This document provides a seminar report on cloud computing submitted by Vanama Vamsi Krishna in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The 3-page report includes an abstract, table of contents, introduction on cloud computing concepts, a brief history of cloud computing, key characteristics of cloud computing including cost, scalability and reliability, components and architecture of cloud computing, types and roles in cloud computing, merits and demerits, and a conclusion. The report provides a high-level overview of cloud computing fundamentals.

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Cloud Computing
A Seminar report
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
The award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science and Engineering
by
Vanama Vamsi Krishna(15761A05B0)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Lakireddy Bali Reddy Colege of
Engineering(Autonomous)
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
Afiliated to JNTUK ,Kakinada; ISO9001:2015 Certified
2015-2019

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Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that the seminar entitled “Cloud Computing” is being submitted by
Mr./Mrs./Ms. Vanama Vamsi Krishna in partial fulfillment for the award of B.Tech in Computer
Science & Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada is are record
of bonafide work carried out by him/her under our guidance.
Seminar in charge Head of the department
Name and Designation Name and Designation

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Table Of Contents
ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Cloud computing – The Concept………………………… …………………5 - 8
CHAPTER 2 HISTORY
2.1 History of Cloud Computing…………………………... ……………….……9
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 Need For Cloud Computing……………………………….…………………..10-11
3.2 Key Characteristics…………………………………….………………….….. 12
CHAPTER 4 ARCHITECTURE
4.1 Components………………………………………………………………….. 13-14
4.2 Cloud Architecture…………………..……………………………………...... 15
CHAPTER 5 TYPES & ROLES
5.1 Types……………………………………………………………………………16
5.2 Roles…………………………………………………………………………. ..17
CHAPTER 6 MERITS &DEMERITS
6.1 Advantages…………………………………………………………………... ..18-21
6.2 Disadvantages………………………………………………………………... ..22-23
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION
7.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… ..24
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………25

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Abstract
Computers have become an indispensable part of life. We need computers
everywhere, be it for work, research or in any such field. As the use of computers
in our day-to-day life increases, the computing resources that we need also go up.
For companies like Google and Microsoft, harnessing the resources as and when
they need it is not a problem. But when it comes to smaller enterprises,
affordability becomes a huge factor. With the huge infrastructure come problems
like machines failure, hard drive crashes, software bugs, etc. This might be a big
headache for such a community. Cloud Computing offers a solution to this
situation. Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in which computing is moved away
from personal computers and even the individual enterprise application server to a
‗cloud‘ of computers. A cloud is a virtualized server pool which can provide the
different computing resources of their clients. Users of this system need only be
concerned with the computing service being asked for. The underlying details of
how it is achieved are hidden from the user. The data and the services provided
reside in massively scalable data centers and can be ubiquitously accessed from
any connected device all over the world.
Key Words:-
Agility, Broadband, Cloud, Community, Data Portability, Elasticity, Flexibility,
Hybrid, Interoperability, Infrastructure, Migration, Multi-Tenancy, Navigation,
Optimization, Private, Provisioning, Public , Risk, Security, Smart Phones, Social
Media, Standards, Storage, Virtual Machines, Workload

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1.INTRODUCTION
The Greek myths tell of creatures plucked from the surface of the Earth and enshrined as
constellations in the night sky. Something similar is happening today in the world of computing.
Data and programs are being swept up from desktop PCs and corporate server rooms and
installed in ―the compute cloud‖. In general, there is a shift in the geography of computation.
What is cloud computing exactly? As a beginning here is a definition
―An emerging computer paradigm where data and services reside in massively
scalable data centers in the cloud and can be accessed from any connected devices over the
internet‖
Like other definitions of topics like these, an understanding of the term cloud computing requires
an understanding of various other terms which are closely related to this. While there is a lack of
precise scientific definitions for many of these terms, general definitions can be given.
Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm in the computer industry where the computing is
moved to a cloud of computers. It has become one of the buzz words of the industry. The core
concept of cloud computing is, quite simply, that the vast computing resources that we need will
reside somewhere out there in the cloud of computers and we‘ll connect to them and use them as
and when needed.
Computing can be described as any activity of using and/or developing computer hardware
and software. It includes everything that sits in the bottom layer, i.e. everything from raw
compute power to storage capabilities. Cloud computing ties together all these entities and
delivers them as a single integrated entity under its own sophisticated management.
Cloud is a term used as a metaphor for the wide area networks (like internet) or any such large
networked environment. It came partly from the cloud-like symbol used to represent the
complexities of the networks in the schematic diagrams. It represents all the complexities of the
network which may include everything from cables, routers, servers, data centers and all such
other devices.

