This document compares Linux and Windows operating systems. It discusses what an operating system is and provides descriptions of Linux and Windows. Linux uses linked lists and trees to manage memory and implements paging, while Windows uses trees and also implements paging. Both can access up to 4GB of physical memory with portions allocated to kernel and user modes. The document also defines processes, explaining they are running programs/tasks, and describes how Linux and Windows handle processes, including their states. It provides how to check process states in Windows using Task Manager.

2. Group Members
Sufian Abid
Muhammad Umer Naseem
Ali Hamza
Muhammad Adeel Akhtar

3. Linux vs. Windows

4. What is operating system?
• An Operating System OS is a set of program that manages
computer hardware and provide common services for
application software. The operating system is the most
important type of system software. A user cannot run an
application program on the computer without an
operating system, unless the application program is self
booting.

5. What Is Window OS:
• Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS,
computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft
Corporation to run personal computers (PCs)
• Windows is a desktop operating system developed by
Microsoft. Each version of Windows comes with a graphical
user interface that includes a desktop with icons and a task
bar that is displayed at the bottom of the screen by default.

6. What Is Linux OS:
• Linux is a Unix-like, open source and community-developed
operating system (OS) for computers, servers, mainframes,
mobile devices and embedded devices. It is supported on
almost every major computer platform, including x86, ARM
and SPARC, making it one of the most widely supported
operating systems.

7. Linux Memory Management:
• Linux uses a linked data Structure to manage their memory.
• If the number of entries become greater than 32, Linux will
convert linked-list into tree data structure.
• Linux uses paging.
• Linux can access up to 4GB of physical memory.
• In Linux only 1GB of upper & lower parts of physical memory
is allocated for Kernel-mode & user-mode respectively.

8. Windows Memory management
• Window operating system has both virtual memory and
physical memory.
• Windows manages their virtual memory in a tree data
structures.
• Paging is also done in Windows operating System.
• Windows can also access up to 4 GB of physical memory.
• In windows 2GB of upper & lower parts of physical memory
are allocated for Kernel-mode & user-mode respectively.

9. What is process:
• The term "process" can also be used as a verb, which means to
perform a series of operations on a set of data. For example,
your computer's CPU processes information sent to it by various
programs.
• Every time you run a shell command, a program is run and a
process is created for it

10. What is process in Linux:
• In Linux, a process is any active (running) instance of a
program.
• Each process in Linux has a process id (PID) and it is associated
with a particular user and group account.
• Linux is a multitasking operating system, which means that
multiple programs can be running at the same time (processes
are also known as tasks)
• Each process has the illusion that it is the only process on the
computer. The tasks share common processing resources (like
CPU and memory).
• Any time the system is running, processes are also running.
You can use the ps command to find out which processes are
running and display information about those processes.

11. What is process in Windows:
• In windows process contains the program code and its activity.
• A process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that
execute instructions.
• First, the process is "created" by being loaded from a secondary
storage device into main memory.
• While the process is "waiting", it waits for the scheduler to do a
so-called context switch. The context switch loads the process
into the processor and changes the state to "running" while the
previously "running" process is stored in a "waiting" state
• If a process in the "running" state needs to wait for a resource
(wait for user input or file to open, for example), it is assigned
the "blocked" state.
• Once the process finishes execution, or is terminated by the
operating system, it is no longer needed. The process is
removed instantly or is moved to the "terminated" state. When
removed, it just waits to be removed from main memory

12. How to check process state in
windows
• Hold Ctrl+Shift+Esc or right-click on the Windows bar, and
choose Start Task Manager. In Windows Task Manager, click on
More details. The Processes tab displays all running processes
and their current resources usage.