Few promising dynamic features in biological cells were closely looked into through the lens of gravitation. Purpose of extra-ordinary quantity (> 60%) of fluid in living mass was attributed primarily to provide neutral buoyancy where mass remains same, but weight gets reduced i.e. net forces of effective gravity get reduced over biomass. Gravitational acceleration at the rate of nanometer per Second Square at picometer distance of biomass would be effective force for mechanical movement under secluded reduced gravitation. In medium, polygon structured agarose gel matrix was presumed to manipulate vector components on bypassing barycenter. Ex vitro movement of DNA, RNA or protein fragments get slower as per gravitation induced molecular weight and size while passing through gel during electrophoresis. Minimum quantity of biomass over medium as explants, packed cell volume etc. was viewed as gravitational anchor. Membrane bound structure of cell comparable to planet within planet situation; Gauss's law for gravity was advocated to describe flow of flux operating within and outside the cell. In vitro movement and localization of macromolecules for nucleic acid, proteins, ribosomes, fats as well as organelles like rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes cell were scrutinized. Nucleic acid having higher molar mass and density remains in dynamic barycentric core position, proteins being intermediate over fats and lipids get distributed away from core under in vitro situation. These were conjectured on gravitation principles – 'higher the mass and density- higher would be the attractive force of gravitation' or in reverse way, 'lesser would delay the attraction'. Ultracentrifugation, as commonly used to separate bio-particles on Svedberg unit, was considered to be as the 'inverse process of central action of gravitation'. Rate of sedimentation under ex vivo condition approximately matches in vitro movements.
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in theoretical physics that happens when pairs or groups of particles are generated in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole. Based on the theory of cancer as an evolutionary metabolic disease (Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Cancer or EMHC), the cancerous cells are eukaryotic cells with different metabolic rate from healthy cells due to the damaged or shut down mitochondria in them. Assuming each human eukaryotic cell as a particle and the whole body as a Quantum Entangled System (QES), is a new perspective on the description of cancer disease, and this link between theoretical physics and biological sciences in the field of cancer therapies can be a new insight into the cause, prevention and treatment of cancer. Additionally, this perspective admits the Lamarckian evolution in the understanding of the mentioned disease. We have presented each human eukaryotic cell containing mitochondria as a QES, and the whole body containing healthy and normal cells as a QES as well. The difference between the entropy of the healthy cells and cancer cells has also been mentioned in this research.
Keywords: Quantum Entanglement, Cancer, Mitochondria, Evolution, Quantum Entangled System (QES), EMHC
É revisitada a famosa palestra de Niels Bohr em 1932 com o mesmo título, procurando atualizála. Os tópicos tratados são: 1) Intuição biológica. 2) Avanços básicos. 3) A origem da vida.
4) Dos procariontes aos eucariontes. 5) Luz solar e a vida. 6) A física quântica é relevante para a biologia? 7) Mecânica quântica, cérebro e mente. 8) A consciência. 9) Existe livre arbítrio? 10) A luz como arma da biologia: Pinças óticas. 11) Calibração absoluta das pinças. 12) Proteínas como demônios de Maxwell. 13) A catraca browniana. 14) Proteinas motoras: cinesina, miosina V e ATPsintase. 15) Mecanobiologia. 16) Nanotubos de tunelamento. 17) Comunicação à distância entre células e suas funções. 18) “Le hasard et la nécessité”.
This document summarizes research on sperm cell motility, viability, and calcium regulation. It discusses how sperm motility is regulated by calcium levels, which are controlled by ion channels such as CATsper. Modulating calcium channels and reducing motility may increase sperm cell viability by decreasing reactive oxygen species production. The document also reviews the roles of factors like temperature, membrane potential, and ion currents in modulating calcium concentrations and sperm cell functions like capacitation and the acrosome reaction.
1) The document discusses how circadian rhythms and molecular processes underlying memory may have evolved from ancient timing mechanisms in early life.
2) Conserved molecular mechanisms like the cAMP/MAPK/CREB cascade that drive circadian rhythms are also involved in memory formation.
3) These ancient timing mechanisms that optimized survival by matching behavior to environmental cycles may have provided a basis for the evolution of more complex memory processes in organisms with nervous systems.
Biocosmological electromagnetic gal interactions finishedSuuzzaannee
A introduction paper to some quantum concepts that steer us to the future of bio-functions, some quantum mathematical computations to consider. written August 2012, more to come...
1) Protoplasm is the living substance that makes up all living things and carries out life processes like metabolism, food processing, and waste elimination. It is made up of macromolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
2) Protoplasm can behave like both a gel and a sol. It exhibits properties like cohesiveness, viscosity, and surface tension. Viscosity allows for movements like Brownian motion, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming.
3) Methods to study the kinetic properties of protoplasm include measuring the rate of discharge of contents from punctured blastomeres to determine internal pressure and surface tension. Measurements
This review introduces microgravity environment the escape velocity which is independent of the mass of the object escaping and the effects of microgravity on bones, muscles, blood flow, proprioceptive system and re distribution of fluid in relation to the impact of the affected parts to the reproductive organs. Since the human reproductive organs components include bones, muscles, blood and fluids tissues. From previous work, it was discovered that penis, virginal, and uterus activities are negatively affected. Jaiyeola O. Paul | Oluwafemi A. Funmilola | Abdullahi S. Ayegba "Effects of Microgravity on Sexual Organs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29407.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29407/effects-of-microgravity-on-sexual-organs/jaiyeola-o-paul
The document is a science project on the topic of motion. It contains sections that define and describe different types of motion including: laws of motion, imperceptible human motions, motion of celestial bodies like the universe, galaxy, sun and solar system, earth, continents and internal human body parts. It also discusses motion at microscopic levels like cells, particles and subatomic particles. Other types of motion defined include harmonic motion, periodic motion, rectilinear motion, random motion, circular motion, rotational motion, oscillatory motion and projectile motion. The document was created by Bhumika Singh, a 9th grade science student.
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in theoretical physics that happens when pairs or groups of particles are generated in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. Instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole. Based on the theory of cancer as an evolutionary metabolic disease (Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Cancer or EMHC), the cancerous cells are eukaryotic cells with different metabolic rate from healthy cells due to the damaged or shut down mitochondria in them. Assuming each human eukaryotic cell as a particle and the whole body as a Quantum Entangled System (QES), is a new perspective on the description of cancer disease, and this link between theoretical physics and biological sciences in the field of cancer therapies can be a new insight into the cause, prevention and treatment of cancer. Additionally, this perspective admits the Lamarckian evolution in the understanding of the mentioned disease. We have presented each human eukaryotic cell containing mitochondria as a QES, and the whole body containing healthy and normal cells as a QES as well. The difference between the entropy of the healthy cells and cancer cells has also been mentioned in this research.
Keywords: Quantum Entanglement, Cancer, Mitochondria, Evolution, Quantum Entangled System (QES), EMHC
É revisitada a famosa palestra de Niels Bohr em 1932 com o mesmo título, procurando atualizála. Os tópicos tratados são: 1) Intuição biológica. 2) Avanços básicos. 3) A origem da vida.
4) Dos procariontes aos eucariontes. 5) Luz solar e a vida. 6) A física quântica é relevante para a biologia? 7) Mecânica quântica, cérebro e mente. 8) A consciência. 9) Existe livre arbítrio? 10) A luz como arma da biologia: Pinças óticas. 11) Calibração absoluta das pinças. 12) Proteínas como demônios de Maxwell. 13) A catraca browniana. 14) Proteinas motoras: cinesina, miosina V e ATPsintase. 15) Mecanobiologia. 16) Nanotubos de tunelamento. 17) Comunicação à distância entre células e suas funções. 18) “Le hasard et la nécessité”.
This document summarizes research on sperm cell motility, viability, and calcium regulation. It discusses how sperm motility is regulated by calcium levels, which are controlled by ion channels such as CATsper. Modulating calcium channels and reducing motility may increase sperm cell viability by decreasing reactive oxygen species production. The document also reviews the roles of factors like temperature, membrane potential, and ion currents in modulating calcium concentrations and sperm cell functions like capacitation and the acrosome reaction.
1) The document discusses how circadian rhythms and molecular processes underlying memory may have evolved from ancient timing mechanisms in early life.
2) Conserved molecular mechanisms like the cAMP/MAPK/CREB cascade that drive circadian rhythms are also involved in memory formation.
3) These ancient timing mechanisms that optimized survival by matching behavior to environmental cycles may have provided a basis for the evolution of more complex memory processes in organisms with nervous systems.
Biocosmological electromagnetic gal interactions finishedSuuzzaannee
A introduction paper to some quantum concepts that steer us to the future of bio-functions, some quantum mathematical computations to consider. written August 2012, more to come...
1) Protoplasm is the living substance that makes up all living things and carries out life processes like metabolism, food processing, and waste elimination. It is made up of macromolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
2) Protoplasm can behave like both a gel and a sol. It exhibits properties like cohesiveness, viscosity, and surface tension. Viscosity allows for movements like Brownian motion, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming.
