will be writing from the perspective of a historical person about another person or an event from a period of U.S. history up to Reconstruction. From your historical person’s perspective, provide a thorough summary of the person or event you’ve chosen to write about, including the incidents that took place and any key individuals involved or affected.
Address the general importance of the person or event in the context of U.S. history.
Now, explain specifically how the person or event changed “your” daily life—“you” being the historical persona you have adopted.
Think long-term: How will the person or the event you are describing make a long-term impact in the lives of people who are in the under-represented group to which your historical person/perspective belongs?
Paper Requirements:
Your paper must be four to six pages, not including the required references and title pages.
Use at least five sources, not including the textbook. Include a scholarly journal article. Include at least one
primary
source from those identified in the syllabus.
Definition of a Primary Source
: A primary source is any source, document or artifact that was created at the time of the event. It was usually created by someone who witnessed the event, lived during or even shortly afterwards, or somehow would have first-hand knowledge of that event. A secondary source, by contrast, is written by a historian or someone writing about the event after it happened.
Have an introduction and strong thesis statement. Make use of support and examples supporting your thesis
Finish with a forceful conclusion reiterating your main idea.
Format your paper according to the
CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements
(Links to an external site.)
.
.
For this portfolio assignment, you are required to research and anal.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this portfolio assignment, you are required to research and analyze a TV program that ran between 1955 and 1965.
To successfully complete this essay, you will need to answer the following questions:
What is the background of this show? Explain what years it was on TV, describe the channel it aired on, the main characters, setting, etc..
What social issues and historical events were taking place at the time the show was being broadcast?
Did these issues affect the television show in any way?
Did the television show make an impact on popular culture?
Your thesis for the essay should attempt to answer this question:
Explain the cultural relevance of the show, given the information gathered from the show's background, and cultural history. How can television act as a reflection of the social, political, and cultural current events?
.
For this paper, discuss the similarities and differences of the .docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this paper, discuss the similarities and differences of the impacts of the causes of the 2008 Great Recession and the current world crisis with the CoVID-19 virus*
How did the regulations you've studied over the past few chapters and in the Financial Crisis Chapter (Chapter 12) prepare banks and other financial institutions to better weather the effects of the stay-at-home orders and other impacts of the pandemic? Are there other regulations that could be placed on the banking industry that would make sense and help them through these trying times?
*Note: I am not trying to downplay or minimize in any way the "human" impact or any other non-economic impacts of the virus; this paper is just focusing on one component of the costs, among the many different impacts (perhaps much more important impacts)
4 pages 4 resources
.
For this paper, discuss the similarities and differences of the impa.docxevonnehoggarth79783
The document asks the student to discuss the similarities and differences between the impacts of the causes of the 2008 Great Recession and the current CoVID-19 crisis. It prompts the student to consider how banking regulations studied in previous chapters prepared financial institutions for the pandemic's effects and whether additional regulations could help the banking industry weather challenging times. The document notes that the focus is solely on the economic impacts of the virus, not minimizing its human and other non-economic costs.
For this paper choose two mythological narratives that we have exami.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this paper choose two mythological narratives that we have examined so far in this course, or that you are otherwise personally familiar with. The two myths that you choose should have one or more elements in common, possibly including (but not limited to):
Overarching story (e.g., creation, flood) or story elements (e.g., descent into the underworld, establishment of divine rulership, rapture of mortals by gods, divine disguise)
Narrative structure (e.g., repetitive patterns, discursion)
Themes (e.g., love, jealousy, mortality, revenge, mutability/transformation, limits of human power/knowledge)
Characters (e.g., tricksters)
Cultural functions (e.g., reinforcement of societal norms, explanation of origins of society, explanation of natural phenomena, incorporation in ritual practices, entertainment)
Compare and contrast the two myths you choose, taking into consideration the various elements noted above and any others you deem relevant. (In making comparisons, you do not necessarily need to apply the specifically "comparativist" approach discussed in the course as one historical strand of mythological analysis.)
While you are welcome to reference external sources, this is not a research paper and the use of secondary sources is not required or expected. If you choose to examine a myth not discussed in the course, however, please indicate the source from which you have taken this.
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For this module, there is only one option. You are to begin to deve.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this module, there is only one option. You are to begin to develop your diversity consciousness by
identifying a current event in the news pertaining to social inequality in terms social class, gender, or racial ethnicity.
You are to
provide the link to this news article and analyze
the report including in your discussion the following:
What social inequality is being demonstrated in this current even? Describe it
What relationship is going on between the “majority” and “minority group.” Define who is the majority and who is the minority. Describe why you have identified the group as minority and majority.
Who is being marginalized in this event? How? Why do you believe they are being marginalized?
Is any group being “blamed” in this event? Is this “blame” at the individual level or the societal level – or both?
Who has the power in this situation? What is that power?
Who has the privilege in this situation? What is that privilege?
What suggestions do you have that would assist in addressing this social inequality?
What did you learn? (How did this develop your diversity consciousness?)
need to cite using apa and needs to be at least 250 words
.
For this Major Assignment 2, you will finalize your analysis in .docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this Major Assignment 2, you will finalize your analysis in your Part 3, Results section, and finalize your presentation of results from the different data sources. Also, for this week, you will complete the Part 4, Trustworthiness and Summary section to finalize the last part of this Major Assignment 2.
To prepare for this Assignment:
· Review the social change articles found in this week’s Learning Resources.
Part 4: Trustworthiness and Summary
D. Trustworthiness—summarize across the different data sources and respond to the following:
o What themes are in common?
o What sources have different themes?
o Explain the trustworthiness of your findings, in terms of:
§ Credibility
§ Transferability
§ Dependability strategies
§ Confirmability
Summary
· Based on the results of your analyses, how would you answer the question: “What is the meaning of social change for Walden graduate students?”
· Self-Reflection—Has your own understanding of you as a positive social change agent changed? Explain your reasoning.
· Based on your review of the three articles on social change, which one is aligned with your interests regarding social change and why?
By Day 7
Submit
Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 of your Major Assignment 2.
.
For this Final Visual Analysis Project, you will choose one website .docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this Final Visual Analysis Project, you will choose one website that you visit frequently (it must be a professional business website, not your own personal website). Feel free to use websites such as Nike, Apple, Northwestern Mutual, etc. or a website that applies to your career choices.
Once you choose your website, you will begin to consider the effects the visual elements have on the viewers and
create a thesis statement and outline using the response elements 1-5 below.
For the Thesis & Outline TEMPLATE document click
here
.
APA title page, reference page, and formatting.
Use at least four academic/scholarly sources.
Use properly cited quotes and paraphrases when necessary.
Complete, polished, and error-free cohesive sentences.