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Computing started off with the mainframe era. There were big mainframes and everyone
connected to them via ―dumb‖ terminals. This old model of business computing was frustrating
for the people sitting at the dumb terminals because they could do only what they were
―authorized‖ to do. They were dependent on the computer administrators to give them
permission or to fix their problems. They had no way of staying up to the latest innovations.
The personal computer was a rebellion against the tyranny of centralized computing operations.
There was a kind of freedom in the use of personal computers. But this was later replaced by
server architectures with enterprise servers and others showing up in the industry. This made
sure that the computing was done and it did not eat up any of the resources that one had with
him. All the computing was performed at servers. Internet grew in the lap of these servers. With
cloud computing we have come a full circle. We come back to the centralized computing
infrastructure. But this time it is something which can easily be accessed via the internet and
something over which we have all the control.
1.1 Cloud computing- The Concept:-
Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based development and use of computer
technology ("computing"). It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often
virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge
of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.
The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS)
and software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent technology trends which
have the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the
users.

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1.1.1 Comparison:
Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing ("a form of distributed
computing whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of networked,
loosely-coupled computers, acting in concert to perform very large tasks"), utility computing
(the "packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service
similar to a traditional public utility such as electricity") and autonomic computing ("computer
systems capable of self-management").
Indeed many cloud computing deployments as of 2009 depend on grids, have
autonomic characteristics and bill like utilities — but cloud computing can be seen as a natural
next step from the grid-utility model. Some successful cloud architectures have little or no
centralized infrastructure or billing systems whatsoever, including peer-to-peer networks like Bit
Torrent and Skype and volunteer computing like
1.1.2 Implementation:
The majority of cloud computing infrastructure as of 2009 consists of reliable
services delivered through data centers and built on servers with different levels of virtualization
technologies. The services are accessible anywhere that has access to networking infrastructure.
The Cloud appears as a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers.
Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of customers and
typically offer service level agreements. Open standards are critical to the growth of cloud
computing and open source software has provided the foundation for many cloud computing
implementations.
1.1.3 Economics:

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Cloud computing users can avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware, software
and services, rather paying a provider only for what they use. Consumption is billed on a utility
(e.g. resources consumed, like electricity) or subscription (e.g. time based, like a newspaper)
basis with little or no upfront cost. Other benefits of this time sharing style approach are low
barriers to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead and immediate
access to a broad range of applications. Users can generally terminate the contract at any time
(thereby avoiding return on investment risk and uncertainty) and the services are often covered
by service level agreements with financial penalties.
According to Nicholas Carr the strategic importance of information technology is
diminishing as it becomes standardized and cheaper. He argues that the cloud computing
paradigm shift is similar to the displacement of electricity generators by electricity grids early in
the 20th century.
1.1.4 Companies:
Providers including Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Sun and Yahoo exemplify the use of
cloud computing. It is being adopted by individual users through large enterprises including
General Electric, L'Oréal, and Procter & Gamble

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2.HISTORY
The Cloud is a term with a long history in telephony, which has in the past decade, been adopted
as a metaphor for internet based services, with a common depiction in network diagrams as a
cloud outline.
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation
may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service
bureaus which date back to the 1960s. The term cloud had already come into commercial use in
the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud
computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was on Software as a
service (SaaS).
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and his
fellows. They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo! to
business applications. They also provided the concept of "On demand" and "SaaS" with their
real business and successful customers. The key for SaaS is being customizable by customer
alone or with a small amount of help. Flexibility and speed for application development have
been drastically welcomed and accepted by business users.
IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing
Manifesto -- which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-
healing, self-configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with
heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system
elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise.
Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by
modernizing their data centers after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new cloud
architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements, providing access to their
systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2005 on a utility computing basis.

