This document describes the design of a smart meter for the Indian energy sector. It discusses the architecture of a demand-based smart metering system that can separately monitor energy consumption during normal and peak hours. This allows for time-of-day tariff pricing to encourage reduced usage during peaks. The smart meter uses a microcontroller and wireless communication to automatically send consumption data to a utility server. The server uses a LabVIEW GUI to receive the data, generate bills, and allow remote control functions. Software and hardware designs for the smart meter and server are presented. An experiment tests how shifting load from peaks to normal hours affects costs under time-of-day pricing.
Hardware prototype of smart home energy management systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The development of ‘demand-side load management’ is the outcome of the smart grid initiative. Due to the significant amount of loads in the residential sector, home energy management has received increasing interest. In the country like India, we are lagging behind, in the power sector as the demand is much more than the supply. Moreover, there is not a single initiative, which has been taken for the deployment of smart suppliers and smart users. Here, I propose a hardware design of smart home energy management system (SHEMS). With the help of this proposed design, it is possible to have a real-time, price-responsive control strategy for domestic loads such as electrical water heater (EWH), illumination (Lights), air conditioning (Fan), dryer etc. Consumers may interact with suppliers or load serving entities (LSEs) to facilitate the load management at the supplier side. This system is designed with sensors to detect human activities and the behavior is predicted by applying a machine learning algorithm in order to help consumers reduce total payment on electricity. Finally, for the verification of the hardware system, simulation and experiment results will be checked based on an actual SHEMS prototype. Keywords: Demand side load management, Load Serving Entity (LSE), Smart Home Energy Management System (SHEMS), Smart Grid.
An IOT based smart metering development for energy management systemIJECEIAES
The worldwide energy demand is increasing and hence necessity measures need to be taken to reduce the energy wastage with proper metering infrastructure in the buildings. A Smart meter can be used to monitor electricity consumption of customers in the smart grid technology. For allocating the available resources proper energy demand management is required. During the past years, various methods are being utilized for energy demand management to precisely calculate the requirements of energy that is yet to come. A large system presents a potential esteem to execute energy conservation as well as additional services linked to energy services, extended as a competent with end user is executed. The supervising system at the utilities determines the interface of devices with significant advantages, while the communication with the household is frequently proposing particular structures for appropriate buyer-oriented implementation of a smart meter network. Also, this paper concentrates on the estimation of vitality utilization. In this paper energy is measured in units and also product arrangement is given to create bill for energy consumption and implementing in LabVIEW software. An IOT based platform is created for remote monitoring of the metering infrastructure in the real time. The data visualization is also carried out in webpage and the data packet loss is investigated in the remote monitoring of the parameters.
Vision and Strategy for India’s Electricity Metering Infrastructure of the fu...IJERA Editor
In the country like India with over millions of kilometers of transmission lines and billions of consumers, task of
collecting information related to energy consumption of every consumer is a critical job. The meter reader has to
travel a long distance and take reading manually to collect the data. This reading is then feed in a central
database. Then the bill gets generated later with help of software. This project intends to reduce this tedious
work by automating the process of collecting data from consumer’s electricity meter. This would be done by
implementing Advanced Metering Infrastructure that unites all the various metering devices of a building in one
network and provides the metering data in real-time, locally and from remote. Here, AMI uses ZigBee to build
up high-rise building area network of connected metering devices.
Hardware prototype of smart home energy management systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The development of ‘demand-side load management’ is the outcome of the smart grid initiative. Due to the significant amount of loads in the residential sector, home energy management has received increasing interest. In the country like India, we are lagging behind, in the power sector as the demand is much more than the supply. Moreover, there is not a single initiative, which has been taken for the deployment of smart suppliers and smart users. Here, I propose a hardware design of smart home energy management system (SHEMS). With the help of this proposed design, it is possible to have a real-time, price-responsive control strategy for domestic loads such as electrical water heater (EWH), illumination (Lights), air conditioning (Fan), dryer etc. Consumers may interact with suppliers or load serving entities (LSEs) to facilitate the load management at the supplier side. This system is designed with sensors to detect human activities and the behavior is predicted by applying a machine learning algorithm in order to help consumers reduce total payment on electricity. Finally, for the verification of the hardware system, simulation and experiment results will be checked based on an actual SHEMS prototype. Keywords: Demand side load management, Load Serving Entity (LSE), Smart Home Energy Management System (SHEMS), Smart Grid.