Contains an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Sensory Response –
When analyzing the viewer’s sensory response to a particular visual, it is important to consider the visual elements that attract the eyes. Close your eyes when considering a visual. When you open your eyes, what are the first visual elements that you see? When analyzing a viewer’s Sensory Response, you may consider analyzing at least two of the following effects:
Colors
Lines
Shapes
Balance
Contrast
Perceptual Response –
When analyzing a viewer’s perception of visuals, it is important to consider the audience. Consider who is or is not attracted to this type of visual communication. When analyzing a viewer’s Perceptual Response, consider at least two of the following effects:
Target audience specifics (age, profession, gender, financial status, etc.)
Cultural familiarity elements (ethnicity, religious preference, social groups, etc)
Cognitive visuals (viewer’s memories, experiences, values, beliefs, etc.)
Technical Response –
When analyzing a viewer’s response to certain visuals, we need to consider the technical visual aspects that may affect perception. Describe how visuals affect the interpretation of the intended media communication message. Address specific technological elements that impact perception. When analyzing the Technical Response, consider the Laws of Perceptual Organization (similarity, proximity, continuity, common fate, etc), and at least two of the following types of visuals:
Drop-down menus
Hover-over highlighting
Animations
Quality of visuals
Emotional Response
– When analyzing a viewer’s Emotional Response, it is important to consider the targeted audience preferences and emotional intelligence. Discuss what the viewer might want to see and what type of visual presentation will set the tone for that response. When analyzing the Emotional Response, consider the effects of at least two of the following types of visuals:
Mood setting colors
Mood setting lighting
Persuasive images
Positioning of search or purchase buttons
Social media icons and share options
Ethical Response -
When analyzing a viewer’s Ethical Response, it is important to consider the ta.
For this essay, you will select one of the sources you have found th.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this essay, you will select one of the sources you have found through your preliminary research about your research topic (see Assignment 1.1). Which source you choose is up to you; however, it should be substantial enough that you will be able to talk about it at length, and intricate enough that it will keep you (and your reader) interested. For more info see attached document
.
For this discussion, you will address the following prompts. Keep in.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this discussion, you will address the following prompts. Keep in mind that the article or video you’ve chosen should not be about critical thinking, but should be about someone making a statement, claim, or argument related to Povetry & Income equality. One source should demonstrate good critical thinking skills and the other source should demonstrate the lack or absence of critical thinking skills. Personal examples should not be used.
1. Explain at least five elements of critical thinking that you found in the reading material.
2.Search the Internet, media, and find an example in which good critical thinking skills are being demonstrated by the author or speaker. Summarize the content and explain why you think it demonstrates good critical thinking skills.
3.Search the Internet, media, or and find an example in which the author or speaker lacks good critical thinking skills. Summarize the content and explain why you think it demonstrates the absence of good, critical thinking skills.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length, which should include a thorough response to each question.
Due midnight Thursday April 22,2020
.
For this discussion, research a recent science news event that h.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this discussion, research a recent science news event that has occurred in the last six months. The event should come from a well-known news source, such as ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox, NPR, PBS, BBC, National Geographic, The New York Times, and so on. Post a link to the news story, and in your initial post:
* Summarize your news story and its contributions to the science or STEM fields
* If your news event is overtly related to globalization, explain how this event contributes to global studies. If your news event does not directly relate to globalization, how could the science behind your event be applied to global studies?
.
For this Discussion, review the case Learning Resources and the .docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this Discussion, review the case Learning Resources and the case study excerpt presented. Reflect on the case study excerpt and consider the therapy approaches you might take to assess, diagnose, and treat the patient’s health needs.
Case: An elderly widow who just lost her spouse.
Subjective: A patient presents to your primary care office today with chief complaint of insomnia. Patient is 75 YO with PMH of DM, HTN, and MDD. Her husband of 41 years passed away 10 months ago. Since then, she states her depression has gotten worse as well as her sleep habits. The patient has no previous history of depression prior to her husband’s death. She is awake, alert, and oriented x3. Patient normally sees PCP once or twice a year. Patient denies any suicidal ideations. Patient arrived at the office today by private vehicle. Patient currently takes the following medications:
•
Metformin 500mg BID
•
Januvia 100mg daily
•
Losartan 100mg daily
•
HCTZ 25mg daily
•
Sertraline 100mg daily
Current weight: 88 kg
Current height: 64 inches
Temp: 98.6 degrees F
BP: 132/86
By Day 3 of Week 7
Post
a response to each of the following:
• List three questions you might ask the patient if she were in your office. Provide a rationale for why you might ask these questions.
• Identify people in the patient’s life you would need to speak to or get feedback from to further assess the patient’s situation. Include specific questions you might ask these people and why.
• Explain what, if any, physical exams, and diagnostic tests would be appropriate for the patient and how the results would be used.
• List a differential diagnosis for the patient. Identify the one that you think is most likely and explain why.
• List two pharmacologic agents and their dosing that would be appropriate for the patient’s antidepressant therapy based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. From a mechanism of action perspective, provide a rationale for why you might choose one agent over the other.
• For the drug therapy you select, identify any contraindications to use or alterations in dosing that may need to be considered based on the client’s ethnicity. Discuss why the contraindication/alteration you identify exists. That is, what would be problematic with the use of this drug in individuals of other ethnicities?
• Include any “check points” (i.e., follow-up data at Week 4, 8, 12, etc.), and indicate any therapeutic changes that you might make based on possible outcomes that may happen given your treatment options chosen.
Respond to the these discussions. All questions need to be addressed.
Discussion 2 Me
Treatment of a Patient with Insomnia
The case presented this week, is that of a 75-year-old widow who just lost her spouse 10-months ago. Th patient presents with chief complaints of insomnia. Past medical history of DM, HTN, and MDD is reported. Since the passing of her husband, she states her depression has gotten worse .
For this Discussion, give an example of how an event in one part.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this Discussion, give an example of how an event in one part of the world can cause a response elsewhere in the world:
Reviewing the aspects of your event, analyze the cause and effect of global influences through direct or indirect means.
What aspects of diversity are evident in your event?
How can understanding diversity benefit a society?
.
For this discussion, consider the role of the LPN and the RN in .docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this discussion, consider the role of the LPN and the RN in the nursing process.
How would the LPN and RN collaborate to develop the nursing plan of care to ensure the patient is achieving their goal?
What are the role expectations for the LPN and RN in the nursing process?
Pls include two references and intext citation.
.
For this discussion, after you have viewed the videos on this topi.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this discussion, after you have viewed the videos on this topic posted in this week's assignment, please answer the questions posted with this week's discussion.