3) Methods to study the kinetic properties of protoplasm include measuring the rate of discharge of contents from punctured blastomeres to determine internal pressure and surface tension. Measurements
This review introduces microgravity environment the escape velocity which is independent of the mass of the object escaping and the effects of microgravity on bones, muscles, blood flow, proprioceptive system and re distribution of fluid in relation to the impact of the affected parts to the reproductive organs. Since the human reproductive organs components include bones, muscles, blood and fluids tissues. From previous work, it was discovered that penis, virginal, and uterus activities are negatively affected. Jaiyeola O. Paul | Oluwafemi A. Funmilola | Abdullahi S. Ayegba "Effects of Microgravity on Sexual Organs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29407.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29407/effects-of-microgravity-on-sexual-organs/jaiyeola-o-paul
The document is a science project on the topic of motion. It contains sections that define and describe different types of motion including: laws of motion, imperceptible human motions, motion of celestial bodies like the universe, galaxy, sun and solar system, earth, continents and internal human body parts. It also discusses motion at microscopic levels like cells, particles and subatomic particles. Other types of motion defined include harmonic motion, periodic motion, rectilinear motion, random motion, circular motion, rotational motion, oscillatory motion and projectile motion. The document was created by Bhumika Singh, a 9th grade science student.
Active transport requires energy and moves substances against a concentration gradient. Passive transport does not require energy and involves diffusion, the movement of substances from high to low concentration, and osmosis, the diffusion of water. Experiments demonstrated active transport using yeast cells and the dye neutral red, passive transport through Brownian movement of ink particles, diffusion of crystals in water and agar, and osmosis using artificial cells in solutions of varying sugar concentration and red blood cells in salt solutions.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) Protoplasm is the living substance that makes up all living things. It is made up of macromolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
2) Protoplasm exhibits both gel-like and liquid-like properties, behaving as a gel in solution and as a liquid in its semisolid state.
3) Protoplasm displays cohesion between molecules as well as viscosity, allowing for movements like cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid movement of pseudopodia. It also has surface tension properties derived from its lipid and protein molecules.
The title of this opinion article is a homage to Professor Hameroff’s paper of 2012 entitled “How quantum brain biology can rescue conscious free will” where the role of quantum computations in microtubules inside brain neurons is described as it relates to the elusive concept of free will. Quantum biology, and its applications in medicine, represents a fascinating new field of research where “spooky” (as in Einstein’s definition of entanglement, “spooky action at a distance”) phenomena occur.
1) The document studies the motion of passive particles in mixtures with actively swimming bacteria of different swimming patterns.
2) Experiments and simulations examine how varying single motor rotational rate, cell concentration, and motor reversal rate affect the mean square displacement of passive particles over time.
3) Results show passive particles exhibit superdiffusive behavior at short times and normal diffusion at long times when interacting with bacteria that swim straight or reverse directions.
The mitochondrial population in cells is highly dynamic, exhibiting variable turnover rates. Mitochondria are constantly renewed through a regulated transcriptional network that replenishes mitochondria while degrading old or damaged ones. The rate of mitochondrial turnover varies between tissues and can increase in response to certain stimuli, but is normally on the order of days to weeks, with a few percent replaced each day under basal conditions. Mitochondrial turnover is important for cellular homeostasis and may be regulated by circadian rhythms.
The document discusses various methods of cell transport, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, the active transport mechanism of osmosis, and other active transport processes. It also describes endocytosis and exocytosis for bulk transport of larger particles and molecules into and out of cells.
This document discusses different types of cell transport mechanisms, including passive transport (diffusion and facilitated diffusion) and active transport. Passive transport involves the diffusion of substances across the cell membrane down their concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure. Active transport requires cellular energy and transports substances against their concentration gradient using transmembrane protein pumps and channels. Osmosis, a type of facilitated diffusion, allows for the diffusion of water across the cell membrane through water channel proteins. The document provides examples and diagrams to explain these transport mechanisms.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It begins by explaining that approximately 60% of the average adult's weight consists of fluid located in two compartments - intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. It then defines key concepts like osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the sodium-potassium pump which help regulate fluid levels. The document closes by reviewing the major routes of fluid gain and loss in the body, primarily through drinking, eating, urine output, and sweating.
In this , we have covered what is aquatic therapy, what are properties of water, how it works on different body systems, types, therapeutic effects, contraindications and few recent advances.
Brittlestar regeneration rate paper janice price and lee ann clementskleinkea
This study examined the effects of hydrodynamic stress on arm regeneration in the brittlestar Ophiophragmus filograneus when food was limited. 30 brittlestars had arms removed and were placed in tanks with either oscillating (wave) or laminar (flume) flow and fed for discrete periods each week. Brittlestars in the laminar flow tank regenerated a higher proportion of skeletal tissue than those in the wave tank, suggesting hydrodynamics influence how brittlestars allocate resources to regeneration when food is limited.
Estimation Of Vitamin Content In Fruit Juices By Ultrasonic Techniqueinventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Fruits are more essential and have many health benifits. Fruits has vitaminewihch is made up of an organic compound. Vitamin must be through diet. Vitamin C is required for the properdevelopment& function of many parts of the body . It also plays an important role in maintaining proper immune function. In this research the Selected fruits are apple and orange and they have Vitamin ‘C’. Estimation of Vitamin content have been done by studying Ultrasonic Velocity, Viscosity, Density and adiabatic Compressibility. Further the experimental values are confirmed by FTIR.
This document provides an analysis of coral reef systems and human impacts on them. It begins by defining coral reefs and describing the key components that make up the natural coral reef ecosystem, including the reef structure built from coral skeletons, the different types of reef formations, zonation patterns, hermatypic corals and their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae. It then discusses how human activities like pollution, overfishing and climate change are negatively impacting coral reefs by increasing stressors on the systems and reducing their resilience. The document concludes by stating that appropriate management strategies will be needed to reduce human impacts and ensure the long-term sustainability and coexistence of coral reef and human systems.
The document discusses various aspects of membrane transport in cells. It explains that the plasma membrane defines cell borders and is selectively permeable, allowing some materials to pass through freely while others require transport proteins. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and its components. Various modes of transport are summarized, including passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport mechanisms like pumps, channels, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Nerve impulse transmission is also covered, explaining the resting membrane potential and how action potentials propagate signals in neurons.
The document discusses differences between physical and life sciences, with living matter operating at a low energy scale but with greater functionality and individuality. It notes two key reasons for this - autonomy and openness. Macromolecules and large amplitude motions help achieve balance between these properties. Large amplitude motions involve motions of large portions of macromolecules at low energy. The document uses an example of how methyl group quantum states are delocalized. It argues living matter dynamics occur through these internal motions. Finally, it discusses an experiment where gold nanoparticles were attached to a virus that infects silkworms to potentially activate the insect immune system and provide protection.
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
This document provides an overview of electrolytes and discusses sodium and potassium in detail. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to list the roles of six important electrolytes, name disorders of abnormal levels, identify the predominant extracellular anion, and describe aldosterone's role in water balance. It then discusses sodium and potassium individually, outlining their normal levels, functions, dietary sources, and related imbalances.
Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Actuator in a Typical Aerospace vehicle | J4...Journal For Research
An Aerospace Vehicle is capable of flight both within and outside the sensible atmosphere. An Actuation System is one of the most important Systems of an Aerospace vehicle. This paper study involves detailed study of various controls Actuation System and Design of a typical Hydraulic Actuation Systems. An actuator control system concerned with electrical, electronic or electro mechanical. Actuator control systems may take the form of extremely simple, manually-operated start-and-stop stations, or sophisticated, programmable computer systems. Hydraulic Actuation System contains Electro Hydraulic Actuators, Servo Valves, Feedback Sensing elements, Pump Motor package, Hydraulic Reservoir, Accumulator, various safety valves, Filters etc. The main objective of this study involves design of Hydraulic Actuator and selection of various other components for the Actuation Systems of an Aerospace Vehicle. Design of the system includes design of Hydraulic actuator and also the Modeling and Analysis of actuator using sophisticated Software.
Experimental Verification and Validation of Stress Distribution of Composite ...Journal For Research
This document summarizes an experimental study on the stress distribution of composite beams compared to metal beams under different support conditions. The study aims to analyze and compare the stress distribution of composite and metal beams using finite element analysis software and experimental testing with strain gauges and other tools. Based on a literature review, composite materials offer advantages over metals like lower weight and improved properties. The experimental results on stress distribution of composite and metal beams under different support conditions will be analyzed and compared to the finite element analysis results.
Image Binarization for the uses of Preprocessing to Detect Brain Abnormality ...Journal For Research
Computerized MR of brain image binarization for the uses of preprocessing of features extraction and brain abnormality identification of brain has been described. Binarization is used as intermediate steps of many MR of brain normal and abnormal tissues detection. One of the main problems of MRI binarization is that many pixels of brain part cannot be correctly binarized due to the extensive black background or the large variation in contrast between background and foreground of MRI. Proposed binarization determines a threshold value using mean, variance, standard deviation and entropy followed by a non-gamut enhancement that can overcome the binarization problem. The proposed binarization technique is extensively tested with a variety of MRI and generates good binarization with improved accuracy and reduced error.
