Elevate Developer Efficiency & build GenAI Application with Amazon Q
Green Concrete (Piti Sukontasukkul) (Thai and English)
1. Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar
เทคโนโลยีสำหรับงำนคอนกรีตสีเขียว
และมำตรำฐำนที่เกี่ยวข้อง
รองศาสตราจารย์ ดร. ปิ ติ สุคนธสุขกุล
ภาควิชาวิศวกรรมโยธา มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีพระจอมเกล้ าพระนครเหนือ
Chairman TC4, Thailand Concrete Association
2. Environmental Issues in Concrete
Construction Sector
CO2 Emission (use of fossil fuels)
Manufacturing of cement and concrete
Construction activities
Transportation
Natural resources depletion
Wastes generation
Soil and water contamination
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
3. Global Warming
Over the last 400,000
years, the atmospheric CO2
concentrations is
fluctuated up and down
with the upper and lower
limit about 300 and 200
ppm, respectively. (from
the ice core data).
Today, CO2 concentrations
worldwide is average about
380 ppm.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
4. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by Gas Type (2007)
The primary greenhouse gases in
the Earth's atmosphere are water
vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Contribution to green house effect
•
•
•
•
Water vapor (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Ozone (O3)
36 – 72%
9 – 26%
4 – 9%
3 – 7%
Source: IPCC (2007) based on global emissions from 2004 Details about the sources included in these estimates can be
found in the Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change .
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
5. CO2 Emission from Fossil Fuels
http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/2012/07/02
/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-facts-and-figures/
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
7. Previous Actions to Environmental Issues
UN Conference on Human
Environment (1972)
The National Trust (1895), UK
•A Declaration containing 26 principles
concerning the environment and
development.
•“……23. Each nation must establish its
own standards 24. There must be
cooperation on international issues 25.
International organizations should help
to improve the environment…..”
•A non-profit or charitable organizations
created to preserve “the benefit of the
Nation of lands and tenements of
beauty or historic interest and, as
regards lands, for the preservation of
their natural aspect, features and
animal and plant life……”
The Limits to Growth (1971):
A book with a purpose to
explore how exponential
growth interacts with finite
resources.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
8. Previous Actions to Environmental Issues
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
Brundtland Report
(1987)
•A protocol to the UN
Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC or
FCCC) that set binding
obligations on the
industrialized countries to
reduce their emissions of
greenhouse gases.
•A report mandated ‘reexamine,
create action plans, promote
international corporation and
rise level on understanding on
environmental issues.
Earth Summit: UN
Conference on
Environment and
Development (1992)
•..Alternative sources of energy
to replace the use of fossil fuels
which are linked to global
climate change…..
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
IPCC Assessment
Reports (90, 95, 01, 07)
•"most of the observed increase
in global average temperatures
since the mid-20th century is
very likely due to the observed
increase in anthropogenic
greenhouse gas
concentrations."
17. Chemical Admixture vs Cement Content
Admixture Type
Superplasticiser
Accelerator
Water Reducing
CO2 Emission
kg-CO2/Litre
0.0052
0.0530
0.0022
Raw Material
Polycarboxylate
Calcium Nitrate
Lignin
Original mix design
Water content
200 kg
Cement content
352 kg
w/c ratio
0.57
Use of Superplasticizer at 200cc/100 kg-cement to reduce the amount of water by
15% without reducing slump.
New water content
170.70 kg
w/c ratio
0.57
New cement content
299.50 Kg
Total cement reduction
52.50 Kg
CO2 Reduction
46.62 kg-CO2
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
28. International and National Standards
Japan
FIB
ISO
• JSCE
Environmental
Performance
Verification for
Concrete
Structures
• FIB-TG 3.6
Guideline for
Environmental
Design of
Concrete
Structures
• FIB-TG. 3.8
Guideline of
Green
Concrete
Structures
• ISO/TC 71/SC 8
ISO/FDIs
13315-1:2011
(E)
Environmental
management
for concrete
and concrete
structures
Part 1: General
principle
• ISO/TC 71/SC 8
ISO/CD 133152
Part 2: system
boundary and
inventory data
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
USA
• LEEDS for
Green
Building*
TCA
• Guideline for
Calculation
CO2 Emission
in Concrete
Production*
29. TCA Manual for
Calculating CO2 emission
from concrete production
(2011)
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
30. Manual for calculating CO2 emission from
concrete production (2011)
TCA recognizes the importance of concrete sustainability. TCATC4 is established in 2010.