After posting your individual answers to questions, you are required to respond to 2 students answers with meaningful/thoughtful input on their comments. Your responses must be minimum of a paragraph with at least 3 sentences. Your comments to 2 students
Video #1: History of Homosexuality on Film -- https://youtu.be/SeDhMKd83r4
Video #2: The Gay Culture, According to Television -- https://youtu.be/EbdxRZJfRp4
Video #3: Top 10 Groundbreaking Moments for LGBTQ Characters on TV -- https://youtu.be/yXJAzPJFjQ8
Video #4: I'm Gay, But I'm not ... -- https://criticalmediaproject.org/im-gay-but-im-not/
Video #5: Acting Gay - One Word Cut -- https://youtu.be/a4jfiqiIy0A
LGBTQ+ Questions:
· Name some common stereotypes associated with LGBTQ community?
· What role does media play in establishing & perpetuating these stereotypes?
· Name 2 LGBTQ characters, 1 one from current show/movie; 1 from 10-15 years ago
. Are there differences in the characters?
. Have things changed? Evolved? Improved?
· Are LGBTQ characters portrayed differently than straight characters?
· Why do stories involving LGBTQ characters revolve around their sexuality or sexual orientation?
Acting Gay - One Word: What is your one-word association with the saying "Acting Gay"? Why did you choose this word?
Jarrett Kelley
LGBTQ Discussion
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
1. Some common stereotypes that coincide with the LGBTQ community are promiscuous, non-religious, flamboyant, mentally ill, high sex drives, etc.
2. The media plays a role in establishing these stereotypes because the general public is always watching these shows, reading the news, and listening to stories about different cultures and groups and media that they may not see or interact with in their lives. Therefore, media is an outlet to show these things in a easy way to gain knowledge about people without meeting people face-to-face apart of these groups when sometimes the stereotypes shown can't represent everyone in those groups.
3. Currently, in Marvel's Runaways, that ended in December, there are two lesbian superheros that share a kiss at the end of a season. Karolina, one of the characters, wants to get away from her childhood of religious upbringing and wants to pursue her own life with her superpower of glowing colors. Nico is shown with a Gothic appearance and can be seen as aggressive but down to earth as well. The War at Home was a television show on Fox and a character named Kenny, who is sixteen years old, is kicked out of his house by his parents after finding out he is gay.
a. There are some differences in the characters as Karolina is more flamboyant and colorful, compared to Nico who is goth and likes to remain strictly to business. Kenny is quiet most of the time about his life, especially about his gay crush until his p.
For this discussion choose one of the case studies listed bel.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this "discussion" choose
one
of the case studies listed below and mention which case study number you picked. After completing your readings, you should be able to identify the psychological disorder associated to each. After choosing one case study, identify the diagnosis, symptoms in your words and treatment plan for that diagnosis. Provide
in-text citations and references in APA format
to indicate where you are getting information from regarding diagnosis and treatment options).
This is the Case Study I chose:
Martin is a 21 year-old business major at a large university. Over the past few weeks his family and friends have noticed increasingly bizarre behaviors. On many occasions they’ve overheard him whispering in an agitated voice, even though there is no one nearby. Lately, he has refused to answer or make calls on his cell phone, claiming that if he does it will activate a deadly chip that was implanted in his brain by evil aliens. His parents have tried to get him to go with them to a psychiatrist for an evaluation, but he refuses. He has accused them on several occasions of conspiring with the aliens to have him killed so they can remove his brain and put it inside one of their own. He has stopped attended classes altogether. He is now so far behind in his coursework that he will fail if something doesn’t change very soon. Although Martin occasionally has a few beers with his friends, he’s never been known to abuse alcohol or use drugs. He does, however, have an estranged aunt who has been in and out of psychiatric hospitals over the years due to erratic and bizarre behavior.
The Psychological disorder is: SCHIZOPHRENIA
I have attached the reading as well.
Please Consider the following:
APA Format
Only sources from the text
250 words or more
Please let me know if you need anything else.
.
For this assignment, you will use what youve learned about symbolic.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this assignment, you will use what you've learned about symbolic interactionism to develop your own analysis.
Your assignment is to select a television program that you know contains social inequality or social class themes. In 3-5 pages make sure to provide the following:
Provide a brief introduction that includes the program's title, describes the type of program, and explains which social theme you are addressing
Describe and explain scenes that apply to the social theme.
Identify all observed body language, facial expressions, gestures, posture stances, modes of dress, nonverbal cues, symbols, and any other observed nonverbal forms of communication in the scenes.
Explain your interpretation of the meanings of the identified nonverbal communications and symbolism.
Summarize how these interpretations are important to the sociological understanding of your chosen social inequality or social class theme.
Suggest how your interpretation of the respective meanings might be generalized to society as a whole.
.
For this Assignment, you will research various perspectives of a mul.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this Assignment, you will research various perspectives of a multicultural education issue and develop an advocacy plan to effectively communicate and advocate for a culturally responsive solution. During the development of your advocacy plan, synthesize and reflect on the major learning points that are applicable to leading culturally responsive social change in your context.
To prepare for this Assignment, review the issues you identified in the Equity Audit assignment.
Review Chapters 1–5 (pp. 1–64) of “An Introduction to Advocacy: Training Guide.”
Develop and submit your advocacy plan. To complete this Assignment, use the document below:
.
For this assignment, you will be studying a story from the Gospe.docxevonnehoggarth79783
Jesus visited Mary and Martha in Luke 10:38-42. The passage describes Mary sitting at Jesus' feet listening to his teaching while Martha was distracted by her household duties. Jesus affirmed Mary's choice to listen to him over working, showing the importance of prioritizing time with God over other tasks.
For this assignment, you will discuss how you see the Design Princip.docxevonnehoggarth79783
For this assignment, you will discuss how you see the Design Principles used in a 2D print. You can select a 2D print from your home, workplace, or use the CSU Art Appreciation LibGuide to find a print in an online museum. Take a photograph of the print or save an image of the print, and include it in the worksheet.In Unit II, our assignment was to describe an artwork using the Visual Elements. We can think of the Design Principles as a way that the artist organized the Visual Elements. Instead of focusing on the small parts of the artwork (like line, shape, and mass) the Design Principles look at the whole artwork and how all the elements work together. Provide a detailed description of the design principles in your 2D print, using full and complete sentences. For Design Principles, make sure you describe how the artist used the ones in Chapter 5: unity and variety, balance, emphasis, repetition and rhythm, and scale and proportion. Questions to consider are included below:
Unity: what elements work together to make a harmonious whole?
Variety: What creates diversity?
Balance: Is it symmetrical or asymmetrical?
Emphasis: What is the focal point?
Repetition and rhythm: Is an element repeated?
Scale and proportion: Are the objects in proportion to each other?
Be sure to describe exactly where in the artwork you see each Principle. You'll want to describe each artwork using the terms we learned in this unit's reading. Remember to write in complete sentences and use proper grammar.
.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
56 JMAJ, January February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1Internati.docx
1. 56 JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
International Medical Community
*1 Assistant professor, Department of African American
Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
([email protected]).