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3.CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 Need for Cloud Computing:-
What could we do with 1000 times more data and CPU power? One simple
question. That‘s all it took the interviewers to bewilder the confident job applicants at
Google. This is a question of relevance because the amount of data that an applicatiohandles
is increasing day by day and so is the CPU power that one can harness.
There are many answers to this question. With this much CPU power, we could
scale our businesses to 1000 times more users. Right now we are gathering statistics about every
user using an application. With such CPU power at hand, we could monitor every single user
click and every user interaction such that we can gather all the statistics about the user. We could
improve the recommendation systems of users. We could model better price plan choices. With
this CPU power we could simulate the case where we have say 1,00,000 users in the system
without any glitches.
There are lots of other things we could do with so much CPU power and data capabilities.
But what is keeping us back. One of the reasons is the large scale architecture which comes with
these are difficult to manage. There may be many different problems with the architecture we
have to support. The machines may start failing, the hard drives may crash, the network may go
down and many other such hardware problems. The hardware has to be designed such that the
architecture is reliable and scalable. This large scale architecture has a very expensive upfront
and has high maintenance costs. It requires different resources like machines, power, cooling,
etc. The system also cannot scale as and when needed and so is not easily reconfigurable.
The resources are also constrained by the resources. As the applications become large, they
become I/O bound. The hard drive access speed becomes a limiting factor. Though the raw CPU
power available may not be a factor, the amount of RAM available clearly becomes a factor.
This is also limited in this context. If at all the hardware problems are managed very well, there
arises the software problems. There may be bugs in the software using this much of data. The
workload also demands two important tasks for two completely different people. The software
has to be such that it is bug free and has good data processing algorithms to manage all thedata.

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The cloud computing works on the cloud - so there are large groups of often low-cost servers
with specialized connections to spread the data-processing chores among them. Since there are a
lot of low-cost servers connected together, there are large pools of resources available. So these
offer almost unlimited computing resources. This makes the availability of resources a lesser
issue.
The data of the application can also be stored in the cloud. Storage of data in the cloud has many
distinct advantages over other storages. One thing is that data is spread evenly through the cloud
in such a way that there are multiple copies of the data and there are ways by which failure can
be detected and the data can be rebalanced on the fly. The I/O operations become simpler in the
cloud such that browsing and searching for something in 25GB or more of data becomes simpler
in the cloud, which is nearly impossible to do on a desktop.
The cloud computing applications also provide automatic reconfiguration of the resources based
on the service level agreements. When we are using applications out of the cloud, to scale the
application with respect to the load is a mundane task because the resources have to be gathered
and then provided to the users. If the load on the application is such that it is present only for a
small amount of time as compared to the time its working out of the load, but occurs frequently,
then scaling of the resources becomes tedious. But when the application is in the cloud, the load
can be managed by spreading it to other available nodes by making a copy of the application on
to them.
3.2 Key Characteristics:-
Cost:- It is greatly reduced and capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure.
This lowers barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not
need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility
computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and minimal or no IT skills are
required for implementation.

Device and location independence:- enable users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they are using, e.g., PC, mobile. As infrastructure is

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off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet the users can connect
from anywhere.
Multi-tenancy :- enables sharing of resources and costs among a large pool of users, allowing
for:
o Centralization:- of infrastructure in areas with lower costs (such as real estate,
electricity, etc.)
Reliability:- improves through the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes it suitable for
business continuity and disaster recovery. Nonetheless, most major cloud computing services
have suffered outages and IT and business managers are able to do little when they are affected.
Scalability:- via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-
service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads. Performance is
monitored and consistent and loosely-coupled architectures are constructed using web services as
the system interface.
Security:- typically improves due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources,
etc., but raises concerns about loss of control over certain sensitive data. Security is often as
good as or better than traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources
to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford. Providers typically log accesses,
but accessing the audit logs themselves can be difficult or impossible.
Sustainability:- comes about through improved resource utilization, more efficient systems, and
carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, computers and associated infrastructure are major consumers of
energy.

