Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated disorder where the body's immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and tingling sensations. While the exact cause is unknown, GBS is often triggered by a bacterial or viral infection. The immune system cross-reacts with the nerves, damaging the protective myelin sheath or axons. Treatment involves plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin to reduce antibodies and speed recovery, with supportive care as needed. Most patients recover fully, but around 5-10% experience relapses.
Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated inflammatory neuropathy. It is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. Recent decades have seen progress in understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prognosis of GBS. The pathogenesis involves molecular mimicry between gangliosides and antigens from preceding infections like Campylobacter jejuni, leading to anti-ganglioside antibody production and complement-mediated nerve damage. Different GBS subtypes are associated with different antiganglioside antibodies and clinical courses.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) can be described as a collection of clinical syndromes that manifests as an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy with resultant weakness and diminished reflexes.
Although the classic description of GBS is that of a demyelinating neuropathy with ascending weakness, many clinical variants have been well documented in the medical literature.
Acute onset infection
Monophasic immune mediated polyneuropathy
Rapid progressive motor paralysis
Affects people of all ages and is not hereditary
Post infectious disease
It can follow by systemic infections
Auto immune in nature
OTHER TERMS
Acute inflammatory demyelinating poly radiculopathy (AIDP)
Acute idiopathic poly radiculo neuritis
Acute idiopathic neuritis
French polio
Landry Guillain Barre Syndrome
TYPES - Acute inflammatory demyelinating poly radiculo neuropathy (AIDP)
Acute Motor Axonal neuropathy(AMDN)
Acute Motor &Sensory Axonal neuropathy(AMSAN)
Miller Fisher Syndrome(MFS)
Polyneuritis Cranialis
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Paresthesia is frequent followed by paralysis in the extremities
Hypotonia
Areflexia Autonomic dysfunctions include orthostatic hypotension
Hypertension
Abnormal vagal responses
Bowel and bladder dysfunction
Facial flushing
Diaphoresis
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormoneProgression of Guillain barre syndrome
include lower brain stem that involves the
Facial Nerve
Abducens Nerve
Oculo Motor Nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Pain Is a common symptom and It becomes worse at Night.
TREATMENT
On set to two weeks: Plasma pheresis (40-50 ml/kg four times a week
After two weeks: intravenous administration of high dose immunoglobulin (Sandoglobulin)
Beyond three weeks: plasma exchange and immunoglobulin therapies
Chest Physiotherapy
Artificial ventilation-Maintain Gas Exchange
COMPLICATIONS
Cardiac arrhythmias
Respiratory failures
Dys autonomia
Pneumonia
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Septicemia
Death
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the nerves. It is characterized by progressive weakness in the legs and arms, loss of reflexes, and ascending paralysis over 4 weeks or less. The disorder is usually preceded by a gastrointestinal or respiratory infection. Treatment involves supportive care and immunoglobulin therapy. Most patients recover, though some experience long-term weakness depending on the severity of symptoms.
Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by severe, debilitating fatigue lasting over 6 months along with other symptoms like muscle pain and cognitive issues. The cause is unknown but may involve viral infections. Diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of definitive tests or features. Treatment focuses on symptom management through lifestyle changes, exercise therapy, and sometimes medications like antidepressants. Prognosis varies but most patients do not fully recover and treatment aims to improve functioning.
The document discusses autonomic dysfunction and various treatments. It defines autonomic dysfunction as a problem with the autonomic nervous system, which regulates unconscious body functions. Common types include orthostatic hypotension and multiple system atrophy. Symptoms vary but can include changes in blood pressure, heart rate when standing, and other issues. Treatment aims to manage symptoms and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and other therapies like yoga which can help balance the body and reduce stress.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute polyneuropathy that affects the peripheral nervous system, causing demyelination of nerve fibers which results in loss of neurotransmission to the periphery. It is an acute and potentially fatal disorder that more commonly affects males. Common causes include bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms include ascending paralysis, bulbar weakness, paresthesia, hypotonia, and areflexia. Treatment focuses on corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, antibiotics, and supportive care like plasmapheresis or mechanical ventilation.
Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated inflammatory neuropathy. It is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. Recent decades have seen progress in understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prognosis of GBS. The pathogenesis involves molecular mimicry between gangliosides and antigens from preceding infections like Campylobacter jejuni, leading to anti-ganglioside antibody production and complement-mediated nerve damage. Different GBS subtypes are associated with different antiganglioside antibodies and clinical courses.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) can be described as a collection of clinical syndromes that manifests as an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy with resultant weakness and diminished reflexes.
Although the classic description of GBS is that of a demyelinating neuropathy with ascending weakness, many clinical variants have been well documented in the medical literature.
Acute onset infection
Monophasic immune mediated polyneuropathy
Rapid progressive motor paralysis
Affects people of all ages and is not hereditary
Post infectious disease
It can follow by systemic infections
Auto immune in nature
OTHER TERMS
Acute inflammatory demyelinating poly radiculopathy (AIDP)
Acute idiopathic poly radiculo neuritis
Acute idiopathic neuritis
French polio
Landry Guillain Barre Syndrome
TYPES - Acute inflammatory demyelinating poly radiculo neuropathy (AIDP)
Acute Motor Axonal neuropathy(AMDN)
Acute Motor &Sensory Axonal neuropathy(AMSAN)
Miller Fisher Syndrome(MFS)
Polyneuritis Cranialis
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Paresthesia is frequent followed by paralysis in the extremities
Hypotonia
Areflexia Autonomic dysfunctions include orthostatic hypotension
Hypertension
Abnormal vagal responses
Bowel and bladder dysfunction
Facial flushing
Diaphoresis
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormoneProgression of Guillain barre syndrome
include lower brain stem that involves the
Facial Nerve
Abducens Nerve
Oculo Motor Nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Pain Is a common symptom and It becomes worse at Night.