An IOT based smart metering development for energy management systemIJECEIAES
The worldwide energy demand is increasing and hence necessity measures need to be taken to reduce the energy wastage with proper metering infrastructure in the buildings. A Smart meter can be used to monitor electricity consumption of customers in the smart grid technology. For allocating the available resources proper energy demand management is required. During the past years, various methods are being utilized for energy demand management to precisely calculate the requirements of energy that is yet to come. A large system presents a potential esteem to execute energy conservation as well as additional services linked to energy services, extended as a competent with end user is executed. The supervising system at the utilities determines the interface of devices with significant advantages, while the communication with the household is frequently proposing particular structures for appropriate buyer-oriented implementation of a smart meter network. Also, this paper concentrates on the estimation of vitality utilization. In this paper energy is measured in units and also product arrangement is given to create bill for energy consumption and implementing in LabVIEW software. An IOT based platform is created for remote monitoring of the metering infrastructure in the real time. The data visualization is also carried out in webpage and the data packet loss is investigated in the remote monitoring of the parameters.
Vision and Strategy for India’s Electricity Metering Infrastructure of the fu...IJERA Editor
In the country like India with over millions of kilometers of transmission lines and billions of consumers, task of
collecting information related to energy consumption of every consumer is a critical job. The meter reader has to
travel a long distance and take reading manually to collect the data. This reading is then feed in a central
database. Then the bill gets generated later with help of software. This project intends to reduce this tedious
work by automating the process of collecting data from consumer’s electricity meter. This would be done by
implementing Advanced Metering Infrastructure that unites all the various metering devices of a building in one
network and provides the metering data in real-time, locally and from remote. Here, AMI uses ZigBee to build
up high-rise building area network of connected metering devices.
Real time energy data acquisition and alarming system for monitoring power co...eSAT Journals
Abstract Manufacturing and the processes involved consume substantial amounts of energy. There can be requirement of energy management technique in the power tool manufacturing industry. The maintenance department in power tool manufacturing industry may have different load centers like machine shop, winding shop, utility and assembly shop etc. Readings on these meters are taken manually. This process is time consuming and has inefficient accuracy. So, there can be need of computerized energy data acquisition system. By providing an alarming system the energy losses will be monitored. Through this system design, there will be automatic elimination of man-made errors, reading energy consumption report through Microsoft excel as well as firing through email. Keywords: Energy losses, Microcontroller, RS 232 and PC
Real time energy data acquisition and alarming system for monitoring power co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Peak load scheduling in smart grid using cloud computingjournalBEEI
In this paper present peak, energy management attainable is feasible by monitoring real-time readings of whole loads within the college premises victimization this schedule loads so energy saving is possible. Currently, cloud computing technology offer on-line real-time monitoring knowledge, we have a tendency to create project supported cloud computing application for energy management that is employed for monitoring real time consumption of electricity and load planning. With respect to monitoring knowledge, we have a tendency to be able to plot the load curves so it'll be useful in achieving optimum energy consumption for educational institute.
It’s no wonder that smart meter rollouts have skyrocketed with supporting business case findings such as ComEd customers saving potentially $2.8 billion on their electric bills over the 20-year life of the smart meters. Largely due to the aggressive U.S. effort to modernize its electric grid pros and cons (for example PG&E will now offer ‘opt out option’) for smart meters are still aggressively being debated; nonetheless the number of smart meters installed in the U.S. has ballooned over the past several years – with just over fifty utilities deploying the bulk of the investment. Zpryme analyzed data from the EIA in an effort to not only breakdown smart meter deployments by utility but also to zero in on the drivers that will bridge the U.S. energy divide.
Abstract This paper represents the smart meter parameters from various agencies and manufacturers, which are in the field of
manufacturing, standardization, and will be backbone support towards Smart Grid. These parameters are capable of
manufacturing and also quoted specifications in the manufacturers brochures and documents. Here we consider to show the
required specifications and standards going to be used for the smart meter for the smart grid environment. These meters shall
conform to minimum mentioned specifications and standards, which can be an emerging parameter used to the practical
scenario of smart meters for the smart grid applications. So this paper support the parameters to look out for smart meter
technical specification and test conditions for the meter that can be able to conform to the performance standard, hence conform
before the meter procurement.