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4 ARCHITECTURE
4.1Application:-
A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the
need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus alleviating the
burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation
Peer-to-peer / volunteer computing (Bit torrent, BOINC Projects, Skype)
Web application (Facebook)
Software as a service (Google Apps, SAP and Sales force)
Software plus services (Microsoft Online Services)
4.1.1 Client:-
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies
on cloud computing for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of
cloud services and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it.
Cloud computing Components
Applications Facebook ·Google Apps SalesForce ·Microsoft Online
Browser(Chrome) ·Firefox ·Cloud ·Mobile (Android ·iPhone) ·Netbook
Client
(EeePC ·MSI Wind) ·Nettop (CherryPal ·Zonbu)
Infrastructure BitTorrent ·EC2 ·GoGrid ·Sun Grid ·3tera
Platforms App Engine ·Azure ·Mosso ·SalesForce
Services Alexa ·FPS ·MTurk ·SQS
Storage S3 ·SimpleDB ·SQL Services
Standards
Ajax ·Atom ·HTML 5 ·REST

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4.1.2 Infrastructure:-
Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of computer
infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment,
4.1.3 Platform:-
A cloud platform, such as Platform as a service, the delivery of a computing platform,
and/or solution stack as a service, facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and
complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
4.1.4 Service:-
A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and consumed
in real-time over the Internet". For example, Web Services ("software system[s] designed to
support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network") which may be accessed
by other cloud computing components, software, e.g., Software plus service, or end users
directly.
4.1.5 Storage:-
Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including database-like services,
often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For example:
Database (Amazon Simple DB, Google App Engine's Big Table data store) Network
attached storage (Mobile Me iDisk, Nirvanix Cloud NAS) Synchronization (Live Mesh Live
Desktop component, Mobile Me push functions)
4.2Architecture:-
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the
delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud architect
who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components
communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services.

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This closely resembles the UNIX philosophy of having multiple programs doing one
thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the
resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts. Cloud architecture
extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software applications access cloud
applications.
Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are centralized
enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data to
applications or user.
Fig 2:- Cloud Architectures

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5 TYPES & ROLES
5.1 TYPES:-
5.1.1 Public cloud:-
Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense,
whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the
Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares
resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.
5.1.2 Private cloud:-
Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to
describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These products claim to
"deliver some benefits of cloud computing
without the pitfalls", capitalizing on data security, corporate governance, and reliability
concerns.
While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the future of corporate
IT, there is some uncertainty whether they are a reality even within the same firm. Analysts also
claim that within five years a "huge percentage" of small and medium enterprises will get most
of their computing resources from external cloud computing providers as they "will not have
economies of scale to make it worth staying in the IT business" or be able to afford private
clouds.
The term has also been used in the logical rather than physical sense, for example in reference to
platform as service offerings, though such offerings including Microsoft's Azure Services
Platform are not available for on-premises deployment.

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5.1.3 Hybrid cloud:- A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or
external providers"will be typical for most enterprises".
5.2 Roles:-
5.2.1 Provider:-
A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and
operates live cloud computing systems to deliver service to third parties. The barrier to entry is
also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates
some overhead. Nonetheless, significant operational efficiency and agility advantages can be
realized, even by small organizations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are
already well underway. Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernizing its data centers
which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time
just to leave room for occasional spikes. This allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new
features faster and easier, and they went on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in
2002 on a utility computing basis.
5.2.2 User:-
A user is a consumer of cloud computing. The privacy of users in cloud computing has
become of increasing concern. The rights of users are also an issue, which is being addressed via
a community effort to create a bill of rights.
5.2.3 Vendor:-
A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of
cloud computing. For example:
Computer hardware (Dell, HP, IBM, Sun Microsystems)
o Storage (Sun Microsystems, EMC, IBM)
 Infrastructure (Cisco Systems)
 Operating systems (Solaris, AIX, Linux including
Red Hat)

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6.MERITS & DEMERITS
6.1 Adventages:-
1. Lower computer costs:-
– You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run cloud
computing's web-based applications.
– Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your desktop PC does
not need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by traditional desktop
software.
– When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less expensive, with a
smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient processor...
– In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD drive, as no
software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be saved.
2.Improved performance:-
– With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you will see better
performance from your PC.
– Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster because they have
fewer programs and processes loaded into memory.
3.Reduced software costs:
– Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get most of what
you need for free-ish!