A Research Paper on BFO and PSO Based Movie Recommendation System | J4RV4I1016Journal For Research
The objective of this work is to assess the utility of personalized recommendation system (PRS) in the field of movie recommendation using a new model based on neural network classification and hybrid optimization algorithm. We have used advantages of both the evolutionary optimization algorithms which are Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Bacteria foraging optimization (BFO). In its implementation a NN classification model is used to obtain a movie recommendation which predict ratings of movie. Parameters or attributes on which movie ratings are dependent are supplied by user's demographic details and movie content information. The efficiency and accuracy of proposed method is verified by multiple experiments based on the Movie Lens benchmark dataset. Hybrid optimization algorithm selects best attributes from total supplied attributes of recommendation system and gives more accurate rating with less time taken. In present scenario movie database is becoming larger so we need an optimized recommendation system for better performance in terms of time and accuracy.
IoT based Digital Agriculture Monitoring System and Their Impact on Optimal U...Journal For Research
Although precision agriculture has been adopted in few countries, the greenhouse based modern agriculture industry in India still needs to be modernized with the involvement of technology for better production and cost control. In this paper we proposed a multifunction model for smart agriculture based on IoT. Due to variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniform condition at all the places in the farmhouse manually. Soil and environment properties are sensed and periodically sent to cloud network through IoT. Analysis on cloud data is done for water requirement, total production and maintaining uniform environment conditions throughout greenhouse farm. Proposed model is beneficial for increase in agricultural production and for cost control and real time monitoring of farm.
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Active transport requires energy and moves substances against a concentration gradient. Passive transport does not require energy and involves diffusion, the movement of substances from high to low concentration, and osmosis, the diffusion of water. Experiments demonstrated active transport using yeast cells and the dye neutral red, passive transport through Brownian movement of ink particles, diffusion of crystals in water and agar, and osmosis using artificial cells in solutions of varying sugar concentration and red blood cells in salt solutions.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1) Protoplasm is the living substance that makes up all living things. It is made up of macromolecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
2) Protoplasm exhibits both gel-like and liquid-like properties, behaving as a gel in solution and as a liquid in its semisolid state.
3) Protoplasm displays cohesion between molecules as well as viscosity, allowing for movements like cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid movement of pseudopodia. It also has surface tension properties derived from its lipid and protein molecules.
The title of this opinion article is a homage to Professor Hameroff’s paper of 2012 entitled “How quantum brain biology can rescue conscious free will” where the role of quantum computations in microtubules inside brain neurons is described as it relates to the elusive concept of free will. Quantum biology, and its applications in medicine, represents a fascinating new field of research where “spooky” (as in Einstein’s definition of entanglement, “spooky action at a distance”) phenomena occur.
1) The document studies the motion of passive particles in mixtures with actively swimming bacteria of different swimming patterns.
2) Experiments and simulations examine how varying single motor rotational rate, cell concentration, and motor reversal rate affect the mean square displacement of passive particles over time.
3) Results show passive particles exhibit superdiffusive behavior at short times and normal diffusion at long times when interacting with bacteria that swim straight or reverse directions.
The mitochondrial population in cells is highly dynamic, exhibiting variable turnover rates. Mitochondria are constantly renewed through a regulated transcriptional network that replenishes mitochondria while degrading old or damaged ones. The rate of mitochondrial turnover varies between tissues and can increase in response to certain stimuli, but is normally on the order of days to weeks, with a few percent replaced each day under basal conditions. Mitochondrial turnover is important for cellular homeostasis and may be regulated by circadian rhythms.
The document discusses various methods of cell transport, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and facilitated diffusion, the active transport mechanism of osmosis, and other active transport processes. It also describes endocytosis and exocytosis for bulk transport of larger particles and molecules into and out of cells.
This document discusses different types of cell transport mechanisms, including passive transport (diffusion and facilitated diffusion) and active transport. Passive transport involves the diffusion of substances across the cell membrane down their concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure. Active transport requires cellular energy and transports substances against their concentration gradient using transmembrane protein pumps and channels. Osmosis, a type of facilitated diffusion, allows for the diffusion of water across the cell membrane through water channel proteins. The document provides examples and diagrams to explain these transport mechanisms.
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. It begins by explaining that approximately 60% of the average adult's weight consists of fluid located in two compartments - intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. It then defines key concepts like osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and the sodium-potassium pump which help regulate fluid levels. The document closes by reviewing the major routes of fluid gain and loss in the body, primarily through drinking, eating, urine output, and sweating.
In this , we have covered what is aquatic therapy, what are properties of water, how it works on different body systems, types, therapeutic effects, contraindications and few recent advances.
Brittlestar regeneration rate paper janice price and lee ann clementskleinkea
This study examined the effects of hydrodynamic stress on arm regeneration in the brittlestar Ophiophragmus filograneus when food was limited. 30 brittlestars had arms removed and were placed in tanks with either oscillating (wave) or laminar (flume) flow and fed for discrete periods each week. Brittlestars in the laminar flow tank regenerated a higher proportion of skeletal tissue than those in the wave tank, suggesting hydrodynamics influence how brittlestars allocate resources to regeneration when food is limited.
Estimation Of Vitamin Content In Fruit Juices By Ultrasonic Techniqueinventionjournals
ABSTRACT : Fruits are more essential and have many health benifits. Fruits has vitaminewihch is made up of an organic compound. Vitamin must be through diet. Vitamin C is required for the properdevelopment& function of many parts of the body . It also plays an important role in maintaining proper immune function. In this research the Selected fruits are apple and orange and they have Vitamin ‘C’. Estimation of Vitamin content have been done by studying Ultrasonic Velocity, Viscosity, Density and adiabatic Compressibility. Further the experimental values are confirmed by FTIR.
This document provides an analysis of coral reef systems and human impacts on them. It begins by defining coral reefs and describing the key components that make up the natural coral reef ecosystem, including the reef structure built from coral skeletons, the different types of reef formations, zonation patterns, hermatypic corals and their symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae. It then discusses how human activities like pollution, overfishing and climate change are negatively impacting coral reefs by increasing stressors on the systems and reducing their resilience. The document concludes by stating that appropriate management strategies will be needed to reduce human impacts and ensure the long-term sustainability and coexistence of coral reef and human systems.
The document discusses various aspects of membrane transport in cells. It explains that the plasma membrane defines cell borders and is selectively permeable, allowing some materials to pass through freely while others require transport proteins. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane and its components. Various modes of transport are summarized, including passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport mechanisms like pumps, channels, and endocytosis/exocytosis. Nerve impulse transmission is also covered, explaining the resting membrane potential and how action potentials propagate signals in neurons.
The document discusses differences between physical and life sciences, with living matter operating at a low energy scale but with greater functionality and individuality. It notes two key reasons for this - autonomy and openness. Macromolecules and large amplitude motions help achieve balance between these properties. Large amplitude motions involve motions of large portions of macromolecules at low energy. The document uses an example of how methyl group quantum states are delocalized. It argues living matter dynamics occur through these internal motions. Finally, it discusses an experiment where gold nanoparticles were attached to a virus that infects silkworms to potentially activate the insect immune system and provide protection.
Introduction to Life Science and The Theories on the Origin of LifeSimple ABbieC
I. Introduction to Life Science
II. The Concept of Life
III. Characteristics of Life
IV. Theories on the Origin of Life
V. Unifying Themes in the Study of Life
This document provides an overview of electrolytes and discusses sodium and potassium in detail. It begins by listing the learning objectives which are to list the roles of six important electrolytes, name disorders of abnormal levels, identify the predominant extracellular anion, and describe aldosterone's role in water balance. It then discusses sodium and potassium individually, outlining their normal levels, functions, dietary sources, and related imbalances.
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Design and Analysis of Hydraulic Actuator in a Typical Aerospace vehicle | J4...Journal For Research
An Aerospace Vehicle is capable of flight both within and outside the sensible atmosphere. An Actuation System is one of the most important Systems of an Aerospace vehicle. This paper study involves detailed study of various controls Actuation System and Design of a typical Hydraulic Actuation Systems. An actuator control system concerned with electrical, electronic or electro mechanical. Actuator control systems may take the form of extremely simple, manually-operated start-and-stop stations, or sophisticated, programmable computer systems. Hydraulic Actuation System contains Electro Hydraulic Actuators, Servo Valves, Feedback Sensing elements, Pump Motor package, Hydraulic Reservoir, Accumulator, various safety valves, Filters etc. The main objective of this study involves design of Hydraulic Actuator and selection of various other components for the Actuation Systems of an Aerospace Vehicle. Design of the system includes design of Hydraulic actuator and also the Modeling and Analysis of actuator using sophisticated Software.
Experimental Verification and Validation of Stress Distribution of Composite ...Journal For Research
This document summarizes an experimental study on the stress distribution of composite beams compared to metal beams under different support conditions. The study aims to analyze and compare the stress distribution of composite and metal beams using finite element analysis software and experimental testing with strain gauges and other tools. Based on a literature review, composite materials offer advantages over metals like lower weight and improved properties. The experimental results on stress distribution of composite and metal beams under different support conditions will be analyzed and compared to the finite element analysis results.
Image Binarization for the uses of Preprocessing to Detect Brain Abnormality ...Journal For Research
Computerized MR of brain image binarization for the uses of preprocessing of features extraction and brain abnormality identification of brain has been described. Binarization is used as intermediate steps of many MR of brain normal and abnormal tissues detection. One of the main problems of MRI binarization is that many pixels of brain part cannot be correctly binarized due to the extensive black background or the large variation in contrast between background and foreground of MRI. Proposed binarization determines a threshold value using mean, variance, standard deviation and entropy followed by a non-gamut enhancement that can overcome the binarization problem. The proposed binarization technique is extensively tested with a variety of MRI and generates good binarization with improved accuracy and reduced error.