Keywords: Smart Meter; Parameters; Specs; Ratings; Utilities; Consumers; Consumption; Electricity; Smart Grid;
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Real time energy data acquisition and alarming system for monitoring power co...eSAT Journals
Abstract Manufacturing and the processes involved consume substantial amounts of energy. There can be requirement of energy management technique in the power tool manufacturing industry. The maintenance department in power tool manufacturing industry may have different load centers like machine shop, winding shop, utility and assembly shop etc. Readings on these meters are taken manually. This process is time consuming and has inefficient accuracy. So, there can be need of computerized energy data acquisition system. By providing an alarming system the energy losses will be monitored. Through this system design, there will be automatic elimination of man-made errors, reading energy consumption report through Microsoft excel as well as firing through email. Keywords: Energy losses, Microcontroller, RS 232 and PC
Real time energy data acquisition and alarming system for monitoring power co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Peak load scheduling in smart grid using cloud computingjournalBEEI
In this paper present peak, energy management attainable is feasible by monitoring real-time readings of whole loads within the college premises victimization this schedule loads so energy saving is possible. Currently, cloud computing technology offer on-line real-time monitoring knowledge, we have a tendency to create project supported cloud computing application for energy management that is employed for monitoring real time consumption of electricity and load planning. With respect to monitoring knowledge, we have a tendency to be able to plot the load curves so it'll be useful in achieving optimum energy consumption for educational institute.
It’s no wonder that smart meter rollouts have skyrocketed with supporting business case findings such as ComEd customers saving potentially $2.8 billion on their electric bills over the 20-year life of the smart meters. Largely due to the aggressive U.S. effort to modernize its electric grid pros and cons (for example PG&E will now offer ‘opt out option’) for smart meters are still aggressively being debated; nonetheless the number of smart meters installed in the U.S. has ballooned over the past several years – with just over fifty utilities deploying the bulk of the investment. Zpryme analyzed data from the EIA in an effort to not only breakdown smart meter deployments by utility but also to zero in on the drivers that will bridge the U.S. energy divide.
Abstract This paper represents the smart meter parameters from various agencies and manufacturers, which are in the field of
manufacturing, standardization, and will be backbone support towards Smart Grid. These parameters are capable of
manufacturing and also quoted specifications in the manufacturers brochures and documents. Here we consider to show the
required specifications and standards going to be used for the smart meter for the smart grid environment. These meters shall
conform to minimum mentioned specifications and standards, which can be an emerging parameter used to the practical
scenario of smart meters for the smart grid applications. So this paper support the parameters to look out for smart meter
technical specification and test conditions for the meter that can be able to conform to the performance standard, hence conform
before the meter procurement.
Keywords: Smart Meter; Parameters; Specs; Ratings; Utilities; Consumers; Consumption; Electricity; Smart Grid;
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Improving Structural Limitations of Pid Controller For Unstable ProcessesIJERA Editor
PID controllers have structural limitations which make it impossible for a good closed-loop performance to be achieved. A step response with high overshoot and oscillations always results. In controlling processes with resonances, integrators and unstable transfer functions, the PI-PD controller provides a satisfactory closed-loop performance. In this paper, a simple approach to extracting parameters of a PI-PD controller from parameters of the conventional PID controller is presented so that a good closed-loop system performance is achieved. Simulated results from this formation are carried out to show the efficacy of the technique proposed.
Power Quality Improvement at Distribution Level for Grid Connected Renewable ...IJERA Editor
The non-linear load current harmonics may result in voltage harmonics and can create a serious PQ problem in
the power system network. Active power filters (APF) are extensively used to compensate the load current
harmonics and load unbalance at distribution level. This results in an additional hardware cost. However, in this
project it has incorporated the features of APF in the conventional inverter interfacing renewable with the grid,
without any additional hardware cost. Here, the main idea is the maximum utilization of inverter rating which is
most of the time underutilized due to intermittent nature of RES. The grid-interfacing inverter can effectively be
utilized to perform the four important functions they are to transfer active power harvested from the renewable
resources (wind, solar, etc.), load reactive power demand support, current harmonics compensation at PCC and
current unbalance and neutral current compensation in case of 3-phase 4-wire system. Moreover, with adequate
control of grid-interfacing inverter, all the four objectives can be accomplished either individually or
simultaneously. The PQ constraints at the PCC can therefore be strictly maintained within the utility standards
without additional hardware cost.
