The document discusses research into alternate bearing in 'Hass' avocado trees and the possible roles of carbohydrates and boron. It describes several projects examining the seasonal availability and transport of carbohydrates and boron in avocado trees. Preliminary results showed boron is transported from leaves to flowers, and branch girdling maintained high starch levels in leaves and increased boron content in flowers. However, the response to girdling was variable. Further research is needed to better understand these results and improve techniques to more consistently increase avocado yields.
This document summarizes a trial of avocado rootstocks in Queensland, Australia that aimed to identify superior rootstocks. It found that the Ashdot rootstock produced the highest yields for both Hass and Shepard scion varieties. For clonal rootstocks, BC62 consistently produced the highest yields over four seasons and was the most vigorous tree. The trial was supported by industry groups and conducted over multiple years on 11 hectares with monitoring of tree characteristics and yields.
Canopy management strategies like pruning, flower pruning, fruit thinning, cincturing, and plant growth regulators can help overcome alternate bearing in mango trees. Pruning aims to balance vegetative and reproductive growth to avoid heavy 'on' crops followed by light 'off' crops. Flower pruning and fruit thinning reduce flowering and fruiting in 'on' years. Cincturing and plant growth regulators increase flowering and yield. Proper timing of these techniques is important to influence the next year's crop. Research shows strategies like stumping and plant growth regulators can increase flowering, reduce shoot growth, and improve yields compared to untreated trees.
This document discusses commercial varieties of apples grown around the world and in India. It begins by describing the dominant English varieties from the 1950s such as McIntosh, Jonathan, and Cox's Orange Pippin. It then notes how colored Delicious apples replaced many of the English varieties in India. The document provides details on over 30 different apple varieties, including their origins, fruit characteristics, season, and suitability for different regions of India. It concludes by recommending varieties for different seasons in states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttaranchal.
Ppt fruit-apple-pruning-training-hoying-cornell-2014-engUC Davis
1. The document provides guidance on pruning and training apple trees using two high-density systems: the vertical axe and tall spindle.
2. For both systems, trees should not be headed after planting and feathers/scaffolds should be bent below horizontal. Leaders are tied to support systems.
3. The vertical axe system uses 100 trees per mu with permanent lower limbs and renewable upper limbs. The tall spindle uses 200 trees per mu with no permanent limbs and all limbs renewable. Early cropping is important for both.
India produces around 2 million tons of apples annually but growth has been slow and yields are low due to old orchards and cultivars. Consumption growth has also been slow despite rising incomes because high apple prices reduce demand. Apple imports are small but rising, with the U.S. holding the largest share of the competitive import market. Seasonal factors influence trade. China poses a threat to U.S. exports to India as the world's largest apple producer with lower prices and extended supply periods. High tariffs and marketing margins present barriers for increasing imports to India's emerging apple market.
The 2005-2009 Australian Avocados marketing strategy aimed to position avocados as a versatile and indispensable ally for time-poor families through a multi-channel campaign emphasizing their health benefits and many uses, and the 2010-2013 strategic plan shifted the focus to everyday applications and building confidence in regular avocado consumption.
Infocado collects data from various modules along the avocado supply chain, including packhouse dispatch, short and seasonal forecasts, wholesaler receivals and sales, and quality metrics. It also obtains retail price and scan data from other sources. This data is compiled into weekly reports on dispatch, forecasts, and wholesaler activity. Quarterly and individual reports are also prepared. Quality information is analyzed and reported showing factors like internal damage levels by type. The collected data provides supply chain visibility and is used to inform planning and decision making.
This document summarizes a trial of avocado rootstocks in Queensland, Australia that aimed to identify superior rootstocks. It found that the Ashdot rootstock produced the highest yields for both Hass and Shepard scion varieties. For clonal rootstocks, BC62 consistently produced the highest yields over four seasons and was the most vigorous tree. The trial was supported by industry groups and conducted over multiple years on 11 hectares with monitoring of tree characteristics and yields.