A Research Paper on BFO and PSO Based Movie Recommendation System | J4RV4I1016Journal For Research
The objective of this work is to assess the utility of personalized recommendation system (PRS) in the field of movie recommendation using a new model based on neural network classification and hybrid optimization algorithm. We have used advantages of both the evolutionary optimization algorithms which are Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Bacteria foraging optimization (BFO). In its implementation a NN classification model is used to obtain a movie recommendation which predict ratings of movie. Parameters or attributes on which movie ratings are dependent are supplied by user's demographic details and movie content information. The efficiency and accuracy of proposed method is verified by multiple experiments based on the Movie Lens benchmark dataset. Hybrid optimization algorithm selects best attributes from total supplied attributes of recommendation system and gives more accurate rating with less time taken. In present scenario movie database is becoming larger so we need an optimized recommendation system for better performance in terms of time and accuracy.
IoT based Digital Agriculture Monitoring System and Their Impact on Optimal U...Journal For Research
Although precision agriculture has been adopted in few countries, the greenhouse based modern agriculture industry in India still needs to be modernized with the involvement of technology for better production and cost control. In this paper we proposed a multifunction model for smart agriculture based on IoT. Due to variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniform condition at all the places in the farmhouse manually. Soil and environment properties are sensed and periodically sent to cloud network through IoT. Analysis on cloud data is done for water requirement, total production and maintaining uniform environment conditions throughout greenhouse farm. Proposed model is beneficial for increase in agricultural production and for cost control and real time monitoring of farm.
A REVIEW PAPER ON BFO AND PSO BASED MOVIE RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM | J4RV4I1015Journal For Research
Recommendation system plays important role in Internet world and used in many applications. It has created the collection of many application, created global village and growth for numerous information. This paper represents the overview of Approaches and techniques generated in recommendation system. Recommendation system is categorized in three classes: Collaborative Filtering, Content based and hybrid based Approach. This paper classifies collaborative filtering in two types: Memory based and Model based Recommendation .The paper elaborates these approaches and their techniques with their limitations. The result of our system provides much better recommendations to users because it enables the users to understand the relation between their emotional states and the recommended movies.
HCI BASED APPLICATION FOR PLAYING COMPUTER GAMES | J4RV4I1014Journal For Research
This paper describes a command interface for games based on hand gestures and voice command defined by postures, movement and location. The system uses computer vision requiring no sensors or markers by the user. In voice command the speech recognizer, recognize the input from the user. It stores and passes command to the game, action takes place. We propose a simple architecture for performing real time colour detection and motion tracking using a webcam. The next step is to track the motion of the specified colours and the resulting actions are given as input commands to the system. We specify blue colour for motion tracking and green colour for mouse pointer. The speech recognition is the process of automatically recognizing a certain word spoken by a particular speaker based on individual information included in speech waves. This application will help in reduction in hardware requirement and can be implemented in other electronic devices also.
A REVIEW ON DESIGN OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN CHANDRAPUR CITY | J4RV4...Journal For Research
As we know the population of Chandrapur City has increased so far in this years and with that has increased the vehicles causing high traffic volume & rise in pollution. But the transportation system in Chandrapur City is still the same. To reduce the traffic volume & pollution, we have to study & design the new transportation system in Chandrapur City. The system would be as similar to Nagpur City with the implementation of Star City Buses. In this Study we would first compare the speed of various vehicles. Collection of population details of Chandrapur City, approximate number of vehicles running on road, collection of data with respect to Ticket fares in Nagpur City- whether it is according to Kilometers or places to be reached, calculation of Ticket Fares for Chandrapur City on the basis data collected. By all these, the best mode of transport in City can be studied. On the basis of above data collected from various respected fields, we will then proceed for the Design part of urban transport system in Chandrapur City. For Design purpose, firstly we have to mark the centre of the City, when the centre is decided; we will then select the Bus Terminus. From centre of the city, we would prefer to select the routes of the Buses. One route will be for the city side like Jatpura Gate, Pathanpura Gate. One route will be for Ballarpur going road. The other one for Mul going road, then next for Nagpur road. We could decide as many routes once we get the clear idea about all data. By getting all this details, the next step is to design the destination points of Buses. Then we have to design about the Bus bays, to reduce congestion in the particular intersections or Stops of bus. After the design also can suggest for Bus lanes. Implementation of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT system) is the main aim behind to develop transportation mode of City. The design of the Transport System can be designed with the help of various software’s like AutoCAD and Revit.
A REVIEW ON LIFTING AND ASSEMBLY OF ROTARY KILN TYRE WITH SHELL BY FLEXIBLE G...Journal For Research
This document reviews different techniques for lifting and assembling rotary kiln tyres with shells. It discusses the current manual process using heavy cranes and labor, which is time-consuming and poses safety risks due to the heavy weights involved. The literature review covers various gripping techniques, cost-effective handling procedures, and analyses that can help design a safe lifting suspender for rotary kiln tyres. The conclusion indicates that lifting and assembly approaches as well as grasping principles need further study to develop improved solutions for safely handling the kiln components.
LABORATORY STUDY OF STRONG, MODERATE AND WEAK SANDSTONES | J4RV4I1012Journal For Research
Sandstones from seven different hydroelectric projects have been assessed to compare their water-related properties and engineering parameters and the comprehensive analysis has been presented. The study has been done by categorizing the sandstones in to three categories i.e. weak, moderate & strong sandstones. The study leads to four broad inferences: (1), there could be very large variation between two sandstones; e.g., here, sandstone S2, S4 & S5, vis-à-vis other two strong sandstones, is superior in all respects. (2), the four weak sandstones differ in respect of some – not all – properties and parameters. (3), none of the four weak sandstones is better than the other two in respect of all properties and parameters. (4), moderate sandstone shows higher values of shear strength parameters in comparison to all the sandstones (including stronger sandstones also) except S3 strong sandstone. In respect of individual properties, the grain density of all sandstones is similar, though their bulk densities, apparent porosity and water content show great variation. The weak, moderate and strong sandstones show qualitative difference in their uniaxial compressive strength and wave velocity (compression and shear, both); and the two are directly proportional. The study clearly demonstrates that there is no one-to-one correspondence between any two properties and parameters, but there is a diffused and/ or qualitative relationship between different sandstones, or certain properties and parameters of a particular variant.
DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FABRICATION OF MANUAL RICE TRANSPLANTING MACHINE | J4RV4I...Journal For Research
Need of rice transplanting machine is growing nowadays because of unique feature seeding in well sequence and well manners. This will save too much efforts of human being. Class of people who uses this kind of machine is farmers and they are having poor economic background. To feed growing population is a huge challenge. Importation of rice will lead to drain out the economy of the country. Mechanization of paddy sector will lead to higher productivity with releasing of work force to other sectors. The objective of this project is to design a paddy transplanting mechanism to transplant paddy seedling by small scale farmers in the country. Hence, this is considered as an activity that needed mechanization. For mechanization the modeling and simulation evaluated for hand operated rice seeding machine, which is help the farmers to planting more and more amount of rice in good quality with low energy consumption and less harm to the environment. India is predominately an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop. It Produce about 80 million tons rice annually which is about 22% of the world rice production. Culturally transplanting of young seeding is preferred over direct seeding for better yield and better crop management practice. But this operation requires large amount of manpower (about 400 Man-Hour/ha) and task is very laborious involving working in stopping posture and moving in muddy field.
AN OVERVIEW: DAKNET TECHNOLOGY - BROADBAND AD-HOC CONNECTIVITY | J4RV4I1009Journal For Research
DakNet, is an ad hoc network and an internet service planted on the applied science, which uses wireless technology to provide an asynchronous digital connectivity, it is the intermediate of wireless and asynchronous service that is the beginning of a technical way to universal broadband connectivity. The major process is it provides the broadband connectivity as wider. This paper broadly describes about the technology, architecture behind and its working principles.
Line following is one of the most important aspects of Robotics. A Line Follower Robot is an autonomous robot which is able to follow either a black or white line that is drawn on the surface consisting of a contrasting color. It is designed to move automatically and follow the made plot line. The path can be visible like a black line on a white surface or it can be invisible like a magnetic field. It will move in a particular direction Specified by the user and avoids the obstacle which is coming in the path. Autonomous Intelligent Robots are robot that can perform desired tasks in unstructured environments without continuous human guidance. It is an integrated design from the knowledge of Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering. LDR sensors based line follower robot design and Fabrication procedure which always direct along the black mark on the white surface. The robot uses several sensors to identify the line thus assisting the bot to stay on the track. The robot is driven by DC motors to control the movements of the wheels.