*2 College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University,
Boston, MA, USA.
Health Development Experiences in Haiti:
What can be learned from the past to
find a way forward?
JMAJ 54(1): 56–67, 2011
Richard G. WAMAI,*1 Colleen LARKIN*2
Abstract
Haiti’s history is marred by neo colonialism, structural
violence, dictatorial politics, and severe natural disasters.
These social political and geo-ecological factors have played a
strong role in shaping the country’s past and
current experiences in health and development. This paper
overviews Haiti’s recent developments in health in
light of the country’s tragic and complex history and comments
on the health impact of the 2010 earthquake. In
light of this information we draw some general conclusions and
recommendations for going forward.
Key words Haiti, Development, Healthcare system, Earthquake,
Politics
2. Introductory Background
Located in the Caribbean on the western third of
the island of Hispaniola which it shares with the
country of the Dominican Republic, Haiti has a
population of about 9 million (2009).1 Haiti is the
poorest country in the Western hemisphere and
suffers from extensive deforestation with only
3% of the country forested.2 When environ-
mental disasters occur, they have the ability to
affect large segments of the population as it is
estimated that the agricultural sector and infor-
mal sectors make up 96% of the working class.2
Between August and September of 2008 Haiti
was hit by four hurricanes, which heavily impacted
infrastructure, health and general economic pro-
duction.3 Before the hurricanes the projected
gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate for
2008 was 3.7% but this was scaled down to 1.3%
due to the effects of the hurricanes as well as high
food and oil prices.3 On January 12, 2010, the
country was devastated by the most powerful
earthquake in 200 years with a magnitude of 7.3.4
The devastation of the capital city Port au prince
has been incomprehensible.
According to the government of Haiti an esti-
mated 220,000 lost their lives and 300,000 were
injured.5 The economic damage and loses caused
by the quake are estimated to be about US$8
billion, equivalent to more than 120% of the
country’s 2009 GDP.6 Based on a method of esti-
3. mating damages and loss due to natural hazards
(DALA) developed three decades ago by the
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), no other
country has experienced such a ratio of damage
to GDP.6,7
Following the earthquake about 1.5 million
people were subjected to living in tents, exposed
to the elements and without access to basic social
services.6 HIV and tuberculosis were already a
major problem in Haiti prior to the earthquake.2
Now with an intensely weakened health care sys-
tem due to collapsed and damaged hospitals and
clinics, and the loss of medical professionals and
medical students to the earthquake, problems are
expected to exacerbate. Haiti’s mal-development
is embedded in its past within which context it
57JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
can best be understood. Hence the next section
will overview some of the historical and socio-
political experiences that have shaped health and
development in Haiti. After that we look at the
performance of the country’s health system. The
last section discusses the challenges following the
quake and concludes with some reflections on
how the country may move forward.
Social, Historical and Political
Determinants of Health in Haiti
4. Known during French colonial rule as Santo
Domingo, Haiti declared independence in 1804
becoming the first and only country to ever
emerge from a slave revolt as well as the first
independent country in all of Latin America.1 At
a time when slavery was supporting the expan-
sion of merchant capitalism with Haiti supply-
ing a great deal of Europe’s tropical goods, the
declaration of independence was rejected by the
world’s major powers.8 Haiti’s stained history
of embargoes, clashes with globalization and
Western neo-liberalist policies began in earnest.
The then U.S. administration, led by Thomas
Jefferson, was threatened by the newly indepen-
dent Black republic.8 In response to this the slave-
holding U.S. shut down formal trade between the
two countries.8 Notwithstanding this proclama-
tion informal illegal trade continued, allowing the
U.S. merchants to dictate the terms of business,
further establishing a neo-colonial relationship.
To exert greater control of the economy and
political institutions, the U.S. occupied Haiti for
nearly two decades (1915–1934), an act that
would be repeated in 1994/95.9
The newly independent country began on
what would become a pattern of debt and eco-
nomic entrapment. In 1825, in exchange for
recognition of its independence by France, Haiti
was forced to borrow 150 million francs from the
French to pay restitution for the loss of former
slave owners and property in Haiti as well as to
reduce exports and import duties.9 At the start
of the new Millennium this balance is estimated
at $21 billion including interest.8 Haiti’s early
subjugation to terms of trade and indebtedness
5. with world superpowers would set up a cycle of
subordination and dependency.
In more recent history Haiti has been ruled
by dictators, namely, “Papa Doc” Duvalier, who
in 1964 declared himself ‘president for life’ and
ruled from the years 1957–1971, and his son Jean-
Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier, who ruled after his
father’s death until 1986.10 It is estimated that
under the Duvalier regimes $120 million was
pilfered from the nation’s treasury, every state
agency in the country, the central bank as well
as from charities.11
It was not until 1990 that Haiti held its first
democratic elections and Father Jean-Bertrand
Aristide, then considered the leader of the pro-
democracy movement and known for his support
of the poor, was elected president.12 Between 1991
and 2006 President Aristide was twice forced
out of power by military coups, once in 1991 and
again in 2004 in a political climate heavily
influenced by the US.13 While in exile in the US
from 1991 to 1994 Aristide tried to get the US
administration to support his being reinstated as
president.12 At the same time the US was becom-
ing suspicious of Aristide’s antidemocratic lean-
ings.12 During the intervening years the country
was ruled by de facto military governments and
short term presidencies. In 1996 Rene Preval
defeated Aristide in the elections leaving office
voluntarily at the end of his term for Aristide who
was re-elected in a landslide in November 2000.13
The next years would see political and economic
6. turmoil until the current democratically elected
president Rene Preval regained office in 2006.
Debt Crisis, Structural Adjustments
and Impact on the Health Sector
By the late 1970s developing countries had accu-
mulated massive amounts of debt with financial
outflows to service the debt in many countries
exceeding aid inflows.14 During 1970–2004, Haiti
had accumulated an excess of $1.2 billion in
debt.15 Responding to debt crisis, deteriorated
terms of trade and economic stagnation in the
early 1980s, the World Bank and the Interna-
tional Monetary Fund (IMF) propagated struc-
tural adjustment programs (SAPs) in developing
countries.16 Short term measures in Haiti included
reduction of tariffs and import controls, major
cuts in government expenditures on health and
education and wage restraint.17 The SAPs resulted
in major impacts, largely negative, on the social
and health sectors in developing countries.18–20
In Haiti between the years of 1980 and 1990
food and agricultural production fell, the value
of agricultural exports dropped and real wages
HEALTH DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IN HAITI: WHAT
CAN BE LEARNED FROM THE PAST TO FIND A WAY
FORWARD?