Canopy management strategies like pruning, flower pruning, fruit thinning, cincturing, and plant growth regulators can help overcome alternate bearing in mango trees. Pruning aims to balance vegetative and reproductive growth to avoid heavy 'on' crops followed by light 'off' crops. Flower pruning and fruit thinning reduce flowering and fruiting in 'on' years. Cincturing and plant growth regulators increase flowering and yield. Proper timing of these techniques is important to influence the next year's crop. Research shows strategies like stumping and plant growth regulators can increase flowering, reduce shoot growth, and improve yields compared to untreated trees.
This document discusses commercial varieties of apples grown around the world and in India. It begins by describing the dominant English varieties from the 1950s such as McIntosh, Jonathan, and Cox's Orange Pippin. It then notes how colored Delicious apples replaced many of the English varieties in India. The document provides details on over 30 different apple varieties, including their origins, fruit characteristics, season, and suitability for different regions of India. It concludes by recommending varieties for different seasons in states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Uttaranchal.
Ppt fruit-apple-pruning-training-hoying-cornell-2014-engUC Davis
1. The document provides guidance on pruning and training apple trees using two high-density systems: the vertical axe and tall spindle.
2. For both systems, trees should not be headed after planting and feathers/scaffolds should be bent below horizontal. Leaders are tied to support systems.
3. The vertical axe system uses 100 trees per mu with permanent lower limbs and renewable upper limbs. The tall spindle uses 200 trees per mu with no permanent limbs and all limbs renewable. Early cropping is important for both.
India produces around 2 million tons of apples annually but growth has been slow and yields are low due to old orchards and cultivars. Consumption growth has also been slow despite rising incomes because high apple prices reduce demand. Apple imports are small but rising, with the U.S. holding the largest share of the competitive import market. Seasonal factors influence trade. China poses a threat to U.S. exports to India as the world's largest apple producer with lower prices and extended supply periods. High tariffs and marketing margins present barriers for increasing imports to India's emerging apple market.
The 2005-2009 Australian Avocados marketing strategy aimed to position avocados as a versatile and indispensable ally for time-poor families through a multi-channel campaign emphasizing their health benefits and many uses, and the 2010-2013 strategic plan shifted the focus to everyday applications and building confidence in regular avocado consumption.
Infocado collects data from various modules along the avocado supply chain, including packhouse dispatch, short and seasonal forecasts, wholesaler receivals and sales, and quality metrics. It also obtains retail price and scan data from other sources. This data is compiled into weekly reports on dispatch, forecasts, and wholesaler activity. Quarterly and individual reports are also prepared. Quality information is analyzed and reported showing factors like internal damage levels by type. The collected data provides supply chain visibility and is used to inform planning and decision making.
The document summarizes the agenda and purpose of the Infocado Summit 2010 conference in Melbourne. The summit focused on improving the avocado industry's crop data collection system to better manage supply and demand, reducing price fluctuations. Attendees would discuss how to make the Infocado system more effective and how consumer data could help boost avocado sales potential. The goal was to expand industry knowledge and contacts to strengthen supply chains for all members.
The document summarizes the global avocado industry in 2010. It provides data on production seasons, expected volumes, market distribution and growth projections for the major avocado producing countries. Total global avocado production was over 2 million metric tons for 2010-2011, with Mexico, Chile, Peru and South Africa being the largest producers. Most countries expected production to increase over the next few years through expanding hectares of avocado trees.
This document discusses using market and shopper insights to drive business growth. It provides a case study on fresh produce sales in Australia, noting that Queensland is outperforming while New South Wales is declining. Pre-packed fruits and vegetables are growing faster than loose options. The document suggests ways insights could be used, such as adjusting supply to states, considering pre-packaging, and targeting families and young adults. A second case study examines apples sales in South Australia, which are lagging the overall market.
Martin Kneebone from Freshlogic presented on the fruit and vegetable market over the next 10 years. He discussed macro trends impacting the food market like changing demographics and advancing technologies. The presentation covered current market settings for fruit and vegetables including production, imports, exports, and retail sales. Key drivers shaping the market were identified as well as implications for different players in the supply chain. The presentation concluded by outlining possible developments over the next decade such as more processed foods, imports, control of producer inputs, ethical considerations, new distribution channels, and the impact of social media.