Launch in 2011, the manual provides a simple and easy to use
tool for engineers to calculate CO2 emission from the
production process of concrete used in their construction site.
Employing similar approach to ISO 13315 using LCI and LCIA to
calculate CO2 from concrete production process.
The manual is applied for both local (on-site) and ready mixed
concrete productions.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
31. Scope of the Manual
Determine CO2 emission from the production process of
concrete. Calculation extent to cover 3 main parts: Materials
Manufacturing, Concrete Production Process, and
Transportation. Production processes include: hand mixing,
small (drum) mixer, and ready-mixing process. Transportation
include ready mixed truck.
Impact Category: Global Warming
Impact Indicator: CO2 emission
Functional unit: kg of CO2 per 1m3 of concrete.
32. TCA Manual (2011)
System Boundary : Concrete Production
System Boundary
Cement content
Raw
Materials
Energies :
Fuel,
Electricity
tran Aggregate
content
tran Admixtures
Concrete
Mix
Selection
CO2
Supplementary
materials
Concrete Mixing
Process
Concrete
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
Transpor
tation
Construction Site
or
Precast Factory
33. TCA Manual (2011)
Inventory data: Raw Materials
Materials
Energy (J/m3)
Unit CO2Emission
(kg-CO2/unit)
Cement type I
-
ton
847
River sand
(fine aggregate)
3.68 x 107
ton
3.92
Coarse-Granite
-
Coarse-Basalt
-
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
ton
ton
45.9
35.7
34. TCA Manual (2011)
Inventory data: Production type
Mixers Type
Energy
(J/m3)
0.1 m3 Type
0.2m3 Type
Unit
CO2Emission
(kg-CO2/unit)
1.68x107 -
m3
2.68
1.25x107 -
m3
2.01
m3
1.23
Ready-mixed Typea aReference:
Insee Concrete, co., ltd.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
Electricity
(kW/m3)
2.15
36. TCA Manual (2011)
Inventory data: Energies
Energy Type
Specific Heat or Energy per Litre
btu/L
Kcal/L
High speed
diesel
36722
Natural gas
35.32
8.92
Electricity
-
-
kJ/L
9,277.45 38,743.7
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
kWh/L
Spec. CO2 Emission
Factor
kg-CO2/kWh kg-CO2/l
10.76
0.24
2.58
37.26
0.0104
0.23
0.00238
-
-
0.575
-
37. Case Study
Housing project
•
•
•
•
Project Name: Perfect Place, Property Perfect Co., Ltd.
Number of Houses:
1119 Units (Fig. 1)
Area:
397000 sq.m
Construction Systems:
• Cast-in-place concrete structure 384 units
• Prefabricated concrete structure 735 units (not included in this
study)
Concrete
• Concrete strength:
• Mix Proportions:
24 MPa (28 days)
389:1024:775:200 kg. (C:CA:FA:W)
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
39. Case Study
Number
Quantity (m3)
Const.
System
House Type
Cast-in-place
A
1
28.50
28.5
B
19
32.00
608
C
238
18.60
4426.8
D
1
16.60
16.6
E
30
15.50
465
F
7
32.00
224
G
84
20.60
1730.4
H
4
20.60
82.4
384
184.40
70809
Sub Total
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
Unit
per house
Total
40. Materials
Materials
Cement
Coarse
Aggregate
Quantity EF
Emission
kg/m3concrete kg-CO2/t (kg-CO2)
389
847
329.5
Results: Concrete
Production
Production Process
1024
Fine Aggregate
775
Emission (t-CO2 per m3-concrete)
Total Quantity of concrete (m3)
Total Emission from Concrete
Production (t)
45.9
47.0
3.92
3.0
0.379
70,809.6
Total Quantity
of concrete
(m3)
Emission
Factor Mixing
(kg-CO2/m3)
Total Emission
from Concrete
Production (t)
70809.6
1.2
87.10
26,873.84
Transportation
Total Quantity of
Concrete
70809.6
70809.6
Total
Number
of trip
14161.92
14161.92
Distance
(km)
12
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
Total
Distance
169943.04
EF for Ready
mixed Truck
0.96
15,48 kg/trip
CO2
Emission (t)
163.14
219.23
382.37
42. TCA Manual (2011)
System Boundary: Construction Process
Cast-in-situ Type
System Boundary:
System Boundary
Concrete
tran
Energies :
Fuel,
Electricity
Concrete Truck
Unloading
CO2
Casting, Placing,
and Curing
System Boundary
Brick
Plastering
Cement
tran
tran
Brick Lay-up
Mixing and
Plastering
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
CO2
45. TCA Manual (2011)
System Boundary: Construction Process
Prefabricating Type
System Boundary:
System Boundary
tran
Concrete
Energies :
Steel rebar
Fuel,
Electricity
tran
Formwork
preparation,
Rebar installation,
Concrete placing
and curing,
Stocking
CO2
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
System Boundary
Precast
Components
tran
Stocking
and
Installing
Energies :