With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear
unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control
concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies
A Novel Solitude Conserving Location Monitoring Approach for Wireless Sensor ...IJERA Editor
Observing individual locations with a capable untrusted server impose secrecy threats to the monitored individuals. In this paper we propose “A Novel Solitude Conserving Location Monitoring approach for Wireless Sensor networks”. We design two approaches to study nondescript locations in-network approaches, namely quality-aware and resource-aware approaches, that aims to enable the system to give high end quality location monitoring services for end users, while conserving personal location privacy. Both approaches are worked based on k-anonymity solitude (i.e.,an object is indistinguishable among k objects), to enable highly trusted sensor nodes to provide the collective location data of monitored objects for our system. Each collective location is in a form of a observed area X along with the number of monitored objects reside in X. The resource-aware approach objective to optimize the computational and communication value, while quality-aware approach aims to increase the reliability of the collective location data by reducing their observing areas. We use spatial histogram methodology to estimates the distribution of observing objects based on the gathered collective location data. We evaluated these two approaches through simulated experiments. The simulation results shows that these approaches gives high quality location observing services for end users and assure the location secrecy of the monitored objects.
Multiplataforma, de fácil aprendizagem e alta produtividade, Python torna-se cada dia mais popular. Este trabalho procura abordar as principais características da linguagem e trazer um panorama de sua utilização nas universidades. A fim de demonstrar sua versatilidade serão apresentados trabalhos desenvolvidos no curso de Ciência da Computação da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, passando por implementações de grafos, redes, inteligencia artificial, sistemas distribuídos e computação gráfica.
O Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação dos Rivulídeos Ameaçados de Extinção – PAN Rivulideos, tem como objetivo Estabelecer mecanismos de proteção aos rivulídeos deste PAN e anular a perda de hábitat das espécies focais em cinco anos.
O PAN é composto por um objetivo geral, 4 (quatro) objetivos específicos e 55 (cinqüenta e cinco) ações, cujo coordenação caberá ao Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Peixes Continentais – CEPTA.
Fonte: http://www.icmbio.gov.br
Visite: http://www.aquaa3.com.br
Automated Meter reading systems are a invaluable technological advancement that can lead to
a better standard of living, owing to the fact that metering has become a part and parcel of our
mundane lives.
It solves many issues of the traditional meter reading system like need for human resources, lack
of efficiency and accuracy in meter reading, delayed work, unavailability of customer during
metering visit by employee, etc. Moreover it is more economical and helps to save energy in a
more efficient and effective way. Furthermore it has a very notable advantage of having the
ability to predict the energy demands of the future, starting from every household to the entire
planet.
Automated meter reading systems have been implemented using many different technologies
like GSM, ZigBee, PLC, D-SCADA, WiMAX and Hybrid Technologies that comprises of a mixture
of the above.
This seminar paper describes the working models, strengths and weaknesses of each technology
by considering various factors like feasibility, cost, reliability, efficiency, and maintenance and
user experience. This paper not only explains the existing Energy Metering systems but also
provides an abstract view of developing the most optimal Automated Meter Reading system.
Intelligent Power Meter using GSM network and Android Applicationshan km
Now a days everything is being automated. The electrical energy provider still uses traditional methods for reading the energy consumed by individual consumer. The proposed system automatically reads the energy consumed and send it to the electricity provider using the short messaging services (SMS) and Android app.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Design of a Smart Meter for the Indian Energy Scenario
1. Al-Saheer S. S. et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 4), September 2014, pp.59-66
www.ijera.com 59 | P a g e
Design of a Smart Meter for the Indian Energy Scenario Al-Saheer S. S.*, Shimi S. L.** and Dr. S. Chatterji*** *PG Student, **Assistant Professor, ***Professor and Head Dept. of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chandigarh, India ABSTRACT Accurate metering, detection of energy theft and implementation of proper tariff as well as billing system are vital in wise energy management. These objectives can be achieved by using Smart Meters. This article introduces a microcontroller based Smart Meter using wireless communication and LabVIEW suitable for the Indian Energy Scenario. The Smart Meter and Time Of Day (TOD) tariff pricing make the consumers an active part of energy management, thereby energy deficit during peak hours can be alleviated indirectly.