The document discusses building sustainable value chains. It emphasizes the importance of understanding consumers and being relevant to their needs and trends. Value chain design should be based on segmentation and differentiation, designing from the "outside in" based on heterogeneous consumer demands. Value chain management principles include adding more value at lower cost and faster while being sustainable. It involves a paradigm shift from an introspective to outward looking approach with strategic focus, suppliers having major design responsibility, and long-term cooperative partnerships.
Turner Hass is a large-fruited sport of Hass avocado that produces 10% heavier crops than regular Hass. It has richer flavor than Hass but slightly trails in dry matter accumulation. The fruit is approximately 17% larger than Hass with higher flesh recovery. About 1% of Turner Hass fruit has natural chimera markings but is marketed as regular Hass. Two new rootstock varieties, SHSR-02 and SHSR-04, show potential for high production and disease resistance across different environments. SHSR-02 has good uniformity and resistance to Phytophthora root rot. SHSR-04 has significantly better health than other rootstocks and is easy to clone.
1) Concentrate sprays using 3x the volume of dilute sprays provided higher and more even pesticide deposits on avocado trees compared to conventional dilute sprays.
2) The addition of an organosilicone adjuvant like Du-Wett further improved deposition from concentrate sprays and spray distribution within trees.
3) Commercial orchard trials demonstrated that concentrate sprays using 3x the volume plus an adjuvant provided equivalent or better pest and disease control compared to conventional dilute sprays, and improved fruit quality and marketability.
This document discusses heat, light, and water stress in crops and how it can impact yield and quality. It notes that high temperatures can damage plants by impairing photosynthesis and increasing water loss. The document then introduces particle film technologies (PFTs), specifically the product Screen, which contains kaolin particles that reflect light and help keep plant canopies cooler, reducing heat stress. Some growers have reported decreased sunburn and increased premium fruit yields after applying Screen to their avocado blocks.
1) Consumer research on avocados in 2009 found that while price was now the top purchase trigger, quality and presentation remained important. Focus groups found consumers were more price conscious but still accepted some inconsistencies with avocados.
2) Avocado usage has increased, with over 60% of most adult age groups eating them. However, some wastage remains an issue. Avocados are used throughout the week especially at lunch and dinner.
3) Avocados are seen as both an occasional treat and an everyday food. Their creamy texture adds enjoyment to dishes as the "star" or "wow" element, especially in salads and sandwiches. Their roles spans from gourmet to everyday
This document summarizes a presentation on integrated pest management in avocados. It discusses monitoring orchards for pests and determining if they are causing problems. If they are problems, the options for control measures are outlined, including doing nothing and relying on natural controls, or using various chemical or biological controls. It emphasizes using a systematic process of monitoring, assessing problems, considering non-chemical options, deciding on and applying measures, and reassessing their effectiveness. The goal is to make informed decisions as part of an ongoing process of intelligent pest management.
The document outlines HAL's avocado strategy and implementation plan for 2009/2010. The key objectives were to expand consumer usage of avocados by demonstrating their versatility, and to give consumers confidence by showing how to incorporate avocados into meals via recipes and highlighting their health benefits. The strategy involved a "Add an Avo" communications message alongside food inspiration content on television, in magazines, and online to inspire consumers to add avocados to their meals. HAL planned television sponsorships, in-show integrations, online support, and magazine placements targeting mothers and those interested in food and health.
This document discusses avocado production in South Africa and the performance of different avocado rootstocks. It notes that the largest avocado producer in South Africa, Westfalia Technological Services, has been breeding and testing rootstocks for disease resistance and yield. Their rootstock called Dusa has dominated sales and plantings in South Africa and California due to its excellent performance and tolerance to Phytophthora root rot. Commercial evaluations on farms show higher yields from trees grafted to Dusa compared to other rootstocks like Duke 7. Westfalia will continue breeding programs to develop improved rootstocks.