TREATMENT
On set to two weeks: Plasma pheresis (40-50 ml/kg four times a week
After two weeks: intravenous administration of high dose immunoglobulin (Sandoglobulin)
Beyond three weeks: plasma exchange and immunoglobulin therapies
Chest Physiotherapy
Artificial ventilation-Maintain Gas Exchange
COMPLICATIONS
Cardiac arrhythmias
Respiratory failures
Dys autonomia
Pneumonia
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Septicemia
Death
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the nerves. It is characterized by progressive weakness in the legs and arms, loss of reflexes, and ascending paralysis over 4 weeks or less. The disorder is usually preceded by a gastrointestinal or respiratory infection. Treatment involves supportive care and immunoglobulin therapy. Most patients recover, though some experience long-term weakness depending on the severity of symptoms.
Chronic fatigue syndrome is characterized by severe, debilitating fatigue lasting over 6 months along with other symptoms like muscle pain and cognitive issues. The cause is unknown but may involve viral infections. Diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of definitive tests or features. Treatment focuses on symptom management through lifestyle changes, exercise therapy, and sometimes medications like antidepressants. Prognosis varies but most patients do not fully recover and treatment aims to improve functioning.
The document discusses autonomic dysfunction and various treatments. It defines autonomic dysfunction as a problem with the autonomic nervous system, which regulates unconscious body functions. Common types include orthostatic hypotension and multiple system atrophy. Symptoms vary but can include changes in blood pressure, heart rate when standing, and other issues. Treatment aims to manage symptoms and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and other therapies like yoga which can help balance the body and reduce stress.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute polyneuropathy that affects the peripheral nervous system, causing demyelination of nerve fibers which results in loss of neurotransmission to the periphery. It is an acute and potentially fatal disorder that more commonly affects males. Common causes include bacterial or viral infections. Symptoms include ascending paralysis, bulbar weakness, paresthesia, hypotonia, and areflexia. Treatment focuses on corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, antibiotics, and supportive care like plasmapheresis or mechanical ventilation.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the peripheral nerves. It most commonly develops 1-3 weeks after a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Males have a slightly higher risk than females. Approximately 70% of cases are preceded by a viral or bacterial infection. The syndrome causes progressive weakness and paralysis due to damage to the myelin sheath surrounding peripheral nerves or to the axons themselves. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and nerve conduction studies. Treatment focuses on supportive care and immunotherapy. Prognosis depends on severity but most patients recover fully if respiratory support is provided promptly as needed.
Dr. Nishtha Jain provides an overview of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP). Key points include: AIDP is an immune-mediated disorder of the peripheral nervous system, often preceded by a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture showing elevated CSF protein without pleocytosis. Electrodiagnosis can show features of demyelination. Treatment involves plasma exchange or IV immunoglobulin to remove antibodies. Prognosis is generally good, with most patients achieving near-full recovery, though respiratory failure can occasionally occur. New variants beyond classic AIDP have been recognized.
Vertigo –the dizzy patient an evidence-based diagnosis and treatment strategySachin Verma
Vertigo is a symptom of illusory movement and not a diagnosis .It is due to asymmetry of vestibular system due to damage or dysfunction of the
Labyrinth and vestibular nerve, or
Central vestibular structures in the brainstem
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder where the immune system damages nerve cells, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. Early symptoms include tingling and weakness in the extremities. While most people recover fully, some have long-term nerve damage. GBS is triggered by infections and affects people of all ages. Treatment involves plasma exchange or immunoglobulin therapy to reduce severity and speed recovery.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. It is usually triggered by a bacterial or viral infection. While most patients recover fully within a few months with treatment like intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis, it can in rare cases lead to respiratory failure or even death if not properly managed. The exact mechanisms are not fully understood but involve the immune system mounting an attack against nerve antigens, damaging the myelin sheath surrounding nerves.
1. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness and fatigability due to antibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
2. Diagnosis involves eliciting a history of fluctuating weakness and physical exam findings of rapidly fatigable weakness, as well as repetitive stimulation tests and tensilon tests.
3. Treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, thymectomy, and management of myasthenic crisis with IV immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Long-term management requires balancing medication side effects in children.
1) The document discusses various syndromes that can result from lesions or occlusions in different parts of the posterior circulation arteries that supply the brainstem and cerebellum.
2) Specific syndromes are described based on the location of the lesion, including PCA, vertebral artery, and basilar artery syndromes. Onset, signs and symptoms on both sides of the lesion are outlined.
3) Midbrain, pontine, and medullary syndromes are also detailed. Bilateral lesions causing Anton's syndrome and Balint's syndrome are mentioned. A variety of resulting neurological deficits are associated with different posterior circulation artery occlusions.
Guillain-Barre syndrome; the murderer enemySamir Mounir
This document provides information about Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), including:
1. GBS is an acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy that affects the peripheral nervous system and can be life-threatening. It has several subtypes with different clinical features.
2. The cause is unknown but is thought to involve molecular mimicry between microbial antigens and peripheral nerve antigens, triggering an autoimmune response.
3. Treatment involves supportive care to address symptoms like weakness, respiratory issues, and pain. Immunotherapy with IVIG or plasmapheresis within 2 weeks of onset can improve outcomes.