58 JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
declined by 50%.18
7. In 1998 the Inter-American Development
Bank (IDB) and the Haitian government signed
a $22.5 million loan for the first phase of a pro-
ject to decentralize and reorganize the Haitian
healthcare system.21 There was a great need to
reform and build the healthcare system. For
every 10,000 Haitians there were 2.4 doctors and
1 nurse.2 Forty percent of the population was
without access to any form of primary healthcare;
and HIV and Tuberculosis rates at this time were
by far the highest in the Western hemisphere.21
This IDB project was designed to target 80% of
the population. The project would focus on con-
structing local clinics, training community health
agents and purchasing medical equipment and
essential medicine.21 As of May 2002 the loan had
not been disbursed and in the following years of
a Republican-held government the Bush admin-
istration (2000–2008) exercised its power to veto
a series of already approved loans from the IDB
for clean water, education and health care, sup-
posedly for the country’s failure to meet adjust-
ment requirements.21 These loans were estimated
to have accumulated to over $500 million.21
Following increased international outcry over
crippling debt, the World Bank and the IMF in
1996 introduced the Highly Indebted Poor Coun-
tries (HIPC) Initiative for reducing debt burden
to sustainable levels for qualified countries under
the creditor-agreed framework of Multilateral
Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).22 In November
2006, Haiti became the 30th country to reach
8. HIPC decision point under which the country
qualified for a net debt relief of $140.3 million,
a 15% reduction in total debt.23 As of mid 2009
Haiti had made significant progress and had
implemented 11 out of 15 requirements and was
subsequently qualified to have reached comple-
tion point.24 Finally in June of 2009 Haiti was
granted $1.2 billion of debt relief under the HIPC
Initiative.25 The debt relief resulted in the freeing
up of about $4 million that would have had to be
paid every month to service the debt.
Despite the massive debt cancellation the
country still remained indebted to the World
Bank (with a total of $38 million or 4% of total
external debt).26 In remarks at the Haiti donor
Table 1 Key demographic, socio-development and health
indicators in Haiti
Total population (thousands) (2008) 9,876 33
Population in urban areas (%) 2005 38.3 33
Population growth rate (%) (2009 est.) 1.83 1
GDP growth rate (%) (2009 est.) 2 1
Human Development Index (Rank) (2009) 149 29
GDP per capita (2009) $1,300 1
Population under the poverty line (%) (1992–2007) 55 33
Total expenditure on health as a % of GDP (2006) 5.632
9. Physicians/10,000 of the population (1998) 3 33
Under 5 mortality rate,1990 (per 1,000) 151 34
Under 5 mortality rate, 2008 (per 1,000) 72 33
Maternal mortality ratio 2003–2008 per 100,000 live births
reported 630 33
General population prevalence rate of HIV (%) (2005–2006) 2.2
35
Total expenditure on health per capita, 2006 (Int. $) 96 32
Life expectancy at birth (yrs.) 2007 61 33
Total adult literacy rate (%) 2000–2007 62 33
Primary school net enrollment/attendance (%) 2000–2007 50 33
(Sources: Multiple, as indicated.)
Wamai RG, Larkin C
59JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
conference in April 2009, US Secretary of State
Hilary Clinton pledged $20 million to help Haiti
meet its outstanding annual obligation in debt
repayments.27 Following the 2010 earthquake the
World Bank on January 21, 2010 put out a state-
ment on Haiti’s debt in which the Bank stated
that “due to the crisis caused by the earthquake,
we are waiving any payments on this debt for the
10. next five years and at the same time we are work-
ing to find a way forward to cancel the remaining
debt.” 27 It is against this historical, political and
social-economic backdrop that Haiti has struggled
with health and development.
The State of Current Economic and
Health Developments
Key socio-demographic data for Haiti are pre-
sented in Table 1. The population is currently
increasing at a rate of 1.83% (Table 1).1 About
65% of the population live below the poverty line
with a high burden of ill health.28 In recent years
prior to the earthquake the country has experi-
enced modest economic growth. Despite periods
of economic stagnation, slower growth and decline,
the country’s Health Development Index (HDI)
had managed to rise from 0.433 in 1980 to 0.532
in 2007.29 In the Latin America and Caribbean
regions Haiti has the highest prevalence of HIV/
AIDS (2.2%) and has aggravated the Tuberculosis
epidemic (306 cases per 100,000).30,31
In 2009, out of 182 countries, Haiti ranked
149th on the HDI scale, just behind Papua New
Guinea and ahead of Sudan.29 In this same year
the country’s GDP per capita was $1,155. The
HDI was relatively high compared to their low
GDP per capita, showing that GDP is not the
only or best indicator of human development.36
Overall the GDP and HDI for Haiti point to the
fact that the country still has a long way to go
in terms of growth in health and development.
With over 5 billion of aid dollars pouring into
11. the country before the earthquake from NGO’s,
the World Bank, USAID, the IDB, and the
United Nations among others since 1990, Haiti
has remained desperately poor. As of December
2009 four of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)—reduction of child mortality, improv-
ing maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS,
Malaria and other diseases, and ensuring environ-
mental sustainability—in Haiti were considered
to be ‘off track.’37
Health Policy Development
Healthcare policy in Haiti is predicated on the
country’s 1987 Constitution, which recognizes
health as a right. The Constitution states under
Article 19: “the State has the absolute obligation
to guarantee the right to life, health, and respect
of the human person for all citizens without dis-
tinction, in conformity with the Universal Decla-
ration of the Rights of Man [1948 United Nations
Universal Declaration of Human Rights].”38 The
country’s first health policy was published in
1996 and revised in 1999 echoing the Constitu-
tional values of solidarity, equity and justice.39
Due to the socio-economic and political context
as outlined above, the country has not been able
to make significant progress towards this goal.
In addition, healthcare legislation, leadership,
administration and implementation in the recent
past have been largely absent. For example,
regarding legalities and the efficacy and safety
of drugs, laws were put into place in 1948, 1955,
and again in 1997, but have not been approved
due to political problems.2
12. The current health policy-program framework
is contained in the country’s Strategic Plan for
Health Sector Reform 2004.40 The framework
considers health to be an essential condition for
human development. It recognizes that health is
affected by multiple elements including balanced
nutrition, good housing environment, basic private
and public hygiene, and responsible behavior of
the citizens. Among other things, the framework
identifies a basic package of services with an
essential drugs list of over 300 drugs at the pri-
mary level. With an investment amounting to
US$104.9 million over five years, it endeavors to
provide basic services that are acceptable, fea-
sible and cost-effective. Under the framework
the following ten priority areas of intervention
are stated:40
1. Primary health care
2. Reorganization of the health system
3. Development of an effective and efficient
financing method
4. Strengthening of community participation
5. Development of multisectoral coordination
6. Coordination and linkage with different
participants
7. Development of a policy on suitable human
resources
8. Development of research
HEALTH DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IN HAITI: WHAT
CAN BE LEARNED FROM THE PAST TO FIND A WAY
13. FORWARD?
60 JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
9. Introduction of legislation defending the popu-
lation’s interests
10. Integration of traditional medicine
The strategy identifies the action areas for
meeting these priorities but has little information
on indicators for assessing performance. (We
could not find any information on steps that may
have been taken towards meeting these goals.)