The document outlines a marketing strategy for Australian avocados in the food service industry. It aims to 1) leverage avocados' strengths as healthy and tasty by positioning them as adding value to menus, 2) focus on promoting hot dishes for winter to drive usage, and 3) show chefs how avocados can lift perceptions and sales by adding flavor and excitement to dishes. The strategy then provides details on positioning avocados, developing the right menu strategies, targeting specific customer segments, and launching programs over three years to penetrate menus and measure success.
- The document discusses collecting retail price data for avocados from stores in major Australian cities on a weekly basis to provide transparency on prices paid by consumers.
- Consumer research was also conducted on the probability of purchase at different price points and how this varies by income.
- Historical catalogue special pricing data from major supermarkets in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth from 2009 is presented to show pricing trends over time.
- The collected price data will be reported weekly and linked with other industry data to provide a more complete picture of pricing and returns to growers.
Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) is the smallest plant pathogen and can cause significant yield loss in avocado crops. Three strains of ASBVd exist which are difficult to distinguish. ASBVd is transmitted through seed, grafting, pruning tools, and root grafting but not insects. The document describes developing a new diagnostic PCR assay with an internal control for more accurate detection of ASBVd. A survey of over 2100 avocado trees in Australia found only one symptomatic tree, indicating ASBVd is now very rare due to the successful Avocado Nursery Voluntary Accreditation Scheme but could still be eradicated.
Maluma was selected in the early 1990s in South Africa as a chance seedling of unknown parentage similar to Hass. It has been granted plant breeder's rights in South Africa and registration is pending in several other countries. Maluma bears fruit earlier than Hass, has a constant and high bearing pattern, and is highly productive even at high densities without growth retardants. It offers advantages over Hass such as disease resistance, attractive appearance, excellent taste, and suitability for early season markets.
This document summarizes a trial of avocado rootstocks in Queensland, Australia that aimed to identify superior rootstocks. It found that the Ashdot rootstock produced the highest yields for both Hass and Shepard varieties. For clonal rootstocks, BC62 consistently produced the highest yields over four seasons and was the most vigorous tree. The trial was supported by industry groups and conducted over multiple years on 11 hectares with monitoring of yields, quality, health and compatibility.
The document summarizes an Australian rootstock program for avocados. It discusses how rootstocks can provide benefits like disease resistance, dwarfing, and improved yield and fruit quality. The program evaluates rootstocks from three botanical races grafted to Hass and Shepard varieties on both seedling and cloned rootstocks. Trials at multiple sites in Australia assess effects on yield, production efficiency, disease resistance, and postharvest quality. Preliminary results found seedling rootstocks SHSR-02 and VelvickD and cloned varieties VelvickCP, Zutano, and Duke 7 performed well overall. However, site history and environment significantly influence results, and there is no evidence cloned rootstocks universally outyield seedlings.
The document outlines a supply chain process involving growers, packaging, palletization, delivery, and dispatch. Product from growers is packaged into trays and pallets. Pallets are then delivered and dispatched in batches to customers. Quality control and financial aspects like payments are also addressed at various stages of the process.
This document summarizes new advances in fruit packing technology. It describes some of the issues with current packing methods, including damage to fruit from rough handling, inefficient grading and labeling. It then introduces two novel concepts: 1) A fruit handling scheme that processes fruit one at a time slowly rather than ten per second, allowing for gentler treatment and better inspection. 2) An automated packing cell that uses robotics to pack fruit slowly into trays while maintaining high throughput. The key advantage is being able to pack fruit slowly in a gentle manner while still achieving the same packing efficiency through automation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The document summarizes the agenda and purpose of the Infocado Summit 2010 conference in Melbourne. The summit focused on improving the avocado industry's crop data collection system to better manage supply and demand, reducing price fluctuations. Attendees would discuss how to make the Infocado system more effective and how consumer data could help boost avocado sales potential. The goal was to expand industry knowledge and contacts to strengthen supply chains for all members.
The document summarizes the global avocado industry in 2010. It provides data on production seasons, expected volumes, market distribution and growth projections for the major avocado producing countries. Total global avocado production was over 2 million metric tons for 2010-2011, with Mexico, Chile, Peru and South Africa being the largest producers. Most countries expected production to increase over the next few years through expanding hectares of avocado trees.
