4. Multicellular Algae
Charterstics-
The plant body is called “Thallus”.
Cells are eukaryotic with prominent nucleus.
Cell wall is made of cellulose & Pectin.
Chlorophyll is maximum in green algae.
In red algae chlorophyll & Phycoerythrin
present
In Brown algae chlorophyll & Xanthophyll.
Reproduction – Vegetative, Asexual ,Sexual
methods.
12. Uses of Algae
Major producer’s in marine eco-system.
Manufacture of cattle feed.
Algin (brown algae) used in ice creams &
chocolates.
Agar(gelidium-red algae)-culturing
bacteria in Lab.
Porphyra(red algae) used as condiment.
Algae purify water.
Laminaria(red algae) used in production
of Potassium & Iodine.
13. Bryophyta- Amphibians of the plant
Chareterstics-
Thallus is present
Reproduce sexually
Life cycle includes- (a)Gametophyte( haploid
(b)Sporophyte (diploid)
The process of gametophyte & sporophyte
formed alternately is called “Alternation of
generations”.
Examples-Liverworts & Mosses
20. Economic Importance-Bryophyta
Mosses are used in packing flowers.
Used in pots for moisture retention.
Some mosses form a dense mat on the
soil,they check erosion.
Bryophytes helps in soil formation.
22. Economic importance - Pteridophytes
Ferns are grown for their ornamental value.
Leaves are used in making flower bouget.
Some ferns are of medicinal importance.
Some ferns are involved in formation of
fossil fuels like coal & petroleum.
23. Gymnosperms-Naked seed plants
Grow in and on mountain tops at low
temperature.
It produces prominent structures called
“CONES”-Female & Male Cones.
Male Cones produce male
gamets(microspores).
Female cones produce ovule.
The fusion product is zygote, becomes the
Seed,no fruit.
26. Angiosperms
Seeds are enclosed in structures called
“Fruit”.
Plant shows distinct root,stem & leaves.
Flower is the reproductive part of a plant.
Flowers in a cluster called
“Inflorescence”.
Angiosperms are distinguished into
“Monocots” & “Dicots”.
27. Differences –Monocot & Dicot Plants
Seeds contain only one
Cotyledon.
During germination
cotyledons remain
below the soil.
Plants have fibrous
root system,
Leaves have parallel
venation.
Petals are in multiples
of 3.
Seeds contain two
Cotyledons.
During germination
cotyledons come
above the soil.
Plants have Tap root
system.
Leaves have
reticulate venation.
Petals are in
multiples of 4 or 5.
31. Phylum- Chordata
VERTEBRATES
Body divisible into Head,Trunk, & Tail regions.
Digestive system consisting of mouth,buccal
cavity,pharynx, oesophagus, stomach &
intestine.
A closed type of circulatory system, with
muscular heart is present.
Nervous system shows a well developed
Brain,Spinal cord & Nerves.
All Vertebrates are unisexual & exhibit only
sexual reproduction.
33. Class Pisces- Characteristic features
The streamlined body is divisible into head,
trunk, & short tail.
Body has an exoskeleton composed of
dermal scales.
Locomotor structures are paired &
unpaired gills.Gill-slits are covered by
Operculum.
Heart is two chambered.
Nervous system has abrain, a spinal cord, &
10 pairs of cranial nerves.
They are Oviparous(egg laying) animals.
38. Fishes
Fishes form a favourite human food in many
countries,Rearing of fishes for this purpose
called Pisciculture.
Oil obtained from liver of Fish,sharks & cods
is rich in Vit-A & D.
The dried skin of Sharks is used in making
polishes.
Fishes like Gambusia are used in the
biological control of mosquitoes.
39. Amphibia
The Body is divisible into head, trunk, & tail.
There is no exoskeleton ,skin is smooth & moist.
Locomotor structures are a pair of Forelimbs & a
pair of Hindlimbs.
Respiratory organs are gills in the Larva & a pair
of lungs in adult.Skin also helps in respiration.
Heart is 3 chambered , 2 auricles & one ventricle.
Nervous system has a Brain, a Spinal cord, &
10pairs of cranial nerves.
40. a
They are Oviparous. Fertilization & Development are
both external , it includes Metamorphosis.
Examples – Frog, Toad, Newt, Ichthyophis, Tiger
salamander.
42. Class - Reptiles
The body is elongated, divisible into Head, Trunk, &
Tail.
The exoskeleton is in the form of Epidermal scales,
Forming distinct plates.
Locomotor structures are a pair of Forelimbs, & a pair
of Hindlimbs,containing 5 digits each.
Respiratory Organs are a pair of Lungs.
Heart is 3 chambered.only in Crocodiles Ventricle is
incompletely divided into 2 chambers.
Nervous system has a brain, a spinal cord and 12 pairs
of cranial nerves.
They are oviparous. Fertilization is internal but
development is external.
45. Class Aves
The body is streamlined, boat shaped, divisible into
head, trunk and tail.
The exoskeleton consists of feather, which provide
protection, maintain body temperature help in
flight.
Locomotor structure are pentadactyl forelimbs and
hindlimbs. Forelimbs are modified into wings.
Respiratory organs are a pair of lungs.
Heart is 4 chambered with 2 articles and 2 ventricles.
Brain is well developed 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
They are Oviparous.
Examples- Flying and Flightless Birds.
48. Class - Mammalia
Body is divisible into Head,Trunk, & Tail.
The exo-skeleton is made up of Hairs.
Locomotor organs are typical Pentadactyl.
Respiratory organs are a pair of Lungs.
Heart is 4 chambered.
RBC are Enucleate.
Brain is well developed, 12 pairs of Cranial
nerves
They are generally Viviparous.
Mammary glands are present.