Burden of Disease (BOD) and Changing
Health Patterns
Table 2 shows the top 10 causes of death in Haiti
according to currently available data from 2002.
As shown, three leading communicable diseases
—HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory infections (LRI)
and tuberculosis—comprise the largest burden of
disease in Haiti with HIV/AIDS being by far the
leading cause of death; at 22% of all deaths, it
contributes 2,975 of the disability adjusted life
years (DALYs)—the sum of the years of life lost
(YLL) due to premature mortality and the years
lost to disability (YLD) based on the incidence of
cases of each per 100,000 population in 2004.40
According to current research, Haiti has the
oldest HIV/AIDS epidemic outside sub-Saharan
Africa and, thus, it is believed, that HIV was
14. introduced to the Western world from Africa
through the Caribbean country in the 1970s and
early 1980s.41 The 2008 UNAIDS update report
estimated the number of people living with
HIV/AIDS in Haiti in 2007 at 120,000, more
than half of all cases in the Caribbean.42 The
2010 Programme National de Lutte contre le
SIDA (PNLS) made projections and estimates
using standard UNAIDS methodology. The num-
ber of people living with HIV in Haiti in 2009,
according to this projected estimate, was about
127,321.35 The main driver of the epidemic in
Haiti is heterosexual transmission.30 In general
women and children are the most vulnerable
members of society in Haiti, especially when
it comes to the leading cause of death.31 Due
to sexual and economic subordination, women
often have little or no power when it comes
to prevention methods; including condom use,
abstinence or mutual fidelity, leading to higher
vulnerability.43
Table 2 Top 10 Causes of Death (all ages) Haiti 2002
Causes
Deaths Deaths Years of Disability adjusted life years
(000) (%) life lost per 100,000 (DALYS) (2004)
All causes 112 100 100 —
HIV/AIDS 24 22 20 2,975
Lower respiratory infections (LRI) 7 7 9 2,547
Cerebrovascular disease stroke 6 6 3 —
15. Meningitis 6 5 8 645
Diarrheal diseases 5 5 7 1,643
Perinatal conditions 4 4 7 2,258
Tuberculosis 4 4 4 1,470
Hypertensive heart disease
3 3 1 3,218
(all cardiovascular diseases)
Anaemia 3 3 4 —
Diabetes mellitus 2 3 1 694
[Sources: The World Health Organization (2006),44 DALYS:
WHO 2004.45]
Wamai RG, Larkin C
61JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
Haiti’s overall prevalence of HIV/AIDS
improved in the late 1990s with improved blood
safety and an earlier high mortality.46 The num-
ber of people 0–49 years needing antiretroviral
(ARV) therapy as of December 2005 was 34,000.30
However, the reported number of people actu-
ally receiving ARV therapy as of August 2005
was 5,572.30 The estimated number of people
needing ARV therapy in 2007 was 36,000.47 Of
16. this 36,000, the estimated antiretroviral therapy
coverage was 41%.48 Some researchers suggest
that the survival of untreated individuals with
HIV/AIDS in Africa, is longer, similar to sur-
vival in developed countries, than in Haiti, where
the impact of the disease is exacerbated.49
Owing to the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS
Haiti is one of two of the 15 countries being
funded by the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan
for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) that are outside
Africa.50 PEPFAR funding to the country for
prevention, care, treatment for HIV/AIDS as
well as malaria and tuberculosis has increased
from about $100 million in 200831 to about $130
million in 2009.51
As for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, Haiti is
at the bottom of the Americas in maternal and
childhood indicators for health such as maternal
mortality rate, infant mortality rate and under 5
mortality rates.52 For example, childhood immu-
nization for measles in Haiti at 58% is the second
lowest in the America’s after Venezuela.53 Fur-
thermore, in 2006 only 51% of the population in
rural areas had sustainable access to improved
drinking water and only 70% of the population
had access in urban areas.54
Healthcare System Infrastructure and
Impact of the 2010 Earthquake
The healthcare system actors in Haiti include the
public sector (Ministry of Public Health and
Population and the Ministry of Social Affairs),
the private for profit sector, the non-profit sector,
17. the private non-profit sector as well as the tradi-
tional health system.2 Data on the overall health
system infrastructure for Haiti is scant, and even
more so now following the earthquake. In one
estimation by the Pan-American Health Organi-
zation (PAHO) before the earthquake, there
were 371 health posts, 217 health centers and 49
hospitals.2 These formal health services reached
only about 60% of the population whereas the
remaining population unable to access healthcare
due to cost largely relies on traditional medicine,
mostly in rural areas.2
The 2004 strategic plan identifies the key ele-
ments for the health system infrastructure such
as the building and space requirements, equip-
ment and human resources for each tier of health
service from health center to hospital.40 With the
recent earthquake the healthcare infrastructure
has faced severe set-backs as a Post Disaster
Needs Assessment (PDNA) report details. As a
result of the quake it is estimated that over 50
hospitals and health centers collapsed or were
rendered unstable.55 In the immediate disaster
zone 30 of 49 hospitals were destroyed or dam-
aged, including the only referral and teaching
hospital; but about 90% of health centers were
left largely intact though with minor damages.56
In addition to the total or partial destruction
of clinical health centers and hospitals, govern-
ment ministries were destroyed as well as the
headquarters of the United Nations.4,57 At the
same time, the earthquake left 50% of healthcare
professionals living and operating in tents.56 The
18. report, “Assessment of Damage, Losses, General
and Sectoral Needs” annexed to the government’s
Action Plan for Recovery and Development,
estimates the financial damage and loss to health-
care services in both public and private sectors
at $196 million and $273 million, respectively,
with an estimated $1.4 billion needed for recon-
structing health services.56 With the damages,
losses, required resources, the already inadequate
healthcare system is now coupled with a severely
physically hampered infrastructure.
With regard to human resources for health,
data from 1998 shows that there were 2.4 doctors
for every 10,000 people, and in 1996 there was
1 nurse and 3.1 auxiliaries for every 10,000
people.2 Nearly a decade on, the WHO World
Health statistics 2009 report indicates that during
2000–2007, Haiti had 1,949 physicians amount-
ing to a density of 3 physicians for every 10,000
people and 834 nurses or 1 for 10,000 popula-
tion.33 This indicates there has been little or no
change in a decade in the human services for
health. Prior to the earthquake there were four
private medical schools along with one public
medical school.2 In 1998 there were nine nursing
schools that were all and in 2000 a school for
nurse-midwives opened.2 While healthcare work-
ers are few, they are also unevenly distributed
HEALTH DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IN HAITI: WHAT
CAN BE LEARNED FROM THE PAST TO FIND A WAY
FORWARD?