Keywords - Energy Management, Energy Conservation, Demand Side Management, Smart Meters, Time Of Day Tariff, Zigbee, LabVIEW
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to rapid increase in human population and the human‟s dependency towards electrical energy, the demand of electricity has increased, causing deficit of electrical energy during peak hours. As per the report of CEA, India [1], the gap between the electrical energy supply and the energy demand in July-2014 is -3.9% (MW). Accurate metering, detection of illegal activities and implementation of proper tariff and billing system would manage the consumption of electrical energy. Collecting meter reading is one of the most difficult procedures in billing [2]. The traditional electrical energy meter data collection is such that a person from the utility provider visits the consumer sites periodically to note the meter reading. This procedure has lot of drawbacks such as, it is time consuming, tiresome and requires more human resource, human error and even corruption is probable [2-16]. The process may be interrupted due to bad weather conditions, also if the consumer is not available, the billing will be pending and human operator needs to revisit. India is facing energy deficit during peak hours. Low voltage during peak hours has been reported as a major power quality issue. Load shedding is a common power management practice followed by the utility providers [17]. Energy conservation has great significance in this scenario of increasing electrical energy demand. An Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system equipped with advanced features like two-way communication, Time-Of-Day (TOD) tariff, etc. will address the problems of manual collection of meter data, energy deficit during peak hours and opens a channel for the consumers to participate in energy conservation.
With development in technologies in the fields of communication and information technology, a wide variety of AMR and smart meters has been developed. A smart meter is an AMR with two-way communication infrastructure. Smart meters has been designed for various features like remote monitoring of energy consumptions, remote turn ON/OFF power supply, remote detection of energy theft, with time varying pricing system, remote fault detection, capable of monitoring power quality etc. [17]. Developments in information management and remote monitoring technology can play a vital role in energy management [18-19]. Smart meter reading co- operate both utilities and consumers in power management, giving them detailed information about power consumption [7]. Although the implementation cost of Smart meters systems are high [20], their implementation will increase the revenue of the utility provider because of the following reasons, the working status of the consumer end meters can be identified remotely [3], eliminate the corruption by the human operator or the consumer [3], [12] and [21], labour of meter reading is eliminated [22], integration of an apt tariff system with the smart meter reading data reduces the consumption of electricity during peak hours [19] and [23], etc. Smart meters perceived to be a necessity rather than luxury in India [20].
This article proposes the design of a smart meter which can address issues in the power distribution. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section two discusses the architecture of demand based smart metering system. Software design of the system has been presented in section three. This includes mathematical formulation of billing, software incorporation of functionalities and GUI design.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Al-Saheer S. S. et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 4), September 2014, pp.59-66
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Section four describes the hardware design. The procedure for cost-benefit analysis of smart meter implementation and TOD tariff is described in section five.
II. DEMAND BASED SMART METERING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
„Demand based Smart Metering‟ is designed to measure the energy consumption during peak and normal hours separately and to send these consumption data periodically to the utility provider through wireless communication. These data are acquired at utility provider server and further used for billing. The smart metering is capable to alert the utility provider if theft is detected and automatically can disconnect the supply to such consumers. Designed system has the feature of remote turn on/off the supply. In India, the time slots from 12:00 AM to 06:00 AM, 09:00 AM to 06:00 PM and 09:00 PM to 12:00 AM can be considered as normal hours and time slots from 06:00 AM to 09:00 AM and 06:00 PM to 09:00 PM can be considered as peak hours [24]. The time slots can be defined as normal hour I, normal hour II, normal hour III, and peak hour I and peak hour II. Separate monitoring of energy consumption during these normal and peak hours and applying higher tariff for peak hours would reduce the consumption during peak hours. The system is designed to monitor the energy consumption separately for the normal hours and for two of the peak periods. A limit for the energy consumption during peak hours can be set and load shedding can be imposed for those consumers who cross the limit. This feature force consumers to reduce the energy consumption during peak hours thereby Demand Side Management (DSM) can be achieved, with indirect involvement. The demand based smart metering system comprises two separate modules, a Smart Meter at the consumer end and a server computer at the utility provider side. Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the system architecture.
