The document discusses green certificate systems for renewable energy. It begins by defining green certificates and how they represent the environmental benefits of renewable electricity generation. It then describes how certificate systems work by separating the physical electricity market from the certificate market. The benefits of certificate systems are that they provide flexibility, allow trading of benefits across borders, and help incentivize renewable energy development. Case studies of certificate systems in Europe and the US are provided. Harmonization efforts in the EU through RECS are summarized, as well as current status and trends in US certificate markets.

1. Annex 5
Attachment 2
Emerging market for Green
Certificates
Dr Marianne OSTERKORN, Director of REEEP

2. CONTENT
1. What is a certificate system?
2. How certificates system works
3. What are the benefits of certificates
4. Case studies
– The case of harmonisation in EU (RECS)
– The case of the certificates market in the US

3. CONTENT
1. What is a certificate system?
2. How certificates system works
3. What are the benefits of certificates
4. Case studies
– The case of harmonisation in EU (RECS)
– The case of the certificates market in the US

4. Certificates provide Information of the added Value of green
Electricity
Market for
Certificates
Environmental
Benefit
Market for Electricity
Certificate
MWh
Certificate =
Guarantee of Origin
Electricity
Market for green
Electricity

5. What is a Green certificate?
• Various types and denominations
Green Certificate, TREC, TRC, REC
Tradable Renewable (Energy) Certificate/Credits
Renewable Energy Credit / Green tags
• piece of information
• represents the benefits (aside from the physical electricity)
associated with electricity generation by renewable sources
• It is a commodity which can be traded

6. How does a certificate system work
certificate market
electricity market
Supply Demand
Issuing Registration Redeeming

7. Rationale of Green Certificates
• The main idea is to separate physical flux of electricity from its
environmental benefits
• create a market where Green certificates can be traded distinct
from the market for the supply and demand of electricity
• gives flexibility by allowing green producers of electricity to
reach easily green consumers
• Green certificates could be generated and sold anywhere in
the world where there is demand!

8. Demand must be created through the right regulatory
framework
Certificate Systems within the right Framework
enable Flexibility and Security for Investors
Feed-in Tariffs Certificate System
+ National Framework
Demand is equal to Market driven
total Production Demand for Electricity Quota
and Certificates
market prices for
fixed Price
Electricity and
Penalty /
Certificates Incentive
high Level of Security Market induced high Level of Security
for Investors Insecurity for for Investors
Investors
Source: Energy Information Administration: International Energy Outlook 2006

9. CONTENT
1. What is a certificate system?
2. How certificatessytem works
3. What are the benefits of certificates
4. Case studies
– The case of harmonisation in EU (RECS)
– The case of the certificates market in the US

10. What information is provided through certificates
• paper form
• electronic form

11. Tracking the Life cyclus of certificates
Certification” of the Plant
Measuring of produced Electricity
Issuing of Certificates
Transfer of Certificates
Redemption of Certificates

12. Life cycle of a Green Certificates

13. Central registration of certificates
Price Waterhouse Coopers, 1999

14. Example: How to issue Issuing certificates

15. Balance for an account owner

16. CONTENT
1. What is a certificate system?
2. How certificate system works
3. What are the benefits of certificates
4. Case studies
– The case of harmonisation in EU (RECS)
– The case of the certificates market in the US

17. How can green certificates be used?
• Monitoring and Statistics:
-Proof of RE generation
- Labelling
- Disclosure ( guarantee of origin )
• International trade :
-Proof of import/export of renewable energy
• Incentive system
– requires Obligations and incentives/ penalties
– together with Feed-in tariff
– together with tax incentive

18. Proof of RE generation/Labelling/ Disclosure
• Some suppliers may wish to target “green” consumers
by selling them an electricity product with high
renewables content
• The labelling body could require Green Certificates to be
redeemed in order to verify compliance with label
criteria. e.g. generated from hydro plant with a capacity
below 20MW
• Within EU it is obligatory that suppliers provide
customers with information on the fuel mix for their
electricity. Green Certificates can be used as guarantee
of origin