This document discusses using market and shopper insights to drive business growth. It provides a case study on fresh produce sales in Australia, noting that Queensland is outperforming while New South Wales is declining. Pre-packed fruits and vegetables are growing faster than loose options. The document suggests ways insights could be used, such as adjusting supply to states, considering pre-packaging, and targeting families and young adults. A second case study examines apples sales in South Australia, which are lagging the overall market.
Martin Kneebone from Freshlogic presented on the fruit and vegetable market over the next 10 years. He discussed macro trends impacting the food market like changing demographics and advancing technologies. The presentation covered current market settings for fruit and vegetables including production, imports, exports, and retail sales. Key drivers shaping the market were identified as well as implications for different players in the supply chain. The presentation concluded by outlining possible developments over the next decade such as more processed foods, imports, control of producer inputs, ethical considerations, new distribution channels, and the impact of social media.
The document discusses building sustainable value chains. It emphasizes the importance of understanding consumers and being relevant to their needs and trends. Value chain design should be based on segmentation and differentiation, designing from the "outside in" based on heterogeneous consumer demands. Value chain management principles include adding more value at lower cost and faster while being sustainable. It involves a paradigm shift from an introspective to outward looking approach with strategic focus, suppliers having major design responsibility, and long-term cooperative partnerships.
Turner Hass is a large-fruited sport of Hass avocado that produces 10% heavier crops than regular Hass. It has richer flavor than Hass but slightly trails in dry matter accumulation. The fruit is approximately 17% larger than Hass with higher flesh recovery. About 1% of Turner Hass fruit has natural chimera markings but is marketed as regular Hass. Two new rootstock varieties, SHSR-02 and SHSR-04, show potential for high production and disease resistance across different environments. SHSR-02 has good uniformity and resistance to Phytophthora root rot. SHSR-04 has significantly better health than other rootstocks and is easy to clone.
1) Concentrate sprays using 3x the volume of dilute sprays provided higher and more even pesticide deposits on avocado trees compared to conventional dilute sprays.
2) The addition of an organosilicone adjuvant like Du-Wett further improved deposition from concentrate sprays and spray distribution within trees.
3) Commercial orchard trials demonstrated that concentrate sprays using 3x the volume plus an adjuvant provided equivalent or better pest and disease control compared to conventional dilute sprays, and improved fruit quality and marketability.
This document discusses heat, light, and water stress in crops and how it can impact yield and quality. It notes that high temperatures can damage plants by impairing photosynthesis and increasing water loss. The document then introduces particle film technologies (PFTs), specifically the product Screen, which contains kaolin particles that reflect light and help keep plant canopies cooler, reducing heat stress. Some growers have reported decreased sunburn and increased premium fruit yields after applying Screen to their avocado blocks.
1) Consumer research on avocados in 2009 found that while price was now the top purchase trigger, quality and presentation remained important. Focus groups found consumers were more price conscious but still accepted some inconsistencies with avocados.
2) Avocado usage has increased, with over 60% of most adult age groups eating them. However, some wastage remains an issue. Avocados are used throughout the week especially at lunch and dinner.
3) Avocados are seen as both an occasional treat and an everyday food. Their creamy texture adds enjoyment to dishes as the "star" or "wow" element, especially in salads and sandwiches. Their roles spans from gourmet to everyday
This document summarizes a presentation on integrated pest management in avocados. It discusses monitoring orchards for pests and determining if they are causing problems. If they are problems, the options for control measures are outlined, including doing nothing and relying on natural controls, or using various chemical or biological controls. It emphasizes using a systematic process of monitoring, assessing problems, considering non-chemical options, deciding on and applying measures, and reassessing their effectiveness. The goal is to make informed decisions as part of an ongoing process of intelligent pest management.
The document outlines HAL's avocado strategy and implementation plan for 2009/2010. The key objectives were to expand consumer usage of avocados by demonstrating their versatility, and to give consumers confidence by showing how to incorporate avocados into meals via recipes and highlighting their health benefits. The strategy involved a "Add an Avo" communications message alongside food inspiration content on television, in magazines, and online to inspire consumers to add avocados to their meals. HAL planned television sponsorships, in-show integrations, online support, and magazine placements targeting mothers and those interested in food and health.