The document discusses acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), a rare inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. ADEM is typically triggered by an environmental stimulus in genetically susceptible individuals. It most commonly affects children between 5-8 years old, with symptoms developing within 2 weeks of a viral or bacterial infection in approximately 50-75% of cases. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and MRI findings showing multifocal brain inflammation. Treatment involves high-dose corticosteroids, with plasma exchange or IVIG recommended for non-responders. Most children recover fully, but some have residual symptoms like headaches or behavioral issues.
Guillain barre syndrome and carpal tunnel syndromeShweta Sharma
Guillain-Barré syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome are both conditions that involve damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves. Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness. It typically begins in the feet and legs and can progress to the arms and upper body. Carpal tunnel syndrome involves compression of the median nerve as it passes through the wrist, causing pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and fingers. Both conditions are diagnosed through patient history, physical exams including tests like Tinel's sign and Phalen's maneuver, and sometimes neurological studies. Treatment involves therapies to relieve symptoms and improve function.
1. Immune-mediated polyneuropathy refers to conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy where the peripheral nerves are damaged by the immune system.
2. GBS is the most common acute monophasic polyneuropathy and is characterized by acute onset of ascending areflexic weakness due to demyelination of peripheral nerves.
3. Diagnosis of GBS involves lumbar puncture showing elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels without an increase in white blood cells, along with clinical features of progressive ascending weakness.
This document provides information about acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). It defines ADEM as a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically presents as a monophasic disorder with encephalopathy and multifocal neurological symptoms. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ADEM. It states that ADEM is usually treated initially with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids over 3-5 days.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the peripheral nerves. It most commonly develops one to three weeks after a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Clinical features include rapidly progressive ascending paralysis, loss of deep tendon reflexes, and possible involvement of cranial nerves or the autonomic nervous system. Diagnosis is based on the clinical features and examination findings. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange to stop progression. Most patients recover fully but it may take several months and some are left with residual deficits.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy that results in demyelination and inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. It presents as rapidly progressive muscle weakness that peaks within 4 weeks. GBS is usually preceded by a bacterial or viral infection. The most common type is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, which involves demyelination of motor and sensory fibers. Treatment involves plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin to modulate the immune response. Nursing management focuses on respiratory support, pain management, range of motion exercises, and prevention of complications.
Fungal pneumonia is a type of lung infection caused by fungi. It is most common in immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms are similar to bacterial and viral pneumonia and include cough, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves culturing respiratory fluids or detecting fungal antigens. Treatment consists of antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and voriconazole. Prognosis can be poor if treatment is delayed or the underlying condition causing immunosuppression cannot be addressed.
This document describes Chiari malformation, specifically Chiari type I and II. It discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of a 34-year-old female patient presenting with progressive arm weakness, shoulder pain, and headaches exacerbated by coughing. Examination found reduced sensitivity in her arms. MRI confirmed Chiari type I malformation with tonsillar herniation. The patient underwent posterior fossa decompression surgery, with improvement in symptoms at 6-month follow up. Chiari malformations cause hindbrain herniation and obstruction of CSF flow, often requiring surgery to enlarge the posterior fossa.
This presentation looks at generalised periodic epileptiform discharges and the various disorders like Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD), SSPE and metabolic encephalopathies in which it is seen. SIRPID is also discussed. Triphasic waves are described. Radermacker complexes in SSPE are described.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that attacks the peripheral nervous system. It causes muscle weakness and paralysis. Common symptoms include numbness and tingling in the legs and arms that spreads upwards. While there is no cure, treatments like plasma exchange and immunoglobulin therapy can speed recovery, with most patients regaining the ability to walk independently within months. Risk factors include certain viral or bacterial infections, though the cause is not fully understood.
GBS means Guillain Barre syndrome a disease of neurological system. It often begins with tingling sensation and weakens from the legs and radiating to upper body and arms. there is no known cure for GBS, but treatments can improve symptoms and shorten its duration.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the peripheral nerves. It most commonly develops 1-3 weeks after a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Males have a slightly higher risk than females. Approximately 70% of cases are preceded by a viral or bacterial infection. The syndrome causes progressive weakness and paralysis due to damage to the myelin sheath surrounding peripheral nerves or to the axons themselves. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and nerve conduction studies. Treatment focuses on supportive care and immunotherapy. Prognosis depends on severity but most patients recover fully if respiratory support is provided promptly as needed.
Dr. Nishtha Jain provides an overview of Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP). Key points include: AIDP is an immune-mediated disorder of the peripheral nervous system, often preceded by a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture showing elevated CSF protein without pleocytosis. Electrodiagnosis can show features of demyelination. Treatment involves plasma exchange or IV immunoglobulin to remove antibodies. Prognosis is generally good, with most patients achieving near-full recovery, though respiratory failure can occasionally occur. New variants beyond classic AIDP have been recognized.
Vertigo –the dizzy patient an evidence-based diagnosis and treatment strategySachin Verma
Vertigo is a symptom of illusory movement and not a diagnosis .It is due to asymmetry of vestibular system due to damage or dysfunction of the
Labyrinth and vestibular nerve, or
Central vestibular structures in the brainstem
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder where the immune system damages nerve cells, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. Early symptoms include tingling and weakness in the extremities. While most people recover fully, some have long-term nerve damage. GBS is triggered by infections and affects people of all ages. Treatment involves plasma exchange or immunoglobulin therapy to reduce severity and speed recovery.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. It is usually triggered by a bacterial or viral infection. While most patients recover fully within a few months with treatment like intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis, it can in rare cases lead to respiratory failure or even death if not properly managed. The exact mechanisms are not fully understood but involve the immune system mounting an attack against nerve antigens, damaging the myelin sheath surrounding nerves.
1. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness and fatigability due to antibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
2. Diagnosis involves eliciting a history of fluctuating weakness and physical exam findings of rapidly fatigable weakness, as well as repetitive stimulation tests and tensilon tests.
3. Treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppressive drugs, thymectomy, and management of myasthenic crisis with IV immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Long-term management requires balancing medication side effects in children.
1) The document discusses various syndromes that can result from lesions or occlusions in different parts of the posterior circulation arteries that supply the brainstem and cerebellum.
2) Specific syndromes are described based on the location of the lesion, including PCA, vertebral artery, and basilar artery syndromes. Onset, signs and symptoms on both sides of the lesion are outlined.
3) Midbrain, pontine, and medullary syndromes are also detailed. Bilateral lesions causing Anton's syndrome and Balint's syndrome are mentioned. A variety of resulting neurological deficits are associated with different posterior circulation artery occlusions.
Guillain-Barre syndrome; the murderer enemySamir Mounir
This document provides information about Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), including:
1. GBS is an acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy that affects the peripheral nervous system and can be life-threatening. It has several subtypes with different clinical features.
2. The cause is unknown but is thought to involve molecular mimicry between microbial antigens and peripheral nerve antigens, triggering an autoimmune response.
3. Treatment involves supportive care to address symptoms like weakness, respiratory issues, and pain. Immunotherapy with IVIG or plasmapheresis within 2 weeks of onset can improve outcomes.
The document discusses acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), a rare inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. ADEM is typically triggered by an environmental stimulus in genetically susceptible individuals. It most commonly affects children between 5-8 years old, with symptoms developing within 2 weeks of a viral or bacterial infection in approximately 50-75% of cases. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and MRI findings showing multifocal brain inflammation. Treatment involves high-dose corticosteroids, with plasma exchange or IVIG recommended for non-responders. Most children recover fully, but some have residual symptoms like headaches or behavioral issues.
Guillain barre syndrome and carpal tunnel syndromeShweta Sharma
Guillain-Barré syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome are both conditions that involve damage or dysfunction of peripheral nerves. Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness. It typically begins in the feet and legs and can progress to the arms and upper body. Carpal tunnel syndrome involves compression of the median nerve as it passes through the wrist, causing pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and fingers. Both conditions are diagnosed through patient history, physical exams including tests like Tinel's sign and Phalen's maneuver, and sometimes neurological studies. Treatment involves therapies to relieve symptoms and improve function.
1. Immune-mediated polyneuropathy refers to conditions like Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy where the peripheral nerves are damaged by the immune system.
2. GBS is the most common acute monophasic polyneuropathy and is characterized by acute onset of ascending areflexic weakness due to demyelination of peripheral nerves.
3. Diagnosis of GBS involves lumbar puncture showing elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein levels without an increase in white blood cells, along with clinical features of progressive ascending weakness.
This document provides information about acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). It defines ADEM as a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically presents as a monophasic disorder with encephalopathy and multifocal neurological symptoms. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of ADEM. It states that ADEM is usually treated initially with high-dose intravenous corticosteroids over 3-5 days.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the peripheral nerves. It most commonly develops one to three weeks after a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Clinical features include rapidly progressive ascending paralysis, loss of deep tendon reflexes, and possible involvement of cranial nerves or the autonomic nervous system. Diagnosis is based on the clinical features and examination findings. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange to stop progression. Most patients recover fully but it may take several months and some are left with residual deficits.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy that results in demyelination and inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. It presents as rapidly progressive muscle weakness that peaks within 4 weeks. GBS is usually preceded by a bacterial or viral infection. The most common type is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, which involves demyelination of motor and sensory fibers. Treatment involves plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin to modulate the immune response. Nursing management focuses on respiratory support, pain management, range of motion exercises, and prevention of complications.
Fungal pneumonia is a type of lung infection caused by fungi. It is most common in immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms are similar to bacterial and viral pneumonia and include cough, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves culturing respiratory fluids or detecting fungal antigens. Treatment consists of antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and voriconazole. Prognosis can be poor if treatment is delayed or the underlying condition causing immunosuppression cannot be addressed.
This document describes Chiari malformation, specifically Chiari type I and II. It discusses the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of a 34-year-old female patient presenting with progressive arm weakness, shoulder pain, and headaches exacerbated by coughing. Examination found reduced sensitivity in her arms. MRI confirmed Chiari type I malformation with tonsillar herniation. The patient underwent posterior fossa decompression surgery, with improvement in symptoms at 6-month follow up. Chiari malformations cause hindbrain herniation and obstruction of CSF flow, often requiring surgery to enlarge the posterior fossa.
This presentation looks at generalised periodic epileptiform discharges and the various disorders like Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD), SSPE and metabolic encephalopathies in which it is seen. SIRPID is also discussed. Triphasic waves are described. Radermacker complexes in SSPE are described.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that attacks the peripheral nervous system. It causes muscle weakness and paralysis. Common symptoms include numbness and tingling in the legs and arms that spreads upwards. While there is no cure, treatments like plasma exchange and immunoglobulin therapy can speed recovery, with most patients regaining the ability to walk independently within months. Risk factors include certain viral or bacterial infections, though the cause is not fully understood.
GBS means Guillain Barre syndrome a disease of neurological system. It often begins with tingling sensation and weakens from the legs and radiating to upper body and arms. there is no known cure for GBS, but treatments can improve symptoms and shorten its duration.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a disorder in which the body's immune system attacks part of the peripheral nervous system.
Guillain-Barré syndrome can affect anybody. It can strike at any age and both sexes are equally prone to the disorder. The syndrome is rare, however, afflicting only about one person in 100,000. Usually Guillain-Barré occurs a few days or weeks after the patient has had symptoms of a respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection. Occasionally surgery will trigger the syndrome. In rare instances vaccinations may increase the risk of GBS.