19. Benefits of Green Certificate Systems
• Green Certificates can be traded across country boundaries
• Green Certificates overcome physical electricity transfer restrictions
• Green certificates promote best practice : it gives incentives to
most economical sites , since the physical barrier to trade of RE
benefits is removed e.g. even production of solar electricity in
tropical countries but green certificates bought by consumers in the
North?
• Green Certificates help to remove the requirement that supply &
demand of RE occur at same time
• Green Certificates can prove compliance with public support
schemes

20. Constraints of Green Certificate Systems
• Risk of double counting must be avoided
• Reliable tracking system of the whole life cycles of the
certificates is a "must "
• Legal framework has to be stable ( obligations, penalties )
• No harmonized market, very scattered systems
• market based prices

21. Conclusions
• Green Certificates provide information
• Green Certificate systems can be used with many different RE
policies
• Green Certificates offer flexibility and transparency for the
market
• Green Certificate systems have been proven to be robust and
fraud-resistant

22. CONTENT
1. What is a certificate system?
2. How certificate system works
3. What are the benefits of certificates
4. Case studies
– The case of harmonisation in EU (RECS)
– The case of the certificates market in the US

23. In Europe are many incentive systems in place
National Certificate Systems don´t contribute
to a liquid European Certificate Market
Country Start Supported Demand Certificate Validity Target Flexibility Imports
RES Driver Size
Belgium 2002 wind, hydro, Suppliers 1 MWh 5 years 3% (2004) banking No
Flanders biomass, solar, 5% (2010)
tidal, waves,
Geothermal.
Belgium 2002 hydro <20 MW , Suppliers 1 MWh 5 years 5% (2010) banking Yes - under the
Wallony wind, solar, condition of
biomass, biogas, reciprocity
geothermal,
Italy 2002 hydro (after Producer / 100 MWh 1 year 2% (2002) borrowing Yes – if
4/´99), waste, Importer 6% (2006) against a accompanied by
biomass, solar, >100GW h 8% (2008) penalty price actual electricity
wind, tidal import and
reciprocity
Nether- 2001 solar, hydro < 5 Suppliers 1, 10, 100, 1 year 5% (2010) no banking Yes – if
lands MW, biomass, 1.000 MWh 10% accompanied by
wind (2020) actual electricity
import
Sweden 2003 wind, solar, End users 1 MWh Unlimited Additional banking, No
hydro up to 1,5 10 TW h borrowing
MW, geothermal, until 2010
biofules, waves
UK 2002 hydro (< 20 Licenced 1 MWh Unlimited From 3,1% Limited No
MW), wind, suppliers (2002) to banking and
solar, biogas, 7,7% borrowing
biomass, waves (2010)

24. Existing Green Certificate Systems
• EU : UK, Italy, Belgium, Sweden, etc. – Renewables Obligations
• Netherlands – Certificates facilitate tax exemption
• Europe – private RECS initiative
• US – Several states use Green Certificates + moves to establish
a North American Green Certificate market
• Australia – Sustainable Energy (Electricity) Act introduced RE
Certificate trading
• South Africa?

25. RECS - the only voluntary reliable certificate system
• Harmonised European standard for (national) Tradable Renewable
Electricity Certificate Systems
– Basic Commitment = Overall standard
– Domain Protocols = (National) implementation
– Technical specifications interfaces certificates registries
• Comprises all major European utilities – for disclosure and green
customers
• Launched in 1998 today implemented in 18 countries: 15 EU members,
2 EU accession countries, + Norway + Switzerland, Slovenia
• Currently no European market, but RECS provides a working exchange
platform for diverse TREC systems

26. RECS meets high Quality Standards
1. Only Plants selected through a precise
Procedure are eligible for RECS Certification
2. Continuous Auditing of the actual Operation is
implemented
3. Any Subsidies the Plant receives must be
declared on the Certificate
4. Issuing of RECS Certificates is exclusively
based on Metering Data (1MWh - 1 Certificate)
5. RECS Certificates have unique Numbers throughout
their Lifetimes (5 years)

27. Association of
AIB RECS International
Issuing Bodies
Supply / Demand
Registry
Issue
Transfer
Redemption
Issuing Body
NL
Supply / Demand
Registry
Issue
Transfer
Redemption Supply / Demand
Issuing Body
AT
Registry
Issue
Transfer
Redemption
Issuing Body
DE