19. 62 JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
in the different health service levels and geo-
graphical regions in Haiti.2
The lack of provision of public services has
left the market wide open to private and phil-
anthropic and charitable organizations, and has
resulted in a highly inequitable system of public
service delivery that largely favors the wealthy.58
Healthcare Financing
Data for healthcare financing in Haiti are not
readily available. PAHO’s estimate for 1999 were
that the Ministry of Public Health and Popula-
tion spent US $57 million on health of which 49%
was foreign aid.2 In Table 3 we summarize the
country’s healthcare spending trends over the last
decade (1995–2008) based on the latest reporting
by the WHO.32 As the table shows, total health
spending as a percentage of GDP declined from
a high of 7.6 in 1995 to 4.6 in 2005 when it started
rising again but in 2008 it still remained below the
1995 level. External reliance on financing health-
care has remained high over the period but with
dramatic low levels in the early 2000s to peak at
37.7% in 2007. Government spending on health-
care as a percentage of total expenditure has
decreased as has the government spending on
health as a share of overall government budget
over the period. As private sector spending has
increased proportionate with government spend-
ing so an increasingly larger share of the private
contribution is from households’ out-of-pocket
20. spending. Most of the government’s spending on
health is spent on salaries.2
Discussion and Conclusion: Towards
rebuilding Haiti’s healthcare system
Haiti is marked by a history of catastrophic natu-
ral and man-made disasters. As the country goes
through a period of recovery from the recent
mega quake, a serious reflection is needed on the
country’s historical, political and economic tur-
moil. Paul Farmer has casted the case for Haiti
as one of unbridled structural violence.21 Haiti
suffers from deep-seated internal forces of cor-
ruption, erratic leadership, and lack of function-
ing internal institutions. Ineffective governments,
Table 3 Trends in spending on healthcare
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
2006 2007 2008
Total expenditure on health
per capita (HTG Gourdes)
(1 US dollar=40.25 Haitian
Gourdes)
2,690 3,007 3,349 3,775 3,914 4,700 4,826 4,935 5,630 6,499
7,406 11,239 12,550 15,368
Total expenditure on health
(THE) as % of GDP
7.6 7 6.5 6.4 5.9 6.3 5.9 5.5 4.9 4.8 4.6 5.8 5.3 5.6
External resources on health
21. as % of THE
25.4 25 27.8 23.2 12.7 9.4 8.9 7.9 5.4 12.5 9.3 23.9 37.7 34.7
Financing agents measurement
General government expenditure
on health (GGHE) as % of THE
(includes external resources)
40.9 38.1 39.4 33.9 30 27.7 26.1 22.7 20.6 22.6 21.3 23.8 23.3
22.1
Private expenditure on health
(PvtHE) as % of THE
59.1 61.9 60.6 66.1 70 72.3 73.9 77.3 79.4 77.4 78.7 76.2 76.7
77.9
Breakdown of financing agents
GGHE as % of general
government expenditure
(includes external resources)
23.6 20.3 20.2 16.8 14.9 16 14.7 10.8 8.2 8.6 8.2 7.3 9.2 9.5
Social security funds as
% of GGHE
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Private insurance as
% of PvtHE
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22. Out of pocket expenditure as
% of PvtHE
77.1 83.3 86.2 73.5 72.8 69.7 71.8 71.2 74.3 75.9 73.1 54.5 57.4
60.8
[Source: The World Health Organization (2010). 32]
Wamai RG, Larkin C
63JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
poor health care infrastructure and poverty are
most responsible for the burden of disease in low
income countries, such as Haiti.59 Combined with
this are external competing economic factors,
forces of globalization, environmental disasters,
and the historical exploitation by world powers
that have been major determinants of poor
healthcare and development in Haiti. These
issues are not insular but are interwoven making
the path forward all the more complicated for
policymakers, government officials and all those
working towards a sustainable and healthy future
for the country.
Good health is valued for its own sake as well
as for its positive impact on social and economic
development.60 For this reason healthcare should
be a priority for Haiti. Given that the leading
causes of death and disability with major impacts
on health and economic development in Haiti
are largely treatable and preventable with edu-
23. cation, immunization, basic sanitation and clean
water, investments must be made in these areas.
However, the country has not had a good record
of a stable or predictable government or policy
means of financing healthcare services. The 2004
government Strategic Plan for health reform
aimed to mobilize financing through, among
others, securing a budget for the Ministry of
Health, establishing mutual funds and pooling
risks, and equitable allocation of resources.39 As
of now none of these are in place. Lack of any kind
of pre-paid or risk-pooling health plan as well
as social security funding for health care has
resulted in high out-of-pocket costs that burden
an already impoverished society. Hence policies
and strategies to address high out-of-pocket
spending are paramount if improvements in
healthcare and development are to be made at
the household level. The success or failure of
households to cope with the economic conse-
quences of illness, determines whether they are
able to protect their asset base or whether the
household falls into poverty.61 In a country where
55% of the population is already living below the
poverty line, having such medical cushion in
place could be the difference needed to survive.
In reviewing the structural adjustment pro-
grams (SAPs) that Haiti has gone through since
the 1980’s and considering the country’s burden
of disease, current poverty levels, and the reality
that even with Enhanced HIPC and MDRI assis-
tance the net present value of debt-to-export
ratio will continue to increase until the year 2014,
it is clear that deep changes are needed within
24. the country for any improvements in health to be
made. However, despite the best efforts by the
IMF, the World Bank and other leading lenders
and institutions, SAPs in the past have not solved
the debt problem.
One recommendation stemming from the
UN Millennium Project in 2005 was that debt
sustainability should be redefined as the level
of debt consistent with achieving the MDGs, in
2015, with no debt overhang.62 If this recommen-
dation were to be taken seriously and imple-
mented, Haiti could benefit on multiple levels.
It would mean the country would have a chance
at significantly decreasing the national debt
and have increased financial freedom to work
towards achieving the MDGs, which if met
would decrease the country’s level of poverty
and inequality including achieving substantial
progress in morbidity and mortality on the lead-
ing diseases.
On the eve of the January 12, 2010 earthquake,
the American Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
aired a documentary in its ‘fragile state series’
profiling the hopeful signs of recovery in Haiti
after years of political and economic misery.63 In
featuring the burgeoning textile industry spurred
by the US Hope II Act allowing Haiti to export
textiles to the US, the UN Special Envoy to
Haiti, former US President Bill Clinton, was
featured with a delegation of western investors
to showcase Haiti’s potential. No one knew of
the impending earthquake that would ravage the
country so devastatingly and wipe out all those
new infrastructures the following day and exacer-
25. bate widespread vulnerability, poverty, disease
and misery.