After the first clinical manifestations of the disease, the symptoms can progress over the course of hours, days, or weeks. Most people reach the stage of greatest weakness within the first 2 weeks after symptoms appear, and by the third week of the illness 90 percent of all patients are at their weakest.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes:
Guillain Barre Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and paralysis. It is usually preceded by a viral or bacterial infection. The presentation involves ascending paralysis that impacts mobility, breathing, swallowing, and other functions. Treatment focuses on supportive care, immunoglobulin therapy, and rehabilitation to aid recovery, which can take weeks or months with potential residual effects. Nursing care monitors for complications and manages symptoms through the course of the condition.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute inflammatory polyneuropathy that causes generalized paralysis. It is usually triggered by a viral or bacterial infection and causes the immune system to damage nerve cells. Common symptoms include progressive muscle weakness, numbness, and pain. Treatment involves immunotherapy to reduce immune response and support for breathing and other vital functions until recovery. Most patients recover fully but a small percentage have permanent nerve damage or die from respiratory failure.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and tingling sensations. It usually occurs after a bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms start in the feet and legs and can spread to the upper body. In severe cases it can cause paralysis. While there is no cure, treatment such as plasma exchange or immunoglobulin therapy can reduce symptoms and aid recovery which often takes weeks or months.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder where the immune system attacks the nerves of the body, causing ascending paralysis that begins in the lower extremities and progresses upward. Symptoms include weakness, tingling, and difficulty walking or moving facial muscles. While there is no cure, treatments like plasmapheresis and immunoglobulin therapy can speed recovery, which usually takes 6-12 months but may last up to 3 years. Nurses play an important role in managing GBS by providing physical therapy, monitoring respiratory status, and avoiding infection during the recovery process.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system that results in muscle weakness and paralysis. It is caused by an autoimmune attack against the myelin sheath surrounding nerves. Symptoms include numbness and tingling in the extremities that progresses up the body. While most patients recover fully, treatment such as plasmapheresis or immunoglobulin therapy can help shorten recovery time from several months to weeks. GBS has several subtypes and is usually preceded by a viral or bacterial infection. Prognosis is generally good, though some permanent weakness may remain in a small percentage of cases.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and possible paralysis. It is usually preceded by a bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include progressive muscle weakness starting in the legs and ascending over time. Diagnosis involves neurological exams, nerve conduction studies, and spinal fluid analysis. Treatment focuses on rehabilitation and managing symptoms, as there is no cure. Recovery can take several months but most patients do regain function over time.
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nerves that causes weakness and numbness in the legs and arms and can potentially lead to paralysis. It is rare, affecting 1-2 people per 100,000 annually in the US. While its exact causes are unknown, about half of GBS cases are preceded by a viral or bacterial infection. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, electromyography, and nerve conduction tests. Treatment focuses on plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin, medications, and physical therapy. Most patients recover fully but it may take a year or longer and some have lasting symptoms, though death is rare.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and tingling sensations that usually start in the legs and can spread to the arms and upper body. It is usually triggered by a viral or bacterial infection and can potentially interfere with breathing. Most patients recover fully or have some residual weakness, but treatment through plasma exchange or immunoglobulin therapy can improve recovery outcomes. While the cause is unknown, research focuses on the immune response and potential viral triggers.
The advent of plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulins has dramatically improved the prognosis of patients with GBS. Despite this fact, mortality and morbidity rates remain unacceptably high. Until better therapies are developed, the appropriate utilization of immune-modulating therapy and careful attention to supportive care issues will help to minimize these unfavorable outcomes
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system in which the body's immune system attacks part of its peripheral nervous system. It can cause muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis. The main symptoms include tingling or prickling sensations in the legs and arms followed by muscle weakness that spreads upwards from the lower extremities. While the exact cause is unknown, GBS is often triggered by a preceding infection. Diagnosis involves physical examination, lumbar puncture, electrodiagnostic studies, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment focuses on immunotherapy such as intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system. It causes demyelination of the nerves which damages the nerves and affects signal transmission. Common symptoms include weakness, tingling, and paralysis that usually starts in the lower extremities and ascends upwards. It is treated with plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin to reduce antibody levels. Nursing management focuses on addressing complications related to impaired mobility, respiration, nutrition, and pain.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks healthy nerve cells in your peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated disorder of the peripheral nervous system.
- It is characterized by progressive weakness and loss of reflexes in the limbs and can potentially lead to respiratory failure.
- Treatment with plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin has reduced mortality from GBS to 3-7% and hastens recovery.
The document discusses immune mediated disorders like Guillain-Barre syndrome and transverse myelitis. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an acute immune disorder that causes weakness and sensory issues due to damage to the peripheral nervous system. Transverse myelitis is a rare inflammatory spinal cord disorder that causes motor and sensory deficits varying from mild to complete paralysis depending on the level of involvement in the spinal cord.
This document discusses various acute peripheral neuropathies including Guillain-Barre syndrome, Bell's palsy, and Ramsey-Hunt syndrome. It provides details on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of each condition. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an immune-mediated neuropathy causing ascending paralysis. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and nerve conduction studies. Treatment includes supportive care, plasmapheresis or IVIG. Bell's palsy causes unilateral facial paralysis and is usually self-limiting, though steroids may help recovery. Ramsey-Hunt syndrome presents with facial paralysis and a vesicular rash, caused by varicella zoster reactivation, treated with antivirals and steroids.