Every Smart Meter installed at the consumer end has a unique meter ID. In India, developing a low cost basic Smart Meters by upgrading the existing one is more acceptable [20]. That is the system has to be cost-effective such that reduced implementation cost, maintenance free while providing robust and reliable performance [25]. In the proposed design of smart meter a properly designed optical pick-up circuit is used to generate pulses in accordance with the LED blink / dark marking of the rotating disk of the existing energy meter [13]. AT89S52 microcontroller is used to count the pulses. DS1307 Real Time Clock (RTC) is used along with the microcontroller to count the pulses separately for the peak and normal hour slots. The supply to the consumer is through a single pole double through relay. Features like remote turn ON/OFF the supply, automatic cut OFF on theft detection and crossing the peak time energy consumption limit are governed through this relay. The consumption data is displayed on the LCD screen of the smart meter and the same is sent to the server every day at the end of the normal hour III through Zigbee [26] module. However, protocols like WiFi [7], WiMax [7] and [13], Global System for Mobile (GSM) [11], [16], [19], [21], [25] and [27] etc. can also be used [23]. A server computer with Graphical User Interface (GUI) or front end, designed using LabVIEW, receives this data and store in a database according to the meter ID. At the end of every month, electricity bill is generated automatically and maintained in the secondary memory of the server. Display of amount of the last bill, bill due dates, alert for theft detect, push switches for remote turn ON/ OFF are available at the GUI. Fig. 1: Architecture of Demand Based Smart Metering System
III. SOFTWARE DESIGN
The designed software incorporates the functionalities necessary at consumer end and utility end. At the consumer end microcontroller program is embedded in the flash memory of AT89S52 microcontroller and at the utility end, a GUI is designed with LabVIEW. 3.1 DESIGN OF EMBEDDED FUNCTIONALITIES
The functioning of the smart meter is based on the program embedded in the microcontroller and is written on „Keil μvision‟ platform. The program is designed in accordance with the hardware connections of the Smart Meter. An ISR [28-29] is written to count the pulses. Counting is done separately for normal hours and peak hour I and peak hour II. The electronic energy meter, which produces pulses in accordance with energy consumption is calibrated such that one unit is equal to 3200 pulses. For experimental demonstration, it is assumed that one unit is equal to 10 pulses. A maximum limit for
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the peak hour I and peak hour II is set to 2 units and this limit is programmable. Through relay, supply will be disconnected when the limit is crossed and connection will be re-established at the beginning of the next slot of normal hours. A separate ISR is written for the theft detection. When the theft detect switch is activated, supply will be disconnected through relay, and a theft alert message will be sent to the server. The power supply will reconnect only after a power ON switch corresponds to that particular meter ID at the utility server is activated. At the end of every eight minutes, separate reading for normal hours, peak hour I and peak hour II are sent to the server. Algorithm of the program embedded is illustrated in the flow chart shown in Fig. 2. 3.2 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) The energy consumption data is communicated to the server by the Smart Meter through Zigbee. Zigbee module has serial communication interface with the server. The server comprises GUI and software for billing, both designed with LabVIEW. The LabVIEW based GUI is shown in Fig. 3. The GUI displays meter ID, date and time, units consumed per day during normal hours and during different slots of peak hours, i.e. first Peak slot as well as second peak slot, separately, consolidated consumption details for normal and peak hour I and peak hour II, a visual indication alert for the energy theft, total bill amount and due date if last bill payment remains pending. A provision to determine the tariff from utility side is also incorporated in the GUI. Remote control over the consumer end is possible with turn ON/OFF push switches at the GUI and the utility provider can make use of the same in case of pending bills or energy theft. A database is maintained for each consumer marked by their meter id. This is made possible with a provision of one time the registration provided in the GUI and the same is expandable. A bill corresponding to the meter ID will be generated at the end of the fifth day and is saved in a spread sheet. The format and information content of the bill is shown in Fig. 4. 3.3 BILLING