While the earthquake and all its devastation
is an obvious setback to Haiti’s healthcare as well
as political and economic process, the disaster
also provides an opportunity to readdress, and,
for some, address for the first time, many of
the country’s impediments to development. The
international community was triggered to respond
to the vast needs of the country and aid has been
pouring in. From countries to institutions and
individuals, there was an unprecedented out-
pouring of goodwill support to Haiti in the onset
of the relief effort. A donors’ conference held
two months later on March 31 at the UN head-
quarters in New York concluded with financial
HEALTH DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IN HAITI: WHAT
CAN BE LEARNED FROM THE PAST TO FIND A WAY
FORWARD?
64 JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
pledges for recovery efforts from over 150
countries and international agencies exceeding
US$5 billion over an 18 month period.64 Numer-
ous other appeals have been made by agencies
since. Among the major supra-institutions formed
to help with mobilizing for the recovery and
reconstruction are the Haiti Reconstruction
Fund (HRF) (formed jointly with the govern-
ment of Haiti, the UN, the IDB, the World Bank
and numerous other donors),65 the Prime Min-
26. ister Jean-Max Bellerive and President Bill
Clinton Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commis-
sion (IHRC),66 and the UN NGO Coordination
Support Secretariat (NCSS).67
A final communiqué of the Donor Conference
outlined a set of principles in the aid implemen-
tation which include recognizing ownership of
the process by the Haitian government, coordi-
nation of efforts and the need for long-term
commitment to supporting Haiti.67 Coordination
among all the numerous entities and the govern-
ment of Haiti as well as with Haitian civil society
will be critical if the recovery and reconstruction
as well as utilization of the funds will have a posi-
tive impact on the people of Haiti. It is encourag-
ing that there are some coordination structures
already in place among the UN groups, NGO
actors and governmental entities. A novel approach
by the UN to organize the roles and responsibili-
ties of the different actors is the establishment of
clusters around 12 distinct areas ranging from
agriculture to water, sanitation and hygiene. The
NCSS was established at the UN logistics base
in Port-Au-Prince with the efforts of the Inter-
national Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA)—
a global NGO advocacy alliance for humanitarian
action—and InterAction, the American Council
for Voluntary Action (a consortium of over 190
US-based NGOs that do relief and development
work overseas).69 And in an effort to improve
co-ordination, InterAction has released a Haiti
Aid Map, an interactive prototype that visualizes
the current projects and actors (1,045 in number
being undertaken by 87 organizations). The latest
information (on November 27, 2010) shows that
27. the health cluster has 286 projects covering 111
communities being implemented by numerous
organizations.70
Furthermore, the financial responses and
organizational muscle must be matched with
visions and planning that take into consideration
the country’s history of paternalistic aid that in
many ways has worked to undermine the self-
determination and long-term sustainability of
the country’s well-being. As assessments at ten
months after the quake show, ensuring the pledged
aid is delivered, and the aid coming in benefits
the poor, who make up the majority of the popu-
lation, will remain a key challenge. As it is,
pledges from the conference are supposed to be
channeled through the multinational fund (HRF)
to be released for projects agreed by the IHRC.
The HRF latest financial data show that only
seven countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus,
Colombia, Oman and Estonia) have paid their
pledge, and in full.71 And an investigation by
CNN in July reported that of the $5 billion
pledged during the March conference only about
2% had been delivered.72 The Bellerive-Clinton
IHRC is also maintaining an interactive web-
map of all the donors helping Haiti showing
trends in the pledges.73
Nevertheless, a progress report of the UN Inter-
Agency Standing Committee (IASC) released
July 15 outlines some major accomplishments,
despite enormous challenges at disaster relief
and recovery.74 Among these, 4 million people
have received food assistance and a further 1.2
28. million have received clean water daily. A chart
released in the report showing sector progress
per mid-year targets indicates coverage of health
services to the camps of 40%, 34% of sanitation
based on provision of one latrine for 50 people
(amounting to 11,000 latrines in all), and an
impressive vaccination coverage of 80%.74 Overall,
90% of the internally displaced persons (IDPs)
in Port-au-Prince now have access to health
clinics within a 30-minute walking distance in the
adjacent areas.74
As the PDNA conducted soon after the earth-
quake estimated, over $1.4 billion would be
needed to restore the healthcare needs of the
Haitian people.56 It also proposed a strategy for
rebuilding the healthcare system based on two
principles: a model of primary healthcare based
on a guaranteed basic healthcare package, and
high quality healthcare services.56 While this is a
noble goal for Haiti that opens an opportunity
to meet the country’s Constitutional obligations
to healthcare, at this point in time little of this
amount has been raised. Pointing out that the
Haitian government would contribute 35% of
the estimated needs for public sector services
through tax revenues, the PDNA had however
Wamai RG, Larkin C
65JMAJ, January / February 2011 — Vol. 54, No. 1
also pointed out that 90% of the reconstruction
materials would be imported. With the damage to
29. factories and businesses, schools and hospitals,
and weakened governmental institutions (suffer-
ing a loss of 30% of its civil service75) it is unlikely
that Haiti can generate such tax revenues in a
short time.
Undoubtedly, high reliance on external
resources for rebuilding the healthcare system
that leaves the country largely at the mercy of
foreign goodwill will inevitably continue. How-
ever, increased multilateral and global coopera-
tion and not domination should be the way of the
future if we are to create a sustainable future, not
just for Haiti but for the rest of the developing
world. In the mean time, displaced populations
that have moved to tent cities away from the
destruction of Port-au-Prince and into smaller
towns and cities not well equipped to deal with
existing populations are putting stress to health
and social services that may result into civil
unrest and disease outbreaks if interventions are
not speedily implemented successfully. Indeed, as
this report is being completed, a major cholera
outbreak has engulfed the country, the first in
about 100 years.76 As of November 2010 the
Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Popula-
tion reported 60,240 cumulative cases of cholera
including 1,415 deaths.77 Of the deaths that are
occurring, 33% are at the community level and
67% are at the health services level. The National
Cholera Response Plan identifies the need to
scale up Oral Rehydration Centers and to provide
services to non-life threatening cases and serve
as a resource for referring non severe patients
to Cholera Treatment Unites and severe patients
30. to Cholera Treatment Centers.77
As the country grapples with transition into
a new government following the November 28
general elections, one that will be charged with
the enormous task of taking on the challenges
left in the wake of hurricanes, the aftermath of
the 2010 earthquake, and most recently the chol-
era epidemic, political stability remains a critical
challenge. Amid the chaos, perhaps this will only
serve as a reminder that the greatest challenge
facing Haiti is one of a political nature, namely
the signature of good governance and leadership.
Whether the new leadership will result in a break
with the past towards a new healthier Haiti will
remain to be seen.
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FORWARD?