The document describes current pharmaceutical practices and their limitations in Ethiopian healthcare facilities. It notes that receiving, storage, inventory, dispensing and other processes are poorly documented. Medicines are not properly tracked, monitored or secured. Physical inventories are irregular. There is a lack of standardized forms, procedures and tools. This makes auditing, accountability and quality assurance difficult. As a result, there can be wastage, expiry, stockouts and compromised patient care due to issues like poor adherence. Potential causes include deficiencies in organization, management, staffing and training. Improved practices are needed.
This document provides an overview of malaria, including:
1) Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium transmitted via mosquito bites, causing liver and blood infections.
2) It describes the life cycle of the malaria parasite within the human and mosquito hosts.
3) Signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of both uncomplicated and severe malaria are discussed.
This document provides an overview of pain, including definitions, causes, pathophysiology, categories, clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment. It defines pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage. The pathophysiology involves neural networks in the brain and spinal cord. Pain is categorized based on origin (nociceptive, inflammatory, neuropathic) and duration (acute, chronic). Effective treatment requires thorough assessment and a multimodal approach including pharmacological, physical, and psychological methods.
This document provides an outline and details regarding chronic liver disease. It begins with an introduction defining chronic liver disease and its causes. Key points include that chronic liver disease lasts over 6 months and can result from viral infections, autoimmune conditions, inherited diseases, cancer or toxin consumption. The document then covers the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, complications, signs and symptoms, investigations and treatments of chronic liver disease in greater detail over multiple pages.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The main motor symptoms include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Diagnosis is based on the presence of at least two of these cardinal motor symptoms. While there is no cure for PD, medications can help manage symptoms by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. Levodopa combined with carbidopa is very effective but long-term use can cause motor complications like fluctuations and dyskinesia that require adjustment of the treatment regimen.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. It begins by defining key terms like seizure and epilepsy. It describes the pathophysiology of seizures as being caused by abnormal neuronal discharge and imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. It classifies seizures as either primary generalized or partial based on clinical presentation and EEG findings. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, avoiding triggers, and using antiepileptic drugs or surgery to prevent seizures. The goals of treatment are achieving seizure freedom while minimizing side effects and improving quality of life.
Hypertension emergency is characterized by severely elevated blood pressure (>180/120 mm Hg) and evidence of impending organ damage. Hypertension urgency also involves severely elevated blood pressure but without organ damage. The goal of treatment is to gradually lower blood pressure over minutes to hours in emergencies and over 24 hours in urgencies to prevent organ damage. Intravenous drugs are used for emergencies while oral drugs are preferred for urgencies with close monitoring. Specific treatment depends on the underlying cause and affected organs.
This medical record is for a 10-year-old male admitted with coma secondary to complicated pyogenic meningitis and clinical malaria. He presented with a 4-hour history of failure to communicate and had developed abnormal body movements, fever, and headache over the prior days. On examination he was comatose with normal vital signs. Laboratory tests showed normal CBC and imaging was not notable. He was diagnosed with coma secondary to complicated pyogenic meningitis and clinical malaria with moderate acute malnutrition. Treatment included antibiotics, antimalarials, anticonvulsants, and steroids to control seizures, eradicate infections, and decrease symptoms while monitoring for effectiveness and safety.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy that causes weakness and diminished reflexes as the immune system attacks the nerves. It is usually preceded by a viral or bacterial infection. There are different subtypes depending on whether the myelin sheath or axons are affected. Diagnosis involves physical exam, lumbar puncture showing elevated proteins, and electrodiagnostic studies. Treatment involves plasma exchange or IV immunoglobulin to modulate the immune system. Most patients require hospitalization but most make a full recovery, though some experience long-term weakness or paralysis.
This document discusses a case of pyogenic meningitis in a 10-year old male child who presented with fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Key findings included coma, seizures, and signs of moderate acute malnutrition. Empirical antibiotic treatment was started for pyogenic meningitis, clinical malaria, and seizures. The patient's condition, vital signs, lab results, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were monitored. The document provides background information on pyogenic meningitis including causes, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment including antibiotic regimens and adjuvant dexamethasone therapy, and prognosis.
4. Service Organization, Staffing and Dispensing Flow.pptxMebratGebreyesus
This document outlines the organization and workflow of a pharmacy service. It discusses organizing the pharmacy into different dispensaries and stores. It also covers determining human resource needs based on workload analysis. The responsibilities of different staff members like bin owners, accountants, and cashiers are defined. Finally, it discusses the collective responsibilities of pharmacy staff and the principles of indemnity.
This document discusses abortion and its management. It begins by listing group members and defining abortion as termination of pregnancy before fetal viability, usually considered 20 weeks. Worldwide, 80 million abortions occur annually, with 40% being unsafe. Abortions are categorized as spontaneous, induced, early or late. Etiologies include genetic, infectious, uterine and endocrine factors. Clinical types include threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed and recurrent abortions. Diagnosis involves symptoms, signs and tests. Management depends on type and presence of infection, and involves medical, surgical and counseling approaches. Complications can include hemorrhage, infection and injury.
This document outlines a seminar presentation on diabetes mellitus. It includes an introduction to diabetes, definitions of the different types of diabetes, pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of complications. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells while type 2 involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, insulin therapy, and managing complications such as hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, neuropathy, and nephropathy.
This document provides an overview of contraceptives, including:
1. It defines contraception and describes the menstrual cycle.
2. It outlines the desired outcomes of contraceptive use such as pregnancy prevention and STI protection.
3. It describes various contraceptive methods including barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, and hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, patches, and IUDs.
4. It stresses the importance of evaluating contraceptive outcomes through regular screening and monitoring of potential side effects.