Fuel,
Electricity
CO2
46. LEED ‘Green Building’ Rating System
Materials and Resources Category
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
47. What is LEED?
The rating system initiated by
the effort of the US. Green
Building Councils (USGBC) in
order to define and measure
the ‘Green Building’.
The first LEED rating system
came out in 1998 (LEED
version 1.1). In this version
(2006), the LEED system is
expanded into 6 different
areas of project development.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
48. How many categories?
Five environmental
categories:
• Sustainable Sites,
• Water Efficiency,
• Energy & Atmosphere,
• Materials & Resources,
and
• Indoor Environmental
Quality
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
Additional category:
• Innovation & Design
Process (sustainable
building expertise as
well as design).
49. LEED Points
LEED is a performance-oriented system where credits are earned for
satisfying criterion designed to address specific environmental impacts in
the design, construction and operations and maintenance of buildings.
Different levels of green building certification are awarded based on the
total credits earned.
The LEED for New Construction ratings are awarded according to the
following scales[2]:
Certified
26-32 points
Silver
33-38 points
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Gold
39-51 points
Platinum
52-69 points
50. LEED for
New Construction and Major Renovation
LEED system used in this lecture is referred to LEED for new construction
and major renovation version 2.2 for public use and display[1].
In the area of new construction and major renovation, the total of 69
points is divided among the 6 categories as shown in Table.
Categories
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy & Atmosphere
Materials & Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation & Design Process
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Point
14 points
5 Points
17 Points
14 Points
15 Points
5 Points
52. MR Prerequisite 1:
Storage & Collection of Recyclables
(Required)
Requirements
Intention
• Provide an easily accessible
area that serves the entire
building and is dedicated to
the collection and storage of
non-hazardous materials for
recycling, including (at a
minimum) paper, corrugated
cardboard, glass, plastics and
metals.
• The intent of MR
prerequisite is to reduce
waste generated by building
occupants.
• To pass, the project must
provide an area which is easy
to access for occupants as
storage for recyclable
materials such as glass,
plastic, office paper etc.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
53. LEED Reference Guide Recycling Area
Recommendations
Commercial
Building area (ft2)
Min. Recycling
area (ft2)
0-5000
82
5001-15000
125
15001-50000
175
50001-100000
225
100001-200000
275
>200001
500
Remarks : The minimum you have to do for the
credit is to put a storage area on the plans, but if
you want it to work in practice, collaborate with
your local hauler.
55. MR Credit 1 Building Reuse[1]
Requirements
• To extend the lifecycle
of existing building
stock, conserve
resources, retain
cultural resources,
reduce waste and
reduce environmental
impacts of new
buildings as they relate
to materials
manufacturing and
transport.
MR Credit 1.1
MR Credit 1.2
(1 to 3 points)
Objective
Requirements
(1 point)
• Maintain the existing
building structure
(including structural
floor and roof decking)
and envelope (the
exterior skin and
framing, excluding
window assemblies and
non-structural roofing
material).
• Building Reuse Points
• 55% - 1 P
• 75% - 2 P
• 95% - 3 P
• Use existing interior
non-structural elements
(interior walls, doors,
floor coverings and
ceiling systems) in at
least 50% (by area) of
the completed building
(including additions).
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56. Remarks
• The project is only eligible for the
credit if the floor area of the new
construction is no more than two
times the floor area of the retained
existing structure.