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• most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite.
– better than paying for similar commercial software
• which alone may be justification for switching to cloud applications.
4.Instant software updates:
– Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced with
choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.
– When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
• available the next time you log into the cloud.
– When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version
• without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.
5.Improved document format compatibility:
– You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your machine being
compatible with other users' applications or OSes
– There are potentially no format incompatibilities when everyone is sharing
documents and applications in the cloud.
• Unlimited storage capacity:
– Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.

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– Your computer's current 1 Tbyte hard drive is small compared to the hundreds of
Pbytes available in the cloud.
6.Increased data reliability:
– Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and destroy all your
valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the storage of
your data.
• if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there in the
cloud, still accessible
– In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their data on a regular
basis, cloud computing is a data-safe computing platform!
7.Universal document access:
– That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you do not take your
documents with you.
– Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them whenever you have a
computer and an Internet connection
– Documents are instantly available from wherever you are
8.Latest version availability:
– When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you see when you
access the document at work.

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– The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents
9.Easier group collaboration:
– Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
– Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud computing
• multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects
10.Device independence:
– You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
– Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you through the cloud.
– Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents are still available.

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Disadventages:-
1.Requires a constant Internet connection:
– Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the Internet.
– Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents, if
you do not have an Internet connection you cannot access anything, even your
own documents.
– A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where Internet connections
are few or inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker.
2.Does not work well with low-speed connections:
– Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up services,
makes cloud computing painful at best and often impossible.
– Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large
documents.
3.Features might be limited:
– This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications simply
are not as full-featured as their desktop-based applications.
4.Can be slow:

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– Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower than
accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC.
– Everything about the program, from the interface to the current document, has to be
sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the cloud.
– If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet is
having a slow day, you would not get the instantaneous access you might expect
from desktop applications.
5.Stored data might not be secure:
– With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
• The questions is How secure is the cloud?
– Can unauthorised users gain access to your confidential data?
6.Stored data can be lost:
– Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across multiple machines.
– But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no physical or local
backup.

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7.CONCLUSION
Cloud Computing is a vast topic and the above report does not give a high level introduction to
it. It is certainly not possible in the limited space of a report to do justice to these technologies.
What is in store for this technology in the near future? Well, Cloud Computing is leading the
industry‘s endeavor to bank on this revolutionary technology.
Cloud Computing Brings Possibilities……..
Increases business responsiveness
Accelerates creation of new services via rapid prototyping capabilities
Reduces acquisition complexity via service oriented approach
Uses IT resources efficiently via sharing and higher system utilization
Reduces energy consumption
Handles new and emerging workloads
Scales to extreme workloads quickly and easily
Simplifies IT management
Platform for collaboration and innovation
Cultivates skills for next generation workforce
Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud computing might be
more accurately described as "sky computing," with many isolated clouds of services which IT
customers must plug into individually. On the other hand, as virtualization and SOA permeate
the enterprise, the idea of loosely coupled services running on an agile, scalable infrastructure
should eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud. It's a long-running trend with a far-
out horizon. But among big metatrends, cloud computing is the hardest one to argue with in the
long term.

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References:-
[1] NIST SP 800-145, “A NIST definition of cloud computing”,
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-145/Draft-SP-800-145_cloud-
definition.pdf
[2] NIST SP 800-146, “NIST Cloud Computing Synopsis and
Recommendations”, http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts/800-
146/Draft-NIST-SP800-146.pdf
[3] NIST SP 800-53, “Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information
Systems and Organizations”, http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-53-
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[10] IETF internet-draft, “Cloud Reference Framework”, http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-
khasnabish-cloud-reference-framework-00

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[11] IBM, “Cloud Computing Reference Architecture v2.0”,
http://www.opengroup.org/cloudcomputing/doc.tpl?CALLER=documents.tpl&dcat=15&g
did=238 40
[12] GSA, “Cloud Computing Initiative Vision and Strategy Document
(DRAFT)”,
http://info.apps.gov/sites/default/files/Cloud_Computing_Strategy_0.pp
t
[13] Cloud Taxonomy, http://cloudtaxonomy.opencrowd.com/
[14] OASIS, the charter for the OASIS Privacy Management Reference Model Technical
Committee, http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/pmrm/charter.php
[15] Open Security Architecture (OSA), “Cloud Computing Patterns”,
http://www.opensecurityarchitecture.org/cms/library/patternlandscape/251-
pattern-cloud-computing