Central nervous system infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality in children. Viral infections are a common cause of CNS disease, while bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections also contribute. Common symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status. Bacterial meningitis requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent neurologic complications. Empiric antibiotic therapy should cover the most common causes, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis, while supportive care and monitoring for increased intracranial pressure are also important. Adjunctive steroids may help reduce inflammation and complications in some cases.
The document provides information about poisoning, including types, clinical features, investigations, and treatments. It discusses various specific poisons like organophosphates, carbon monoxide, warfarin, and heavy metals. Management of poisoning involves decontamination methods like emesis and gastric lavage. Supportive treatments aim to maintain vital functions while enhancing elimination of toxins. Antidotes are given as needed, such as atropine for organophosphate poisoning and acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdose. Chelating agents are used for heavy metal toxicity.
This document provides an outline and information about diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). It compares and contrasts the two conditions, discussing their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key differences include that DKA is characterized by ketosis and lower blood glucose and bicarbonate levels, while HHS involves extreme dehydration, hyperglycemia and hyperosmolality without significant ketosis. Both require fluid replacement and insulin therapy, but treatment for HHS also focuses on gradual correction of osmolality to prevent cerebral edema.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
3. GBS
• Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute onset, usually
monophasic immune-mediated disorder of the peripheral
nervous system
• GBS is a rare disorder in which your body's immune system
attacks your nerves. Weakness and tingling in your hands and
feet are usually the first symptoms.
• These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing
your whole body. In its most severe form Guillain-Barre
syndrome is a medical emergency. Most people with the
condition must be hospitalized to receive treatment.
3
4. Ethology
• Although the cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome is not fully
understood, it is thought to be autoimmune.
• In about two thirds of patients, Guillain-Barré syndrome
begins 5 days to 3 weeks after a banal infectious disorder,
surgery, or vaccination. Infection is the trigger in > 50% of
patients; common pathogens include :
Bacterial
Campylobacter jejuni which causes diarrhea (often from undercooked
infected chicken)
Haemophilus influenzae which causes chest infection
4
5. Cont..
Virus
o Herpesviruses (including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr
virus)
• cytomegalovirus which causes chest infection or
glandular fever
• Epstein-Barr virus which causes glandular fever
o Hepatitis E which causes jaundice
o Zika virus which causes fever, rash and joint pain
• In some patients, Guillain-Barré syndrome has developed
after a respiratory or a gastrointestinal infection, Zika virus
infection or after COVID-19.
5
6. Pathophysiology
• The cause of GBS is inflammation of the peripheral nerves. These
nerves normally take messages to and from the skin and muscles to
the brain and spinal cord.
• There is strong evidence that the cause is autoimmune. The
immune system produces an immune response to an infection
which cross-reacts with the nerves.
• It usually reacts with and damages the outer coating sheath of the
nerve fibers, called myelin. In more severely affected people, this
damage also affects the central conducting core of the nerve, called
the axon.
• In some people the axon is itself the main target of the
autoimmune response.
6
7. Cont..
There are three different forms of GBS:
• Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy -
which predominantly affects the myelin. The commonest form
in America and Europe.
• Acute motor axonal neuropathy - which affects the axons of
the nerves going to the muscles. The commonest form in
some Asian countries.
• Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy - which affects
the axons of the motor and sensory nerves.
The different forms have similar symptoms, signs and disease courses
except for the absence of sensory symptoms and signs in acute motor
axonal neuropathy. They are distinguished by nerve conduction tests.
7
8. Risk factors
• Guillain-Barre syndrome can affect all age groups, but your
risk increases as you age. It's also slightly more common in
males than females. GBS may be triggered by
o Most commonly, infection with campylobacter, a type of
bacteria often found in undercooked poultry
o Influenza virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Zika virus
o Hepatitis A, B, C and E
o HIV, the virus that causes AIDS
o Mycoplasma pneumonia
o Surgery
o Trauma
o COVID-19 virus
o COVID-19 Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca vaccine
8
9. Signs & Symptoms
• Guillain-Barre syndrome often begins with tingling and
weakness starting in your feet and legs and spreading to your
upper body and arms.
• Some people notice the first symptoms in the arms or face. As
Guillain-Barre syndrome progresses, muscle weakness can
turn into paralysis. Symptoms can progress over hours, days,
or weeks.
9
10. Cont…
Signs and symptoms of GBS may include:
o A pins and needles sensation in your fingers, toes, ankles or wrists
o Weakness in your legs that spreads to your upper body
o Unsteady walking or inability to walk or climb stairs
o Difficulty with facial movements, including speaking, chewing or
swallowing
o Double vision or inability to move the eyes
o Severe pain that may feel achy, shooting or cramplike and may be
worse at night
o Difficulty with bladder control or bowel function
o Rapid heart rate
o Low or high blood pressure
o Difficulty breathing
10
11. Complications
Guillain-Barre syndrome affects your nerves. Because nerves
control your movements and body functions, people with
Guillain-Barre may experience:
Breathing difficulties - The weakness or paralysis can spread
to the muscles that control your breathing, a potentially fatal
complication.
Heart and blood pressure problems - Blood pressure
fluctuations and irregular heart rhythms (cardiac arrhythmias)
are common side effects of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Bowel and bladder function problems - Sluggish bowel
function and urine retention may result from Guillain-Barre
syndrome
11
12. Cont..
Blood clots - People who are immobile due to Guillain-Barre
syndrome are at risk of developing blood clots. Until you're
able to walk independently, taking blood thinners and
wearing support stockings may be recommended.
Pain - One-third of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome
experience severe nerve pain, which may be eased with
medication.