• Ineligible projects can apply the
reused building area toward MRc2
or MRc3 but not both.
• Renovation and restoration may be
labor-intensive; make realistic plans
in advance.
• The building may need a Phase I
Environmental Assessment to
identify potential hazards like
asbestos.
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57. Additional Remarks
• The project doesn't need to
get MRc1.1 to go after MR
1.3.
• Fixed partitions and office
furniture apply to MRc3:
Materials Reuse and not to
MRc.1.2 Building Reuse.
• Building elements removed
because of hazardous
materials don't count
against you.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
58. MRc. 1.1 Reuse of structural
components
The Villa de Murph in Atlanta is
perhaps the most homely and unlikely
looking building to ever be converted
into an architecture studio and
residence by two ingenious designers.
The result is both a stunningly
attractive live/work space and an
amazing portfolio piece to show
potential clients what these architects
can achieve with even the most
unlikely of locations and structures.
Property never comes cheap so when
this couple saw this sad structure at
$40,000 the price as about as right as it
could be. Rather than tear it all down
and start anew, however, the designers
saw amazing adaptive reuse potential
in a building that most people would
have wrecked the moment they
bought it.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
60. MR Credit 2: Construction Waste
Management[1]
Objective
• To divert construction debris
that will be disposed into
landfills and incinerators, and
redirect the recyclable or
recoverable parts back to the
remanufacturing process or
other construction sites.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
Requirements
MR Credit 2.1 (1 to 2 points)
• Recycle and/or salvage
nonhazardous construction
and demolition debris.
Develop and implement a
construction waste
management plan that, at a
minimum, identifies the
materials to be diverted from
disposal and whether the
materials will be sorted on-site
or comingled.
61. Remark
• It is not only about recycling!
• The credit focuses on diverting waste
from landfills by finding multiple
alternatives for end uses, such as
• Recycling (send back to
manufacturing process)
• Reuse on site
• Donation for reuse on another site
• Resale
• There are two approaches
• Separating materials on-site
• Commingling them and sending to
an off-site waste sorting facility.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
63. MR Credit 3: Material
[1]
Reuse
Objective
Requirements
• To reuse building
materials and products to
reduce demand for virgin
materials and reduce
waste, thereby lessening
impacts associated with
the extraction and
processing of virgin
resources.
• Use salvaged, refurbished or reused
materials, the sum of which
constitutes at least 5% or 10%, based
on cost, of the total value of materials
on the project. The minimum
percentage materials reused for each
point threshold is as follows:
• Reused Materials Points
• 5% = 1 P
• 10% = 2 P
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
66. MR Credit 4: Recycled Content[1]
Intent
• To increase demand
for building products
that incorporate
recycled content
materials, thereby
reducing impacts
resulting from
extraction and
processing of virgin
materials.
Requirements
• Use materials with recycled content such
that the sum of postconsumer recycled
content plus 1/2 of the preconsumer
content constitutes at least 10% or 20%,
based on cost, of the total value of the
materials in the project. The minimum
percentage materials recycled for each
point threshold is as follows:
• Recycled Content Points
• 10% = 1
• 20% = 2
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
68. Remarks for MRc 4
• Recycled refers to anything that contains recycled materials as a
result of the manufacturing process—carpet that contains recycled
material.
• Products that often have recycled content include steel, drywall,
insulation, ceiling tiles, concrete, VCT, commercial carpet, and
composite substrates.
• Pre-consumer (Post-Industry) refers to material diverted from the
waste stream during a manufacturing process. Excluded from this
category is reutilization of materials such as scrap that are
generated in a process and capable of being reclaimed within the
same process.
• Post-consumer refers to wastes generated by end users (households
or commercial, industrial and institutional facilities) of a product no
longer able to be used for its intended purpose that is recycled into
raw material for a new product
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
69. Building of the Masdar Institute in UAE,
specifications called for rebar composed
of 95% recycled steel.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
GlasBac® set the industry standard more than 30
years ago and is still unsurpassed in durability,
dimensional stability and flexibility. It also offers an
average of 40% pre-consumer/post-industrial
recycled content.
70. MR Credit 5: Regional Materials[1]
Objective
• To increase demand for
building materials and
products that are
extracted and
manufactured within the
region, thereby
supporting the use of
indigenous resources and
reducing the
environmental impacts
resulting from
transportation.