The project is to ask college related queries and get the responses through a chatbot an Artificial Conversational Entity. This System is a web application which provides answer to the query of the student. Students just have to query through the bot which is used for chatting. Students can chat using any format there is no specific format the user has to follow. This system helps the student to be updated about the college activities.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO REDUCE INTRA CITY TRAFFIC AT COIMBATORE | J4RV4I1002Journal For Research
Coimbatore (11.0168°N,76.9558°E) is a fast developing cosmopolitan city with large number of industries and educational institutions. The development has lead to a large number of vehicles causing heavy traffic. The traffic congestion at Coimbatore has been a major problem which causes traffic jams and accidents. The major reason for traffic has been the mofussil buses that operate in the city. Around 1300 mofussil buses enter into the city, these buses play an important role in traffic congestion. The best solution is to construct a centralized bus stand at the outskirts of the city. This would reduce the traffic, accidents and also leads to development of the outskirts of the city. A suitable location near the city with sufficient road access to connecting cities has been chosen and the bus terminus has been designed, modeled with all facilities and features.
A REVIEW STUDY ON GAS-SOLID CYCLONE SEPARATOR USING LAPPLE MODEL | J4RV4I1001Journal For Research
Cyclone is the most commonly used device to separate dust particles from gas and dust flow. The performance of cyclone separator can be measured in terms of collection efficiency and pressure drop. Parameters like Inlet Flow velocity, the particle size distribution in feed, dimensions of inlet and outlet ducts and cyclone affects the performance of cyclone significantly. Various Mathematical models used for calculation of cut off diameter of separator, flow rate, target efficiency and no. of vortex inside the cyclone to design and study to check the performance of existing cyclone separator. Also new dimensions can be design with help of models. Here, in this study the efficiency achieved with Lapple model cumulatively 86.47%.
During past few years, brain tumor segmentation in CT has become an emergent research area in the field of medical imaging system. Brain tumor detection helps in finding the exact size and location of tumor. An efficient algorithm is proposed in this project for tumor detection based on segmentation and morphological operators. Firstly quality of scanned image is enhanced and then morphological operators are applied to detect the tumor in the scanned image. The problem with biopsy is that the patient has to be hospitalized and also the results (around 15%) give false negative. Scan images are read by radiologist but it's a subjective analysis which requires more experience. In the proposed work we segment the renal region and then classify the tumors as benign or malignant by using ANFIS, which is a non-invasive automated process. This approach reduces the waiting time of the patient.
USE OF GALVANIZED STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY- CAR SURVEY RESULTS AT COASTAL A...Journal For Research
An extensive study of automotive body corrosion was conducted in Mumbai area to track corrosion performance of currently used materials of construction for automotive, especially cars with low end cost. The study consisted of a wide range of areas, starting from a closed car parking to several coastal and other humid regions such as Juhu Beach, Varsova beach and other adjoining areas. Data such as visible perforations, paint blisters, and surface rust were seen especially at vulnerable areas such as doors, mudguards, bonnet areas etc. Also, a comparison was done with low cost cars built with normal steel with those built using galvanized steels.
The main objective of our work is to deliver the goods at proper time by an unmanned drone. An Autonomous drone for delivering the goods such as bombs, medical kids, and foods mainly for military uses. This drone was used for dispatching the bombs and armed guns in battle field. And it is also used for delivering the medicines and foods for soldiers in our country borders.
SURVEY ON A MODERN MEDICARE SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS | J4RV3I12024Journal For Research
Since the population of the world is aging rapidly, how to provide appropriate health care to the elderly and unwell people becomes an important issue and draws high attention from medical, academic and industrial fields of the society. The Internet of Things (IoT) drives the evolution of the Internet and is regarded as a great potential to improve quality of life for the surging number of elderly people, significantly. As Android operating system gains immense popularity nowadays, it is a trend to make use of it for the wider access of IoT utility. This project presents a health monitoring system prototype based on IoT, with the increasing use of sensors by medical devices, remote and continuous monitoring of a patient’s health. This network of sensors and other mobile communication devices referred to as the Internet of Things for Medical Devices (IoT-MD), is poised to revolutionize the functioning of the healthcare industry. Untimed medicine administration can always show adverse effects on the health of the patients. The proposed system is designed to help these patients to take the required medicine in the right proportion at the right time. The basic ideology is integrating the principle of IoT with weight-based slot sensing on a normal pillbox. To make it more state-of-the-art, it is inbuilt with a Wi-Fi module for alerting the patient and also the chemist at the needed instant using IoT.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
1. Journal for Research | Volume 03| Issue 01 | March 2017
ISSN: 2395-7549
All rights reserved by www.journal4research.org 24
Gravitation Induced Mechanical Movement in
Cells
Iresh Ranjan Bhattacharjee
Institute for Intrinsic Gravitation Biology, India
Abstract
Few promising dynamic features in biological cells were closely looked into through the lens of gravitation. Purpose of extra-
ordinary quantity (> 60%) of fluid in living mass was attributed primarily to provide neutral buoyancy where mass remains same,
but weight gets reduced i.e. net forces of effective gravity get reduced over biomass. Gravitational acceleration at the rate of
nanometer per Second Square at picometer distance of biomass would be effective force for mechanical movement under secluded
reduced gravitation. In medium, polygon structured agarose gel matrix was presumed to manipulate vector components on
bypassing barycenter. Ex vitro movement of DNA, RNA or protein fragments get slower as per gravitation induced molecular
weight and size while passing through gel during electrophoresis. Minimum quantity of biomass over medium as explants, packed
cell volume etc. was viewed as gravitational anchor. Membrane bound structure of cell comparable to planet within planet situation;
Gauss's law for gravity was advocated to describe flow of flux operating within and outside the cell. In vitro movement and
localization of macromolecules for nucleic acid, proteins, ribosomes, fats as well as organelles like rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum in eukaryotes cell were scrutinized. Nucleic acid having higher molar mass and density remains in dynamic barycentric
core position, proteins being intermediate over fats and lipids get distributed away from core under in vitro situation. These were
conjectured on gravitation principles – ‘higher the mass and density- higher would be the attractive force of gravitation’ or in
reverse way, ‘lesser would delay the attraction’. Ultracentrifugation, as commonly used to separate bio-particles on Svedberg unit,
was considered to be as the ‘inverse process of central action of gravitation’. Rate of sedimentation under ex vivo condition
approximately matches in vitro movements.
Keywords: Bio-Fluids, Neutral Buoyancy, Macromolecules, Molar Mass, Svedberg Unit
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
At molecular level, electrostatic force is no doubt playing a dominant role and gravitation is, so far, considered irreverent in living
organism. But biology starts with homogenous and heterogeneous accretion of mass from lower level of particle hierarchy to
higher level, say, from molecular level to macromolecular, organelles, cellular, multi-cellular to organism levels. Under neutral
buoyant condition, mass remains same, but weight gets reduced. Under reduced weight for such matching mass, there could be
possibility of gravitation induced mechanical movement of different macromolecules like nucleic acid, proteins, fats and lipids as
well as carbohydrates, either as homogenous matter or heterogeneous mixture. Few ‘package studies’ from scattered biological
materials and evidences had been conceived to examine the scope for being induced or explained through gravitation. Possibility
of molar mass and density based grading of homogenous macromolecules like nucleic acid, proteins, fats and lipids was examined
under in vitro dynamic situation including localization of organelles like endoplasmic reticulum with or without ribosomes. Finally,
Svedberg values used as general laboratory protocol for separation of heterogeneous bio-materials in molecular biology was
examined towards the possibility gravitational sorting of macromolecular through ultracentrifugation in order to reverse the process
under ex vivo gravitation.
Background of the Study
Gravitation is customarily considered as long distance phenomena of classical gravity acting on massive body at macroscopic
length scale at 106
to 1036
m on various astrophysical principles. Similarly presence of gravity at microscopic scale at 10-12
to 10-
36
m for small objects with weak gravity is being felt under particle physics mainly through quantum gravity that has properties
with particle-like and wave-like behaviors wherein mass tells space how to bend, and space tells mass how to move. In contrast
to above, biological micro world at mesoscopic scale (100
to 10-12
m) is kept outside the purview of gravitation because of historical
oversight. At mesoscopic length scale, interaction phenomena for mutual gravity are now-a-days getting some attention after
initiation of space research on life sciences. The 'Self gravitation bio', a new topic has been annexed in the study of biophysics by
the Biophysical Society (USA) in 2008 on being presented by the author1
. Self-gravitation bio contemplates the concepts of
gravitation induced phenomena in life science. Gravity as variable, or, as centre-stage componential force in life science was
proposed for the first time. But many of its working remains still elusive.
Biomass Gets Scope to Grow in Proportion to Buoyancy
‘Load’, ‘weight’ or ‘gravity’, are virtually synonymous. All work on mass. Under neutral buoyant condition, mass remains same,
but weight gets reduced. Buoyancy is the phenomena where a body experiences upward force or could make optimistic disposition
2. Gravitation Induced Mechanical Movement in Cells
(J4R/ Volume 03 / Issue 01 / 006)
All rights reserved by www.journal4research.org 25
when it is partially or completely immersed in liquid. In water, hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom that causes one
side of the molecule to have a negative charge and the area in the opposite direction to have a positive charge. The resulting polarity
of charge causes molecules of water to be attracted to each other forming strong molecular bonds. Water again has a high surface
tension due to its adhesive and elastic property and tends to aggregate in drops on averting gravity's central pull. In encapsulated
(bounded by external membrane) condition, a ‘planet within planet’ situation arises in living cells and tissues.