This document discusses avocado production in South Africa and the performance of different avocado rootstocks. It notes that the largest avocado producer in South Africa, Westfalia Technological Services, has been breeding and testing rootstocks for disease resistance and yield. Their rootstock called Dusa has dominated sales and plantings in South Africa and California due to its excellent performance and tolerance to Phytophthora root rot. Commercial evaluations on farms show higher yields from trees grafted to Dusa compared to other rootstocks like Duke 7. Westfalia will continue breeding programs to develop improved rootstocks.
The document outlines a marketing strategy for Australian avocados in the food service industry. It aims to 1) leverage avocados' strengths as healthy and tasty by positioning them as adding value to menus, 2) focus on promoting hot dishes for winter to drive usage, and 3) show chefs how avocados can lift perceptions and sales by adding flavor and excitement to dishes. The strategy then provides details on positioning avocados, developing the right menu strategies, targeting specific customer segments, and launching programs over three years to penetrate menus and measure success.
- The document discusses collecting retail price data for avocados from stores in major Australian cities on a weekly basis to provide transparency on prices paid by consumers.
- Consumer research was also conducted on the probability of purchase at different price points and how this varies by income.
- Historical catalogue special pricing data from major supermarkets in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth from 2009 is presented to show pricing trends over time.
- The collected price data will be reported weekly and linked with other industry data to provide a more complete picture of pricing and returns to growers.
Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) is the smallest plant pathogen and can cause significant yield loss in avocado crops. Three strains of ASBVd exist which are difficult to distinguish. ASBVd is transmitted through seed, grafting, pruning tools, and root grafting but not insects. The document describes developing a new diagnostic PCR assay with an internal control for more accurate detection of ASBVd. A survey of over 2100 avocado trees in Australia found only one symptomatic tree, indicating ASBVd is now very rare due to the successful Avocado Nursery Voluntary Accreditation Scheme but could still be eradicated.
Maluma was selected in the early 1990s in South Africa as a chance seedling of unknown parentage similar to Hass. It has been granted plant breeder's rights in South Africa and registration is pending in several other countries. Maluma bears fruit earlier than Hass, has a constant and high bearing pattern, and is highly productive even at high densities without growth retardants. It offers advantages over Hass such as disease resistance, attractive appearance, excellent taste, and suitability for early season markets.
This document summarizes a trial of avocado rootstocks in Queensland, Australia that aimed to identify superior rootstocks. It found that the Ashdot rootstock produced the highest yields for both Hass and Shepard varieties. For clonal rootstocks, BC62 consistently produced the highest yields over four seasons and was the most vigorous tree. The trial was supported by industry groups and conducted over multiple years on 11 hectares with monitoring of yields, quality, health and compatibility.
The document summarizes an Australian rootstock program for avocados. It discusses how rootstocks can provide benefits like disease resistance, dwarfing, and improved yield and fruit quality. The program evaluates rootstocks from three botanical races grafted to Hass and Shepard varieties on both seedling and cloned rootstocks. Trials at multiple sites in Australia assess effects on yield, production efficiency, disease resistance, and postharvest quality. Preliminary results found seedling rootstocks SHSR-02 and VelvickD and cloned varieties VelvickCP, Zutano, and Duke 7 performed well overall. However, site history and environment significantly influence results, and there is no evidence cloned rootstocks universally outyield seedlings.
The document outlines a supply chain process involving growers, packaging, palletization, delivery, and dispatch. Product from growers is packaged into trays and pallets. Pallets are then delivered and dispatched in batches to customers. Quality control and financial aspects like payments are also addressed at various stages of the process.
