The document provides an overview of ethics concepts including: - A short prayer is included to bless the session. - The mission, vision, and core values of PnC focus on developing professionals through knowledge, skills, and values. - Impartiality means equal treatment of all while reason is the basis for actions and decisions. - A 7-step model for moral reasoning is described including gathering facts, identifying principles, assessing alternatives and consequences, and making a decision. - The relationship between reason and emotion in morality is discussed.

1. ETHICS 101 CCS
1CS-A GROUP 8

2. SHORT
PRAYER
Lord, we now seek your direction and instruction.
We ask that you bless the instructor, the students,
and this session in every manner. In Jesus' name,
we pray, "Take full control, Oh God, and may
everything go according to your will and purpose."
Amen!

3. MISSION, VISSION, AND CORE VALUES
As an institution of higher
learning, PnC is committed to
equip individuals with
knowledge, skills, and values
that will enable them to achieve
their professional goals and
provide leadership and service
for national development.
MISSION
A premier educational
institution of higher learning,
developing globally-competitive
and value-laden professionals
and leaders instrumental to
community development and
nation building.
VISION
As a God-fearing
institution respecting multi-
faith of people, PnC adheres
to the following:
Personal Dignity
Nurturing Community
Commitment to Excellence
CORE VALUES

5. What is reason and what is impartiality?
IMPARTIALITY
• Equal treatment of all
• An individual point of view are
equally important.
• A principle of justice. Decisions must
be based on objective criteria.
REASON
• The basis of an action or decision.
• In making moral judgement. It must
be backed up with reasons

6. THE
7-STEP
MORAL
REASONING
MODEL

7. 1. GATHERING
THE
FACTS
2. DETERMINE
THE ETHICAL
ISSUE (S).
3. IDENTIFY THE
PRINCIPLES THAT
HAVE A BEARING
ON THE CASE.
4. LIST OF
ALTERNATIVES
5. COMPARE THE
ALTERNATIVES WITH
THE VIRTUES/PRINCIPLE
6. ASSESS THE
CONSEQUENCE.
7. MAKES A
DECISION.

8. 1. GATHERING THE FACTS
Gathering the facts is an essential first
step before conducting any ethical
analysis or reflection on the case. In the
case of Rae, the following are the relevant
facts at hand, as well as any unknown
facts that must be determined. As a
result, we must ask not only "what do we
know?" but also "what do we need to
know?". In the case of the Hispanic male
in the story of Rae the following are the
relevant facts:

9. The patient is a young man, infected with HIV and an
active homosexual. He suffered severe abdominal
wounds but is recovering well. Homosexuality is
looked down upon in Hispanic communities. The
patient has insisted that his physician maintain
confidentiality about his HIV status.
The patient is afraid of rejection by his family and
retribution from his fellow gang members if his
homosexuality is discovered, especially if they
discover that he is HIV positive. He is uninsured and
cannot afford home nursing care by a professional,
luckily the patient’s sister is willing and able to
provide the necessary nursing care for her brother.
The patient has specifically requested that his sister
not be told of his HIV status.
She does not know that his brother is an active
homosexual. By having no idea, his sister has the
probability of being infected by the virus from the
contact with him.

10. 2. DETERMINE THE ETHICAL
ISSUE (S).
In the case, the competing interests are those of the
sister who will provide the care and the patient who
will receive it. Both have interests in being protected
from harm. The patient fears being harmed in a
psycho-social way if his homosexuality and HIV status
were discovered. In effect, he has put the physician in
a difficult situation by demanding that his right to
confidentiality be kept. the situation also put the life
of his sister at risk because of the confidentiality he
demanded. By way of summary, the conflict is the
need for patient confidentiality vs. the duty to warn
the sister of risk of harm.

11. 3. IDENTIFY THE PRINCIPLES THAT HAVE A BEARING ON
THE CASE
In any Moral Dilemma, there are options that are more difficult than the others. It is stated that
compassion drives someone to make a moral decision that requires knowing both perspectives. Two
principles are thus dominant; First is how you would address the case if someone would be hurt or
humiliated in the process. But the second is for the safety of another person but sacrificing someone
else stated in the case. The main point is to avoid the worst scenario in one’s case and to judge wisely
not only on simple factors but from a future-proof perspective.

12. 4. LIST OF ALTERNATIVES
This step requires creative thinking that is also
included in resolving moral dilemma. Moral
dilemma is a position/situation in which a
difficult choice must be made between two or
more alternatives. In this step, you will think
creatively to have a conclusion of what action
or decision you will do/make. The more
alternatives you have, the better the chance
that your list will include some quality ones
and you may cope up with alternatives that
you hadn't considered before. Eliminating
alternatives according to moral principles tat
will remove all the alternatives except one to
resolve the case is called comparing
alternatives with principles.

13. 5. Compare the Alternatives with the Virtues/Principle
This step involves eliminating the alternative according to the moral principle that would affect
the decision of the case. The process of sorting the ideas is not new to moral dilemmas which
lessens the alternatives to more on-point decisions. The Virtues and Principles are somewhat
difficult in some instances; People tend to let their emotions control their decisions. But some
are mature enough to see the more appropriate alternative to the case.
ALTERNATIVES VIRTUES

14. 6. ASSESS THE CONSEQUENCE
If the principles do not produce a clear decision, then a consideration of the consequence of the
remaining available alternatives is in order. Both positive and negative consequences are to be
considered. They should be informally weighted, since some positive consequences are more
beneficial than others and some negative consequences are more detrimental than others. The
undertaking here is to take the viable alternatives that attempt to predict what the likely
consequences (both positive and negative) of each would be.

15. Rae’s model is good in the sense that it has room in it to accommodate a whole host of different
moral and ethical perspectives, considering the ethnic and religious diversity of our society.
Finally, it promotes the primal consideration of reason and impartiality in ethics without
necessarily eradicating the role of feelings in ethical deliberation.
7. MAKES A DECISION.
=

16. Reason and will, there is a
difference between these two.
Reason contains process like
study, research and more.
Reason is all about logic, while
will is according to the persons
mind or thought, intentions
and desire. Reason is the
ability of our mind to think,
know about something and
form a decision by a logical
process while will is the power
that drives you of how the way
you act.
The primary presumption we rely on to avoid
becoming biased by feelings and emotion is reason.
On the other hand, emotion enables us to act morally
and ensures that our moral judgments are not only
founded on logical thinking but are also morally
justifiable. Thus, our morality is a product of both
reason and emotion.
Will is a faculty of the mind. Along with reason and
comprehension, will is a crucial component of the
mind. It is regarded as fundamental to the field of
ethics because of its role in enabling reasonable
action.

17. “All our reasoning
ends in surrender to
feeling”
- Blaise Pascal
Quote of the day:

18. ANY
QUESTIONS?
VIOLENT
REACTIONS?

19. THANK YOU
AND
HAVE A GREAT DAY!