On average, the body of an adult human contains 60% water. For example, a 70-kg man is made up of about 42 liters of total
water- 28 liters is intracellular water; 14 liters is found in extracellular fluid of which 3 liters is blood plasma etc. Also, all our vital
organs contain different amounts of water. On the other hand, in mothers' wombs (pregnant uterus); measurement of deepest,
unobstructed, vertical length (in centimeter) is considered important for fetal well-being. Amniotic fluid index (AFI) between 8-
18 is considered normal; < 5-6 is considered as Oligohydramnios where as > 20-24 is considered as Polyhydramnios. Proper role
of AFI remains elusive in health science. It is considered as a part of the undefined biophysical profile. Similarly, cytoplasm is
composed mainly of water and also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. But such extra-ordinary
quantity of fluid in the cell is not yet well appreciated. Most interesting fact is that whatever large quantity of fluid present, their
accumulation generally varies according to age, context etc. For instance, the body of a newborn is composed of more water (75%)
than that of an elderly person (50%). Also, the more muscular a body is, the more water it contains. Conversely, the more fat in
the body, the less water the body contains – as body fat has little water. In case of fetus it follows a distinct curve. For instance,
at 10 weeks gestation, amniotic fluid is 10 to 20 milliliters of volume, at 16 weeks gestation ~250 milliliters, at 33 weeks gestation
~800 milliliters, at 38-39 weeks reaches a plateau of ~1000 milliliters, and finally decreases at 40 weeks to ~800 milliliters. Biomass
thus gets scope to grow in proportion to buoyancy.
II. OBSERVATIONS ON BUOYANT GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION
Importance of large volume of water in living bodies and that too, in conformity with amount of mass it has to support, has not yet
suitably defined in life science. Let us examine the whole fluid gamut. With some superimposed data from life sciences, we would
try to interpolate and visualize the impact of presence of extra-ordinary quantity of fluids and the possible biophysical role it could
play.
Results and Discussion
Mass remain same but weight get reduced
A normal weight of a human child at birth is say 3200 gm on earth but at moon its weight would be 531 gm. The actual mass of
the human brain is about 1400 grams; however, the net weight of the brain suspended in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is equivalent
to a mass of 25 grams. i.e. what is 56 gm in human body will appear to be 1 gram only. Thus under neutral buoyant condition a
body experiences a non-zero net force due to gravitational acceleration. Junwu Mu et al 2
made in vivo quantification of embryonic
and placental growth during gestation in mice using micro-ultrasound and pair-wise comparisons of in utero and ex utero
measurements. They reported that when gestational age of mice reaches 16.5 days, the non-invasive predictive body weight remains
to 0.792 gm in average. The crown-rump length (CRL) and abdominal circumference (AC) was reported to be the function of
gestation age (Illustration 1). The CRL and AC remain to be 16.22 mm and 23.4 mm respectively at that growth stage of mice.
The average radius of the fetus can thus be considered to be roughly 9.9 mm.
Fig. 1: Illustration 1
Illustration 1. The pictures depict pair-wise comparisons of in utero through ultrasound and ex utero measurements of CRL
and abdominal circumference in mice (reproduced from Junwu Mu et al) 2
.
Magnitude of buoyant gravitational acceleration
Let us extend theoretically the fetal weight floating over amniotic fluid. Ignoring difference in the value of neutral buoyancy in
cerebrospinal and amniotic fluids, due to differential presence of salt and other matters at particular location, the neutral buoyant
weight of mice embryo of 0.792 gm would appear to be 0.014gm. The acceleration due to gravity on earth is about 9.8 m/s2
,
whereas at moon it is 1.62 m/s2
. However, if we calculate acceleration due to self-gravity in0.792 gram at 16 days of gestational
age of mice with radius 9.9 mm, separated by neutral buoyant force, as provided by Junwu Mu et al2
, using standard formula g(s)=
GM/R^2
, it comes to be about 5x10^-9
m/s^2
. That is free fall acceleration to the tune of 5 nanometer per second square in a massive
body of the planet may be negligible, but in an isolated living mass at a distance of 9.9 picometer (9.9 x 10^-12
meter), acceleration
of 5 nm/s^2
is quite a significant force. Mass would have experienced a force of 7.70-8
N downwards due to gravity, had it been
outside the fluid. But under neutral buoyant condition, mass would experience an upward resistance force/ upward force of the
water of 0.14-8
N. Fluid (water or air) have property to avert central pull of gravitation. In animal cell, for instance, cytosol (fluids)
works against central pull of self and mutual (interaction) gravitation, as shown in the free-body diagrams (Illustration 3). Effective
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gravitational attraction would vary according to type of accretion of mass, say, homogenous and heterogeneous accretions often
used in gravitational language. The aforesaid statement is apparently a simplified version to a complex real time situation. There
may be situation where presence of standard fluid is absent, especially in adopting various laboratory techniques and evolving
protocols to isolate macromolecules. Let us examine process involved in gel electrophoresis and techniques associated with various
cell cultures in the laboratory.
Fig. 2: Illustration 2
Illustration 2: Mass of mice embryo remains same but weight is reduced, i.e. net forces of effective gravity get reduced over
the embryo, as shown in the free-body diagrams.
Fig. 3: Illustration 3
Illustration 3: Fluids of the cytosol work against central pull of gravity of both self and mutual gravitation, as demonstrated in
the free body diagram.
III. OBSERVATIONS ON GRAVITATION INDUCED MECHANICAL MOVEMENT OF MACROMOLECULES
Various ex vitro platform used for movement of macromolecules as physiologically relevant laboratory protocols were examined.
Few are noted here. Algae cannot multiply unless they get an adequate depth of liquid media. Bacteria cannot survive outside the
cultural media. Virus cannot survive without the support of any living host. Transfer a gene from one chromosome to other is to
be carried through plasmid or bacteriophage which is said to act as vehicle. In biotechnologies, an enzyme is to be coated in a
porus gel or fixed to a solid support which acts as media. Mucilaginous jelly which surrounds the embryo in amphibians such as
frogs, toads as well as in insects acts as seclusion mechanism. In microbial or biotechnological analysis protocols; agarose,
polyacrylamide, silica colloidal crystal (SCC), raffinose etc. are traditionally used. There is no controversy that during gel
electrophoresis impulse for movement of macromolecules is provided by artificial electrical force through cathode to anode.
Distance of macromolecular rafting is, however, based on gravitation induced molecular weight and sizes over the medium, say
agarose/ acrylamide for DNA, RNA or polyacrylamide for protein. The agarose gel is, in fact, a cross-linked matrix that is
somewhat like a three-dimensional mesh4
. Barycenter of a polygonal structure is the point that coincide center of mass or center
of gravity or peak gravitational attraction of multiple masses. In barycentric coordinates, path of moving particle or twisting
materials can continue to move with same speed in a collinear way, even if stretched. Moreover, it has an affine property. When
boiled agarose cools, it forms a loose molecular polygonal net resembling a sponge with required mechanical rigidity in soft
porous texture. When pores in the gel matrix are filled by the liquid phase, polygonal structured agarose gel matrix is presumed
to manipulate vector components on bypassing barycenter, so that with higher molecular weight and size of DNA, RNA or protein
fragments, ex vitro movement get slower while passing through gel during electrophoresis, on obeying gravitation induced
macromolecular movement. Thus apart from other known advantages, agarose gel gets the ability to withstand compressibility and
allows the positioned biomass to feel less stressed under distributed extrinsic gravitational load on manipulating barycenter of the
matrix (Illustrations 4).
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Fig. 4: Illustration 4. Polygonal gel structure matrix of agarose allows effective stress distribution of extrinsic gravitational load on keeping
away from barycenter of different vector components.
Stress applied from own weight differs among RNA, DNA and protein fragments due to obvious reason of difference in molar
mass and density. Also agarose gels have larger 'pores' than polyacrylamide gels meaning that it packs less densely then an
equivalent amount of polyacrylamide. Therefore, considering variation in packing density, agarose is generally used for the
electrophoresis of weighty macromolecules such as DNA and RNA. Polyacrylamide is used for less weighty macromolecules such
as proteins for effective rafting. Similarly function of substrate stiffness and the mechanical environment5 are considered for
differentiation of both early and terminal embryonic stem cells (ESC), cell spreading and cell growth. Colony morphology
(spherical or flat) on cultured cells depends on the substrates formed of silica colloidal crystal (SCC) 6. For prion7, say ([Het-s]
prion having molecular weight of 35-36kDa – one of the smallest organisms) of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina
transformants are required to be grown in liquid raffinose synthetic medium (SR) plus galactose. Molar mass of raffinose, a
trisaccharide composed of galactose, fructose, and glucose is 504.42 g/mol with density 1.723 g/cm3. Thus cushioning materials
varies from DNA to prion according to mechanical prop up support. Effective stress applied from own weight, net stress applied
from external load and substance’s resistance to uniform compression or stress (bulk modulus) cumulatively decide the seclusion
mechanism. D.H. Spaargaren introduced ‘metabolically inert infrastructure’8 as alternative nomenclature for describing fluids and
others required materials in living bodies. From the above, it is advantageous to introduce the same term in case of describing
fluids, medium etc.