The smart meter communicates with the server through ZigBee and transfer a 26 character serial data of format D={D25, D24,… … ,D0}, where the Least Significant Digit (LSD), „D0‟ is „&‟ which represents the start bit of data, „D1-D2‟ indicate the string, „Meter ID‟ („MI‟), „D3-D6‟ stands for the four digit meter ID, „D7-D9‟ indicate the string, the energy consumption during normal hours, („NCa‟), D10-D12 stands for the three digit number which indicate units consumed during normal hours, „D13-D15‟ depicts the string, the energy consumption during peak hour I, („XCa‟), „D16-D18‟ defines the total units consumed during peak hour I and „D19-D21‟ depicts the string, the energy consumption during peak hour II, („XCa‟), „D22-D24‟ defines the total number of units consumed during the period of peak hour II and finally, the Most Significant Digit (MSD) is „$‟, which represents end of the data. Fig. 2: Flow Chart of Smart Meter Program
The serial data is acquired using VISA functions in LabVIEW [30]. The meter ID, the total number of units during normal hour, the peak hour I and peak hour II are extracted from the 26 character data using the function scan from string. The energy calculation for the corresponding meter ID is selected using a case structure. Energy consumption during normal hour, peak hour I and peak hour II are stored to
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separate global variables for every day using another
case structure. These global variables are later used
for total energy calculation for normal hour, peak
hour I and peak hour II. This is done using the
compound arithmetic tool and the total bill amount is
calculated using equation (1),
1 2
1 1 1
N N N
T n i p i p i
i i i
C C X C Y C Z
(1)
where, CT is the total bill amount as per TOD Tariff,
X is the total units consumed during normal hours, Cn
is the cost per unit during normal hours, Y is the total
units consumed during peak hour I, Cp1 is the cost per
unit during peak hour I, Z is the total units consumed
during peak hour II, Cp2 is the cost per unit during
peak hour II and N is the number of days in the
billing periods. Fig. 5 depicts the LabVIEW analogy
of bill estimation.
Fig. 3: GUI at Server End
Fig. 4: Bill Format
IV. HARDWARE DESIGN
A Smart Meter at consumer end and a data
acquisition system at the utility end have been
designed. For the experimental demonstration, the
pulse corresponding to the energy consumption at the
consumer end is obtained by connecting wires
parallel to the pulse LED of an electronic energy
meter. This pulse is connected to the INT0 hardware
interrupt pin (Port 3.2) of the AT89S52
microcontroller. For ease of analysis and
demonstration eight minutes are considered as a full
day and first two minutes are considered as normal
hour I, third minute as peak hour I, fourth and fifth
minutes as normal hour II, sixth minute as peak hour
II and seventh and eighth minutes as normal hour III.
Theft detect switch is connected to the INT1
hardware interrupt pin (Port 3.3) of the
microcontroller. Port 0 pins of the microcontroller are
used as data lines for the 16x2 LCD display. Control
signals E, RW and RS of LCD display are connected
to the Port 1.0, Port 1.1 and Port 1.2 pins of the
microcontroller, respectively. RTC is connected to
the Port 3.4 and Port 3.5 pins of the microcontroller.
Relay is connected to the Port 1.5 of the
microcontroller through ULN2003 relay driving IC.
RxD and TxD serial data pins of the microcontroller
(Port 3.0 and Port 3.1 respectively) are connected to
the ZigBee module to achieve two way
communications between the smart meter and the
utility server. The prototype of a practically
implemented demand based smart meter is depicted
in Fig. 6.
The data from the smart meter is acquired by the
server through Zigbee module connected to the
RS232 serial port. GUI designed using LabVIEW
acquire this data using the VISA functions and
displays on the monitor of the server. The complete
working prototype of the designed system is shown
in Fig. 7.
V. EXPERIMENTAL AND COST-BENEFIT
ANALYSIS
An experiment is conducted to evaluate the
influence of percentage of load shifted from peak to
normal hours on percentage change in total cost, on
implementation of TOD tariff and Smart Meter. A
1kW load comprising 10x100W bulbs, L0, L1, …., L9,
each connected in parallel through switches is fed
through the designed metering system. The test
conditions varies from the condition, where the entre
1kW load drawn during peak hours to the entre 1kW
load shifted to normal hours by successive shifting of
10% load as illustrated in table 1, in which „1‟
indicates ON state of the load and „0‟ stands for OFF.
In table 2, numerical values of total units
consumed during normal hours „X‟, the total units
consumed during peak hours „Y+Z‟, total units
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consumed in a day „TC‟, the percentage of energy
consumed in normal hours with respect to the total
energy consumed (X/ TC)%, the percentage of energy
consumed in peak hours with respect to the total
energy consumed [(Y+Z)/ TC]%, the total cost as per
flat tariff „CF‟, the total cost as per TOD tariff „CT‟,
the value of CT in the Test condition in which 100%
of the total energy consumption was during peak
hour time „CTMAX‟, the percentage reduction in CT on
load shifting from „Test 1‟ condition, α = [(CTMAX –
CT)/CTMAX]%, and the percentage change in CT with
respect to CF, β = [(CT – CF )/ CF ]%.
