The document discusses theories of constructivism and cognitive development, including those proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky. Piaget's theory focused on individual learning through active engagement, while Vygotsky emphasized social interaction and scaffolding from more knowledgeable others. Constructivism holds that learning occurs through assimilation and accommodation within environments that facilitate exploration. The document then provides examples of group work techniques like case studies, debates, and projects. It introduces the concept of a group charter, describing its components and benefits for establishing expectations and processes to improve online group function and outcomes. A study is described that found groups using charters felt more prepared and efficient, with higher assessment scores, identifying roles, standards, conduct, and timelines as