Gravitation induced anchorage of biomass in metabolically inert infrastructure
A single cell cannot survive in isolated way, unless it is anchored by gravitation induced inertia. A minimal inertial mass is required
for survival. In plant tissue culture9, unless a callus (“explants”) of say above 500 mg or suspension of cultures of say, 3-4 cubic
centimeters (in terms of PCV - packed cell volume) is used, it is difficult to maintain continuity of life and growth from individual
cells. Similarly in the final volume for cell culture, maintaining cell density as low as 3 x 10^5 to high of more than 10–15x 10^6
cells/ml of inoculums are required. It is no doubt that such minimum quantity of mass is required for ‘anchorage’ in cell culture.
There is a literary proverb that “A Rolling stone gathers no moss”. This is not only a literary proverb but based on scientific
observation and fact of the commoners. Thus metabolically inert infrastructure can be defined as that which may be non-aligned
or may act in opposite direction of the accelerated energized biomass or on steady state condition being supported in barycentric
reference frame or may remain as relatively stationary or at constant velocity. These material infrastructures work as ‘astrophysical
distance’.
Gaussian surface of gravitational biomass
Gauss's law for gravity has the same mathematical relation to Newton's law of universal gravitation, as both describe inverse-
square interaction in a 3-dimensional space. The gravitational field or gravitational acceleration is a vector field – a vector at each
point of space and time. Gravitational force experienced by a bio-particle is equal to the mass of the bio-particle multiplied by the
gravitational field at that point. Gravitational flux is a surface integral of the gravitational field over a closed surface and is
proportional to the enclosed mass. Gauss's law for gravity would offer a more convenient and simple way to do a calculation than
Newton's law in biological situations. Total amount of gravitational mass would be the source of the effective gravitational field
enclosed in a closed surface. Such structure would therefore, work as a Gaussian surface in three-dimensional space. Divergence
would be in the form of expansion (positive) or compression (negative) of the vector field. Integration of flux of gravitational
vector fields or pressure forces within interior of the region and over region's boundary would obey the principles of continuity
depending on the strength of source or sink in the flow and symmetries of the situation acting on the submerged surface.
IV. OBSERVATIONS ON GRAVITATION INDUCED MECHANICAL MOVEMENT OF MACROMOLECULES
External fluid stresses, internal driving moments, and passive elastic resistance are generally considered as the primary cause of
rafting of macromolecules over fluids. Pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all
directions throughout the fluid such that the pressure variations (initial differences) remain the same, as per Pascal's law or the
principle of transmission of fluid-pressure. Gravity is an all-time force – slow but steady. Omnipresent but slow moving gravitation
works similar to tortoise of the popular story ‘The Hare and The Tortoise’. Unless variation in gravitational forces gets accounted,
surface tension and hydrodynamic forces would appear to remain prominent. Say, if there is no resistance, equal and opposite
bounding force, there would not have been an unbalanced pressure to exert. Our feet move due to action of unbalanced force over
the ground out of resistance. Compressive action is needed to create unbalance pressure. Elastic force cannot be a substitution for
gravitational force. So let us analyze movement of various macromolecules through lens of gravitation.
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Materials and Methods
Living cell is a complex structure. The typical size of prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea) cell is ~ 1–5 µm whereas eukaryotes (protists,
fungi, plants, animals) cell is ~ 10–100 µm. The comparatively bigger size eukaryotes have various organelles like cell nucleus,
mitochondria and chloroplasts; endoplasmic reticulum; golgi apparatus; lysosomes, peroxisomes; centrosome; vacuoles compared
to smaller size prokaryotes, that are simpler in terms organelles. In prokaryotes, there is no true nucleus, only nucleoid region -
RNA/protein synthesis is coupled in the cytoplasm. Here a word of note. We are not considering any specific situation, where
multiple forces are in action. For clarity of present study, we had limited our observation on eukaryotes and that too only cell
nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum among various organelles on their commonly known standard positions.
Results and discussions
Localization based on molar mass and density
Among the various macromolecules, as available in eukaryotes cells, nucleic acids have highest accretion of molar mass (say, 1000
– 5,000,000 g/mol) as well as density. Naturally, under gravitational (self) environment, nucleic acids would remain in the core
position on the principle ‘higher the mass and density- higher would be the attractive force of self gravity’. Whole genome in the
three-dimensional folded structure of DNA, if fully laid out would be around 6 feet long, but these fit into the nuclei of each of
cells in human body. The traditional accretion of nucleic acid under tightly packed condition at the dynamic central position of cell
demonstrates presence of compressive central force of gravitation. Proteins are intermediate in accretion of molar mass (say, 75 –
180 g/ mol) as well as higher density (say, 1.1 -1.4 g/ml), compared to molar mass of water molecule of only 18 g/mol. So it
remains traditionally in the cytosol away from dynamic nucleus. Fats and lipids, though of comparable accretion of molar mass
(say, 88 – 280 g/ mol) as that of proteins, but their accretions consist of lowest density (say, 0.8 – 0.9 g/ml). On obeying universal
gravitational law, fats and lipids would naturally find place in the dynamic periphery with passage of time (with exception due to
local effect) – in the cell membrane and similar other peripheral locations due to their lowest density, as per principle ‘lesser the
density of accreted material, there would be delay in gravitational attraction to the centre’.
Gravitation induced localization of nucleic acid / protein
If we look at the various location of macromolecules popularly known under ‘central dogma of molecular biology’, it is interesting
to note that replication of DNA (DNA - > DNA polymerase) and transcription of DNA to RNA (DNA - > RNA polymerase)
traditionally occurs in the dynamic nucleus and translation of RNA to Protein (Ribosome) occurs in the cytoplasm away from the
dynamic nucleus in the eukaryotic cell. Various exceptions for dynamic change of position with time were deliberately omitted to
avoid detraction of attention from focus of the topic. Most characteristic as well as distinctive property of gravitation is that all its
mass under influence would appear to be concentrated at the centre of mass (popularly known as centre of gravity). Molar mass of
nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) is higher than protein including ribosome. Ribosomes are large complexes of RNA and protein.
Ribosomes are composed of two complex subunits, each of which includes rRNA and protein components. Volume of nucleic acid
is comparatively less than protein. Therefore potential energy of gravitation could move dynamic nucleic acid to the central
position.
Protein localization is important in disease and therapy3
. We had earlier elaborated protein folding4
in context of gravitation. So
here we are not dealing various such dynamic complexities of proteins, except to mention that protein translation is confined to the
cytosol and protein synthesis take place either on free RNA ribosomes or on ribosomes associated with the Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER).
Localization of Endoplasmic reticulum with or without ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is coated with Ribosome. Ribosome is of higher molar mass than materials in endoplasmic
reticulum. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is found to be distributed throughout the cell but its density is higher near the
dynamic nucleus or core. On the other hand, Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER), not studded with ribosomes, remains lighter
and is found away from the dynamic core towards periphery. SER is associated with comparatively less dense fats (Illustration 4).
The presence of higher weight ribosome nearer to the dynamic nucleus and association of lesser density fat away from dynamic
nucleus within a living cell, thus, seems to obey the fundamental principle of universal gravitation within a eukaryotic cell.
Localization of carbohydrates
Molar mass of carbohydrates is 180 - 340 g/mol and their density is 1.4 g/ ml. Monomer carbohydrates undergo polymerization
and develop into long chained polysaccharides, such as cellulose, cellobioses, starch and glycogen (animal starch). Cellulose is
made up of glucose units linked by β1>4 linkages and it is an important component of cell wall. Similarly starch is also a polymer
of α1-4 linked glucose units and it is the main source of energy for all living cells. The most striking feature of monomer
carbohydrates is that these posses highest solubility (683 g/ L) gets miscible with protoplasm, due to which, in general,
carbohydrates cannot maintain its distinct location in a gravitational field, as do nucleic acid, proteins, fats and lipids. The
protoplasm is granular colloidal in nature, because many macromolecules, tiny organelles are suspended in it, also exhibits sol and
gel properties. Gutt5
expressed that granular system exhibit duel properties – in a gravitational field, it may have a self-bounding
free surface but also conform to the shape of the bounding wall, obeying continuum theories of fluid mechanics. As compacted
granular system, it can support shear stress in absence of a shearing velocity. Application of granular physics is still at nascent
stage of study in life science. There is need for in-depth study on application of granular physics in life science to advance further
on carbohydrate and other macromolecular movements.
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Aforesaid description is typically based on simplifying assumptions. There may be gravity anomalies out of local variations of
the gravity field involving the effect of immediate local accretion of masses in the vicinity. Also in chronological event driven
phenomena, hydrostatic pressure increases with depth inside the surrounding matrix on being bounded by the peripheral structure.
Nucleus region then gets drifted outward from central region with increase in size, reflecting an eccentricity of the core in a dynamic
orienting system of coordinates, what we call an eccentric nucleus after passing of phase.