• Severe, early symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome
significantly increase the risk of serious long-term
complications. Rarely, death may occur from complications
such as respiratory distress syndrome and heart attacks.
12
13. Diagnosis
Guillain-Barre syndrome can be difficult to diagnose in its earliest stages. Its
signs and symptoms are similar to those of other neurological disorders and
may vary from person to person.
Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome is primarily clinical
Examination
• ask about symptoms, such as how long they've lasted and whether
they're getting worse, muscle weakness that's getting worse over
time is a common sign of Guillain-Barré syndrome
• ask if recently been ill – Guillain-Barré syndrome often follows an
infection such as food poisoning or flu
• check reflexes, such as whether leg twitches when knee is tapped in a
particular place - people with Guillain-Barré syndrome usually have
no or reduced reflexes
13
14. Cont…
Nerve tests
Tow tests may be carried out to see how well your nerves are
working:
Electromyography (EMG)
• Thin-needle electrodes are inserted into the muscles your
doctor wants to study. The electrodes measure nerve activity
in the muscles.
Nerve conduction studies
• Electrodes are taped to the skin above your nerves. A small
shock is passed through the nerve to measure the speed of
nerve signals.
14
15. Cont…
Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
• A small amount of fluid is withdrawn from the spinal canal in
your lower back. The fluid is tested for a type of change that
commonly occurs in people who have Guillain-Barre
syndrome
• The sample of fluid will be checked for signs of problems that
can cause similar symptoms to Guillain-Barré syndrome, such
as an infection
15
16. Management
Goal of therapy
Monitor disease progression and the occurrence of complications
Decrease mortality rate or to improves survival
Reduce the symptoms and speed up recovery
To control pain and other conditions that may be present
16
17. Supportive care
• If breathing becomes difficult, mechanical ventilation with a
breathing machine in an intensive care unit becomes
necessary. For this, a special plastic tube, called an
endotracheal tube, connects the person to the breathing
machine via the mouth or nose.
• Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, All patients should be
given subcutaneous fractionated or unfractionated heparin
and support stockings until they are able to walk
independently to prevent deep vein thrombosis
17
18. Cont..
• Pain and sensory symptoms are reported in majority of
patients with GBS and should be treated with analgesic
regimens, Gabapentin or carbamazepine are useful for pain
management in the acute phase of GBS
• Nutrition - Nasogastric or gastric tube feeding should be
instituted early and slowly. High energy (40–45 nonprotein
kcal) and high protein diet (2–2.5 g/kg) have been
recommended so has to reduce muscle wasting and assist
respiratory weaning
18
19. Treatment
• There's no cure for Guillain-Barre syndrome. But two types of
treatments can speed recovery and reduce the severity of the
illness:
1. Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis)
A plasma exchange, also called plasmapheresis, is sometimes
used instead of IVIG
This involves being attached to a machine that removes blood
from a vein and filters out the harmful antibodies that are
attacking your nerves before returning the blood to your body
• Most people need treatment over the course of around 5 days
19
20. Cont..
• Plasma exchange helps when done early; it is used if IVIG is
ineffective.
• Plasma exchange shortens the disease course and hospital
stay, and reduces mortality risk and incidence of permanent
paralysis.
• However, it may cause hypotension due to large fluid shifts,
and IV access may be difficult or cause complications.
• Plasma exchange removes any previously administered IVIG,
negating its benefits, and so should never be done during or
soon after use of IVIG.
20
21. Cont..
2. Immunoglobulin Therapy
Immunoglobulin containing healthy antibodies from blood
donors is given through a vein (intravenously). High doses of
immunoglobulin can block the damaging antibodies that may
contribute to Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Given early, IVIG 2 g/kg over 1 to 2 days or, more slowly, as
400 mg/kg IV once a day for 5 consecutive days is the
treatment of choice; it has some benefit up to 1 month from
disease onset.
21
22. Cont…
• IVIG is more convenient and more widely available than PE
but both are equally helpful. Combining the two does not
help more.
• Early treatment within the first two weeks after the onset of
GBS symptoms is preferable.
• Besides IVIg and plasma exchange, no other procedures or
drugs have been proven effective in the treatment of GBS.
• Corticosteroids would be expected to be beneficial in reducing
inflammation, But corticosteroids for GBS showed no
significant benefit, and treatment with oral corticosteroids
was even shown to have a negative effect on outcome
22
23. Prognosis
• Approximately 85% of patients with GBS achieve a full
functional recovery with in several months to a year
• The mortality rate is <5% in optimal setting; death usually
results from secondary pulmonary complications
• The outlook is worst in patients with sever proximal motor
and sensory axonal damage. Other factors that worsen the
outlook for recovery are advanced age, delayed in the onset
of treatment
• Between 5 to 10% of patients with typical GBS have one or
more late relapses; such case are then classified as chronic
inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
23
24. Conclusion
• GBS is a monophasic immune-mediated neuropathy
characterized by acute onset of predominantly motor
weakness and is a common cause of respiratory paralysis.
• There are many variants described with different prognosis
and manifestations. Electrodiagnosis aids in the diagnosis.
• Immunotherapy definitely makes a difference in the recovery
of GBS patients and both PE and IVIg are equally effective.
IVIg may be preferred because of its low side-effect profile
and ease of administration.
• Supportive treatment is equally important in reducing the
morbidity and mortality in GBS.
24
25. Reference
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome ANNE D. WALLING, MD, ChB, and
GRETCHEN DICKSON, MD, MBA University of Kansas School of
Medicine, Wichita, Kansas
• https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-
barre-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20362793
• https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-
disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-
disorders/guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome-gbs
• Harrison 21 edition
25