Requirements
• Use building materials or products that have
been extracted, harvested or recovered, as
well as manufactured, within 500 miles of the
project site for a minimum of 10% or 20%,
based on cost, of the total materials value. If
only a fraction of a product or material is
extracted, harvested, or recovered and
manufactured locally, then only that
percentage (by weight) can contribute to the
regional value.
• Regional Materials Points
• 10% = 1
• 20% = 2
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
71. Calculation Distance
• Option 1: The old familiar option,
uses a simple 500-mile radius
from the site for both extraction
and manufacturing distance.
• Option 2: This new option allows
you to do a prorated calculation
based on the lower relative
impact of shipping materials by
rail or water. Calculate a 500 mile
(800 km) total travel distance to
the project site using a weighted
average. Distance by rail can be
divided by 3; distance by inland
waterway by 2, and distance by
sea by 15.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
72. MR Credit 6: Rapidly Renewable Materials[1]
Objective
• To reduce the use and
depletion of finite raw
materials and long-cycle
renewable materials by
replacing them with rapidly
renewable materials.
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Requirements
• Use rapidly renewable
building materials and
products for 2.5% of the total
value of all building materials
and products used in the
project, based on cost.
• Rapidly renewable building
materials and products are
made from plants that are
typically harvested within a
10-year or shorter cycle.
73. Remarks
• Focusing on a few more
expensive items with rapidly
renewable content can be an
easy way to make sure that you
meet the budget threshold
while minimizing the number
of products you will need to
track and document.
• Rapidly renewable materials
can be an effective
advertisement of your project’s
commitment to “green”.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
74. Product
Typical Application
Agrifibers
Finish millwork or core
(byproducts of
millwork that is finished with
food crops, such as other materials. (Millwork ไม้
อัดผิวเรี ยบ)
straw)
Pros.
As a finish material, can show a
variety of interesting natural
patterns and textures. As a core
material does not effect
aesthetics.
Cons.
Not all binders are urea
formaldehyde free.
Bamboo
Finish flooring, millwork and Easy to install. Can be found as
veneers.
FSC-certified.
Cork
Finish flooring or carpet
underlayment
Corn
Polyactic acid (PLA), a plastic Substitutes for an intensive use of
substitute, used sometimes petroleum feedstocks.
as carpet fiber
Batt insulation
Sound-absorptive, easy to install.
Usually recycled from garment
manufacturing.
Flooring
Great acoutics. Variety of colors
and can be cut into unusual
shapes. Durable. Easy to install.
Energy-intensive to produce, not as
durable as conventional materials.
Soy
Spray-foam insulation.
Durable and high performance.
More expensive.
Wool
Carpeting
Sound absorptive and soft.
More expensive
Cotton
Natural Rubber
Can bend, shrink and crack if not
acclimated properly to different
climates. Only some products use
urea formaldehyde-free binders.
Many color options, excellent for If untreated, it can swell when
acoustics, naturally antimicrobial, exposed to water and fade when
resilient to denting, easy to install. exposed to the sun.
Usually more expensive than
conventional fiber glass batt.
More expensive than synthetic
rubber.
75. Bamboo floor and matt
Natural rubber floor
Soy spray insulation
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Cork floor
Cotton batt
Corn carpet
Wool flooring and Carpet
76. MR Credit 7: Certified Wood
Intent
• To encourage
environmentally
responsible forest
management.
Requirements
• Use a minimum of 50% (based on cost)
of wood-based materials and products
that are certified in accordance with the
Forest Stewardship Council’s principles
and criteria, for wood building
components.
• These components include at a
minimum, structural framing and
general dimensional framing, flooring,
sub-flooring, wood doors and finishes.
• Include only materials permanently
installed in the project.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
77. Remarks for MRc 7
• Certified Wood: wood from a source
that has been determined, through a
certification process, to meet stated
ecological and other criteria.
• Using the Forest Stewardship
Council's standards, the wood can be
tracked through its chain-of-custody.
• Focusing on a few expensive items to
achieve he credit limits what you
need to track, reducing contractor
headaches.
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
78. Thank you for your attention!
Presentation for W.R.GRACE Seminar 2013