28. Countries RECS members
EC likely members
Accession - 2004
Accession - 2007
Current members

29. Certificate Issued by technology
RECS Certificates Issued per Technology
Ind.& comm.waste,
Onshore wind,
95,619, 0%
355,251, 1%
Mun.solid waste, Offshore wind,
336,796, 1% 3,268, 0%
Other biogas, 0, 0%
Sewage gas,
25,100, 0% Photovoltaic, 0, 0%
Landfill gas, 20,885, Thermal, 0, 0%
0%
Forestry etc,
12,151,721, 43%
Hy dro,
15,282,644, 54%
Offshore wave, 0, 0%
Offshore tidal, 0, 0% Geothermal,
Onshore wave, 0, 0% 166,024, 1%
Energy crops,
86,249, 0%
Onshore tidal, 0, 0%
Status: 1. August 2003

30. CONTENT
1. What is a certificate system?
2. How certificate system works
3. What are the benefits of certificates
4. Case studies
– The case of harmonisation in EU (RECS)
– The case of the certificates market in
the US

31. Certificates in the USA
• 14 of 19 RPS states in USA uses Certificates to demonstrate
compliance
• There is also a strong voluntary market which cannot be
neglected
• Prices can vary a lot on the compliance markets
– From 0.70 US cents/MWh (Maine)
– To 35-49 US dollar/MWh (New England)
• Prices on the voluntary market
– From 2 US dollar to 6 US dollar (new generation)
– But some sources like 200 US dollar/MWh
– From 1 US dollar to 3 US dollar (existing generation)

32. Market size in the USA

33. Tracking system in the USA

34. Use of certificates in the USA
• Certificates can be sold
– Bundled with the electricity to local retailers
– Unbundled at a regional or national level
• Certificates can be aggregated from small systems
• Certificates can be sold in advance of generation

35. The future of TREC in the USA
• National registration?
– State registration currently so a generator can be in several
tracking systems and issue REC in each tracking system
• Link with the emission certificate market?
– Currently RE not eligible or there is no rules to allow
participation
• Clarity of the system for end-users?
– Currently, the system tends to get too complex to be
understood
• E.g. sale of certificate without the totality of their
environmental attributes, sale of certificates without
corresponding electricity

36. Conclusions
• Green Certificates provide information
• Green Certificate systems can be used with many different RE
policies
• Green Certificates offer flexibility and transparency for the
market
• Green Certificate systems have been proven to be robust and
fraud-resistant
• Green Certificates will be used in an growing market

37. REEEP - the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency
Partnership is an international NGO registered in Austria
1. REEEP currently comprises more than 200 partners
representing 35 governments, businesses and NGOs
committed to accelerating the uptake of renewable energy
and energy efficiency.
2. REEEP is currently funded by the EU and 11 governments:
Austria, Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the
Netherlands, Norway, Spain, US, and UK, the major
donor of REEEP

38. REEEP’s vision is to make energy systems sustainable
1. REEEP aims to reduce market barriers and financial obstacles
for renewables and energy efficiency and so facilitate technology
transfer
2. REEEP believes in action on the ground via project activities
that are targeted on policy improvements and innovative
finance mechanisms
3. REEEP focuses on emerging markets and developing countries
and contributes to improving access to reliable energy for the
poor

39. REEEP delivers value via Regional Secretariats
REEEP Regional Office
REEEP International Russia
REEEP Regional Office Secretariat
North America
REEEP Regional Office
Central Europe
REEEP Regional Office REEEP Regional Office
Latin America &
Caribbean
East Asia
REEEP Local Focal Point
MEDREP
REEEP Regional Office
South Asia
REEEP Regional Office
South East Asia & Pacific
REEEP Regional Office
Africa

40. The 50 REEEP projects encourage local initiatives in
40 countries
5
1
1 2
1 3 7
1 1 1
1
1
8 1 2
1
1 6
2
32 1 1 1
1 2
Currently 50 projects 1 1 1
1
1
Locations – 40 countries 3
7
• Some projects – multiple countries 1 2 2
1 1
1 6

41. REEEP International Secretariat
Vienna International Centre
Vienna, Austria
info@reeep.org
+43 1 26026 3425
www.reeep.org
www.reegle.info