This document summarizes new advances in fruit packing technology. It describes some of the issues with current packing methods, including damage to fruit from rough handling, inefficient grading and labeling. It then introduces two novel concepts: 1) A fruit handling scheme that processes fruit one at a time slowly rather than ten per second, allowing for gentler treatment and better inspection. 2) An automated packing cell that uses robotics to pack fruit slowly into trays while maintaining high throughput. The key advantage is being able to pack fruit slowly in a gentle manner while still achieving the same packing efficiency through automation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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1. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Alternate bearing in ‘Hass’ avocado:
possible role of carbohydrates and boron
Grant Thorp, Helen Boldingh, Andrew Barnett and Peter Minchin
Presentation to 4th Australian and New Zealand Avocado Growers Conference in Cairns, 23-24 July 2009
2. Alternate bearing in ‘Hass’ avocado
Does supply, transport and/or utilisation of carbohydrate
and/or boron limit fruit set in avocado?
The projects are examining:
1. seasonal availability of carbohydrate and boron in the tree
2. transport of carbohydrate and boron to the flower via the phloem
and xylem
3. utilisation of carbohydrate and boron by the flower
Related projects being reported at this conference include:
• Avocado tree growth cycles – seasonal partitioning
• Pollination – to confirm that pollen transfer was not limiting fruit set
• Transpiration during avocado flowering – role of xylem transport
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
3. Project team
Plant & Food Research Avocado Industry Council
Grant Thorp Mt Albert Jonathan Dixon
Peter Minchin Te Puke Henry Pak
Sam Ong Eng Te Puke Toni Elmsley
Andrew Barnett Te Puke Bart Hoftsee
Mike Clearwater Te Puke Cindy Cotterel
Bill Snelgar Te Puke
Helen Boldingh Ruakura University of California
Nick Gould Ruakura Dr Mary Lu Arpaia (avocado carbohydrates)
Mark Goodwin Ruakura Dr Patrick Brown (boron transport)
Lisa Evans Ruakura
Jem Burden Mt Albert University of Malaga (Spain)
Dr Inaki Hormaza (starch and fruit set)
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
4. Why are carbohydrates important?
Carbohydrates are the major products of photosynthesis
• Structural carbohydrates are found within cell walls and provide the
structural support for plant growth
• Non-structural carbohydrates provide the energy for plant growth
Major “non-structural” carbohydrates in avocado are:
• Starch (reserves)
• Sucrose, glucose, fructose (6-carbon sugars)
• D-mannoheptulose, perseitol (7-carbon sugars)
The 7-carbon sugars appear to play an important role in overall tree
physiology (Mary Lu Arpaia, University of California). Their availability
and/or utilisation could be a limiting step in achieving successful fruit set
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
5. Boron transport in plants
Boron is important for pollination and fruit set
It is generally accepted that boron is not mobile within plants and that
once boron accumulates in a plant tissue it can not be remobilised
to other plant tissues
However, in some plants (eg apple) boron is known to complex with
sugar-alcohols, eg sorbitol, resulting in transport of a sorbitol-boron-
sorbitol complex in the phloem from leaves to flowers (Patrick
Brown, University of California)
What about perseitol in avocado? It is a sugar alcohol. Does perseitol
have a role in facilitating the transport of boron from leaves to
flowers in avocado?
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
6. Alternate bearing in ‘Hass’ avocado:
possible role of carbohydrates and boron
Our hypothesis is that the seasonal accumulation and utilisation of 7-
carbon sugars, in combination with a possible role in facilitating
boron (B) transport, is a major regulatory process critical to
achieving successful fruit set in avocado.
Key experiments in Year 1:
1. Demonstrate that boron follows the same transport pathway as
carbohydrates, from leaves to flowers
2. Compare carbohydrates and boron in ON and OFF cropping trees
3. Confirm that treatments which increase carbohydrate content of
flowers also increase boron content, and thus increase fruit yields
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
7. Boron concentration in leaves
If boron is transported in the xylem then it would accumulate in the old
leaves as these leaves have transpired the most water. In avocado, boron
concentration decreased with leaf age. This suggests that boron does not
accumulate in the leaves but is being exported.