Fig. 5: VI for Bill Computation
Fig. 6: Circuit Schematic of Smart Meter
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Fig. 7: Prototype of Designed System
Table 1: Test Conditions
Normal Hour Slot 1 (2 Minutes Duration) Normal Hour Slot 2 (2 Minutes Duration) Normal Hour Slot 3 (2 Minutes Duration) Peak Hour Slot 1 (1 Minute Duration) Peak Hour Slot 2 (1 Minute Duration)
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9
Test 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Test 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Test 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Test 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Test 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
Test 6 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Test 7 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Test 8 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Test 9 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Test 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Table 2: Test Run Data
No. X Y+Z Tc (X/Tc)% [(Y+Z)/Tc]% CF CT α β
Test 1 0 12 12 0 100 36 48 0 33.33
Test 2 1.2 10.8 12 10 90 36 45.6 5 26.67
Test 3 2.4 9.6 12 20 80 36 43.2 10 20
Test 4 3.6 8.4 12 30 70 36 40.8 15 13.33
Test 5 4.8 7.2 12 40 60 36 38.4 20 6.67
Test 6 6 6 12 50 50 36 36 25 0
Test 7 7.2 4.8 12 60 40 36 33.6 30 -6.67
Test 8 8.4 3.6 12 70 30 36 31.2 35 -13.3
Test 9 9.6 2.4 12 80 20 36 28.8 40 -20
Test 10 10.8 1.2 12 90 10 36 26.4 45 -26.7
Test 11 12 0 12 100 0 36 24 50 -33.3
For the cost calculation, in the TOD tariff it is
assumed that, Cp1 = Cp2 = 2Cn, and in flat tariff, the
cost per unit, „Cf‟ is the average of rates in normal
and peak hours, Cf= (Cn + Cp1 + Cp2)/3. The values
CT and CF in Table 2 are calculated by assuming Cn =
Rs. 2/-.
From the graph in Fig. 8, it is apparent that the
TOD tariff equals flat tariff, if the load is equally
distributed between normal and peak hours. If the
amount of load shifted to normal hours is more than
50% of the total consumption hours, the TOD tariff
causes a reduction with a maximum of 50% in the
total cost. It may be felt that the revenue of the utility
provider is reduced as a consequence. However,
'peaker plants are operated to meet the demand in
some extend during peak hours, and majority of the
peaker plants are thermal, hence the production cost
during these hours are much higher than the normal
hour production. Since the consumption during peak
hours are lesser here, peak demand will go down and
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hence power generation during peak hour can be
reduced, this brings the production cost down. Since,
the consumers get benefited for limiting the
consumption during peak hours, they become vigilant
in managing electricity consumption. Hence the
designed Smart Metering System is useful to both
utility provider and consumers.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
X: 50
Y: 0
Percentage Change in Electricity Cost Vs percentage of load shifted to normal hours
Percentage of load shifted to normal hours
Percentage Change in Electricity Cost
% Savings in TOD
% Savings wr to flat tarif
Fig. 8: Percentage Cost Savings verses Percentage
Load Shifting
VI. CONCLUSION
A demand based smart metering system using
LabVIEW and ZigBee has been designed, which is
capable of monitoring energy consumption during
peak hours and normal hours separately, alerting the
utility provider on energy theft, remote turn ON/OFF
the supply of individual consumers and capable of
incorporated TOD tariff. The proposed design modify
the consumption of the consumers, thereby reduces
the energy consumption. The system is useful to both
consumers and utility providers. An intelligent circuit
which detects theft and generate a switching pulse on
detection of theft can be designed and integrated with
the system. Each smart meter can be considered as a
wireless sensor, and since the consumer‟s number is
high, the overall system may be considered as a
wireless sensor network. The approach of a wireless
sensor network would help in optimum handling of
smart meters. A detailed investigation, scientific
analysis and statistical evaluation for a best tariff
system, suitable for Indian energy scenario would be
helpful in applying an apt tariff system. An apt tariff
system and theft detection circuitry can be integrated
with the proposed smart meter design.
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