V. OBSERVATION ON ULTRACENTRIFUGATION AS INVERSE PROCESS OF CENTRAL ACTION OF GRAVITATION
Background of centrifugation
Ribosomal particles of eukaryotic cells are isolated from cell lysates by ultracentrifugation. Cesium salts are used as mediums of
density gradient centrifugation for DNA recovery and purification, as buoyant density of DNA is considered equal to cesium. The
guanine and thymine, monomer units of DNA are weak acids. Because of the large mass and high effective "density" of a Cs+ ion,
the buoyant density in a CsCl gradient of a polymer acid is to be increased by a partial alkaline titration with CsOH. Most interesting
part of the protocol is that separation of biomaterials is finally achieved through ultracentrifugation. Swedish chemist Theodor
Svedberg6
in 1925 developed the ultracentrifuge and won 1926 Nobel Prize in chemistry, through which sub cellular materials,
cells, large macromolecules like nucleic acids, proteins, ribosomes are now separated from a solution. Depending on rotor speed
of centrifugation (in anti-clockwise direction) and viscosity of the medium, various forces like centrifugal, inertial, gravitational,
buoyant and frictional forces work between particles and solutions. Centrifugal acceleration is given as rω2;
where r is the radial
distance from the rotation axis and ω is the angular velocity in radians per second. Sedimentation coefficients, expressed using
Svedberg unit (symbol S) depends on mass, density, size, and shape. It is the ratio of the speed of a substance in a centrifuge to its
acceleration in comparable units. When area is bigger, say, a folded paper, if allowed to drop would reach its terminal velocity
higher than the velocity of the same unfolded paper, as the area of the former would be larger and the friction force acting on it
would be higher. In centrifugation, objects with larger surface area will travel at a slower terminal velocity. Here question lies,
why Svedberg choose centrifugation as process of separation of biomaterials and not any chemical or other physical methods to
separate in dispersed colloidal systems? In gravitational terms, ‘centrifugation of any mass is an inverse process of central
attraction’. The Svedberg values basically tell us about the comparative molecular weight and shape of biomaterials under ex vivo
condition.
Material and Methods
Bacteria and eukaryotes have ribosomes that are structurally different. Bacteria have so-called 70S ribosomes and eukaryotes have
80S ribosomes. However, it is admitted fact that the ribosomes and their sub-particles are heterogeneous accretion. They are named
according to their sedimentation characteristics during centrifugation. The ribosomes subunits are named 60S and 40S for their
"size" in Svedberg units for eukaryotes. In prokaryotes (bacteria), these are 30S and 50S. These subunits are made up of three
forms of rRNA: 16S, 23S, and 5S. For bacterial ribosomes, ultracentrifugation yields intact ribosomes (70S) as well as separated
ribosomal subunits, the large subunit (50S) and the small subunit (30S). Within cells, ribosomes normally exist as a mixture of
joined and separate subunits. The largest particles (whole ribosomes) sediment nears the bottom of the tube, whereas the smaller
particles (separate 50S and 30S subunits) appear in upper fractions. Svedberg values are depicted as 1x g. The symbol g is
considered as relative centrifugal force; where relative means normalized to the acceleration due to gravity on earth g = 9.81 m/s^2
.
One Svedberg (S) unit is 10-13.
That is, a 1S particle travels a distance of at the rate of 10-13
m s-1
or 0.1 picometer per second.
Particles with higher values of S will travel proportionately faster, and increasing g force will also increase sedimentation rate. The
two eukaryotic ribosomal subunits have sedimentation coefficients of 40 x 10-13
and 60 x 10-13
, are referred to as the 40S and the
60S ribosomal subunits. The molecular mass of the 40S and 60S particles are 1.5 and 3.0 million g/mol, respectively. Thus, the
complete heterogeneous ribosome has a mass of approximately 4.5 million g/mol.
Results and Discussion
Under the influence of an acceleration of a million gravities (107
m/s2)
, a substance with a sedimentation coefficient of 80S
(80×10−13
s) would travel at 80 micrometers per second (80×10−6
m/s). Now, say, an 80S ribosome at 100 000 g centrifugation over
the sucrose cushion buffer; the rate of sedimentation is equal to 10-13
x 105
x 80 m per sec or 80 x 10-8
m s-1
. In order to travel, say,
10 cm (10-2
m), it would take 10-2
/ (80 x 10-8
) s i.e. approximately 8.5 hour. It means that 80⋅10−13
sec is the time that ribosome
would take to reach the terminal velocity in the fluid under ex vivo condition. Earlier, under in vitro situation, we have demonstrated
that free fall acceleration to the tune of nanometer per Second Square in an isolated living mass of the picometer distance.
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Fig. 5: Illustration 5
Illustration 5. Centrifugation facilitates reversing the process for separation of organelles on losing its compression memory.
Pre-centrifugation materials are arranged as per density gradient within cell and post-centrifugation depicts ex vivo
sedimentation or setting as per external gravitational or mutual fields.
Under ex vivo situation, for moving 10 cm distance at a speed of 80 micrometers per second, 80S ribosome is taking
approximately 8 hours 30 minutes. It may be considered as approximate matching between in vitro and ex vivo observations,
thereby indicating that both the process have their origin from same sources, first one is on ‘natural setting’ and second one is on
‘inverse or reverse of natural setting’. Pre-centrifugation materials under in vitro situation are arranged as per density gradient
influenced by the complex gravitation field ‘within the cell’. Post-centrifugation order of succession depicts ex vivo sedimentation
or setting as per external gravitational or mutual fields (Illustration 5). Centrifugation facilitates reversing the process for separation
of organelles on losing its compression memory under ex vivo condition.
Gravitation is slow but steady in its action, compared to electro-magnetic or electrostatic forces. Due to its slow rate of action,
gravity could generally evade one’s attention, especially amid electrostatic field. Detection or undertaking quantitative measures
for gravity is still a matter of challenge before physicists at the level of millimeter scale. So at this state of affairs, only way to
establish is to apply abductive reasoning on comparing various circumstantial evidences.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we examined four aspects of gravitation induced or linked phenomena in cells. First two aspects are on the
gravitational property of the platform, specially prevailing or are maintained at in vitro and ex vitro situation respectively. Third
aspect is on the gravitation induced in vitro mechanical movement in cells. Fourth and final aspect is on the principle applied to
understand gravitation induced position for different macromolecules. Accordingly, to get the purpose of presence of extra-
ordinary quantity (> 60%) of fluid in biological mass, say in cell or in organism under in vitro condition, it was observed that
biomass gets scope to grow or move in proportion to fluid buoyancy. Under neutral buoyant condition, mass remains same, but
weight gets reduced i.e. net forces of ‘effective extrinsic gravity’ get apparently reduced over the biomass. Effective gravitational
acceleration, as worked out approximately, would be to the tune of nanometer per second square at picometer distance in secluded
living mass. We also examined various ex vitro laboratory protocols pertaining medium. Barycenter of a polygon is the center of
mass or gravity and could be considered as the center of peak gravitational attraction in a vector field. Polygonal structured soft
porous texture agarose gel matrix in presence of fluid is presumed to manipulate vector components on bypassing barycenter, so
that with higher molecular weight and size of DNA, RNA or protein fragments, ex vitro movement get slower while passing
through gel during electrophoresis, on obeying gravitation induced macromolecular movement. Gel electrophoresis is carried out
for diagnosing DNA, RNA, protein bands. Biological mass are required to be gravitationally anchored with some minimum mass
in terms of explants, packed cell volume etc. in the medium for growth and development of living cell. Under planet within planet
situation, Gauss's law for gravity would be more appropriate to describe flow of flux operating within and outside biological cells.
Mechanical movement and localization of various macromolecules under in vitro condition including nucleic acid, proteins,
ribosomes, fats in eukaryotes cell as well as organelles like rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were conceptualized to be
induced by molar mass and density based gravitation. Nucleic acid having higher molar mass and density remains in dynamic core
position, proteins being intermediate over fats and lipids get distributed away from dynamic core under in vitro situation in general.
These were conjectured on gravitation principles – ‘higher the mass and the density- higher would be the attractive force of
gravitation’ or in reverse way, ‘lesser would delay the attraction’. Ultracentrifugation, as commonly used to separate bio-particles
on Svedberg unit, was considered to be as the ‘inverse process of central action of gravitation’. Centrifugation facilitates reversing
the process for separation of organelles on losing its compression memory under ex vivo condition. Rate of sedimentation under
ex vivo condition approximately matches in vitro movements.
Gravitation is a common phenomenon. But it remains unrecognized in living cell science. If knowledge on the presence of
gravitational flux over a closed surface is put into practice; it would ease out the measures adopted for health and against disease
for individuals. On simple manipulation of density of the fluid or medium, mechanical movement of say, disease causing
macromolecules can be restricted at opportune moment. Newton’s apple was defined on ‘sharp principle’ which is paying dividend
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over many trials and errors. Thus presence of gravitation would have to be felt through ‘observant mind’ empowered with the
knowledge on fundamental principles of gravitation; else gravitation would continue to be overlooked in life science.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author is grateful to Biophysical Society (USA) & International Union for Pure & Applied Biophysics (IUPAB) for introducing
topic ‘Self Gravitation Bio’ substituting nomenclature ‘Biomechanics of intrinsic gravity’ proposed by author. Author is grateful
to Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Science Congress Association, Southern Cone biophysics Congress, European
Biophysical Societies Association, Italian Society of Pure and Applied Biophysics, Hungarian Biophysical Society, Biophysical
Society of China, WebmedCentral, Australian Society for Biophysics, International Astronautical Federation, social Medias,
friends and admirers over the globe for rendering scope for cross-disciplinary interactions. Author is grateful to Indian National
Science Academy, State Govt of Assam, Assam Agricultural University, relatives & friends for support including members of the
family for sharing tenderness and joy.
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