70
off year
60
on year
Boron concentration (mg/kg)
50
40
30
20
10
0
very immature half-mature mature
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
8. Boron transport
Boron isotope (B10) applied to leaves before flowering, then analysed at
mid-bloom (24 October) in leaf and floral tissues. These studies
confirmed the transport of boron from leaves to flowers (via the phloem)
early
4 September 8 October
late
(50 days before mid-bloom) (16 days before mid-bloom)
4
4
off flowering
3 on flowering off flowering
B10/B11 ratio
3
on flowering
B10/B11 ratio
2
2
1
1
0
0
labelled flower
leaf labelled peduncle flower new
leaf leaf
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
9. Carbohydrates in ON and OFF
flowering trees
B starch
sucrose
glucose
D A
fructose
C D-mannoheptulose
perseitol
E F (boron)
ON bearing → OFF flowering
OFF bearing → ON flowering
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
10. Avocado flower carbohydrates
A v o c a d o flo w e r b u d c a rb o h y d ra te s
o ff /o n y e a r ( C H O = m g /g m d w t)
% dry D M
% matter starch
S ta r c h perseitol
P e r s e ito l
30 16 40
14
25
12 30
20
10
15 8 20
6
10
4 10
5 2
0 0 0
ON flowering
D-mannoheptulose
M a n n o h e p tu lo s e glucose
g lu c o s e fructose
fr u c to s e
40 35 50
OFF flowering
30
30 40
25
20 30
20
15
20
10 10
10
5
0 0 0
sucrose total carbohydrates
S u c ro s e T o ta l C H O
160
20 o n y e a r = o n flo w e r in g
140
15 120
100
10 80
60
5 40
20
0 0
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
11. Avocado flower carbohydrates
• Total carbohydrates are the same in flowers from ON and OFF
bearing trees
• Flowers on trees with a heavy crop load (few flowers) have low
levels of starch
• Flowers on trees with a low crop load (many flowers) have high
levels of starch
Agrees with work of Inaki Hormaza in Spain which indicates that
flowers with high levels of starch are more likely to set fruit than
flowers with low starch content
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
12. Can we increase the carbohydrate
content of flowers?
Branch girdling studies
Thank you to Ron and Chris Bailey
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
13. Branch girdling study
Paired branches (2-year-old growth units), one pair per tree
Treatments applied to one branch from each pair in April 2008
Treatment Basal Diameter Length primary axis
(n = 18 trees) (mm) (m)
Girdle 60.0 2.4
No Girdle 62.1 2.4
Even mix of ON and OFF bearing trees (average 107 and 68 kg/tree)
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
14. Tissue sampling
Sample F B
Sample E
Sample A
D A
Sample B
C
Sample C (wood) and D (bark)
E F
Black = 2005/06 branch
Red = 2006/07 shoot and old leaves
Blue = 2007/08 terminal shoot, fruit and new leaves
Green = spring 2008 inflorescence
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
15. Leaves
ON Bearing OFF Bearing
Intact Girdled Intact Girdled Significance 1
Starch April (autumn) 16.4 18.2 17.5 11.5 NS
October (mid-bloom) 7.5 17.4 8.8 31.1 (*)
Perseitol April (autumn) 25.2 25.2 25.5 26.2 NS
October (mid-bloom) 13.9 13.3 15.4 12.5 NS
Boron April (autumn) 39.0 35.1 36.8 40.8 NS
October (mid-bloom) 25.6 20.3 28.6 22.5 (*)
Girdling treatments applied in April 2008
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
16. Flowers
ON Bearing OFF Bearing
Intact Girdled Intact Girdled Significance 1
October 2008 (mid-bloom)
Starch mg/g 22.4 22.7 20.5 18.8 NS
Perseitol mg/g 17.9 17.1 19.0 18.3 NS
Boron mg/kg 39.3 58.7 41.2 58.7 *
Girdling treatments applied in April 2008
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
17. Variable response to girdling
100
80
Boron (mg/kg)
Boron (mg/kg)-log scale
60
40
Girdled
OFF-G NotOFF-N
girdled Girdled
ON-G Not girdled
ON-N
OFF cropping Bearing-Girdling ON cropping
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
18. Summary and questions
• As expected, girdling maintained high levels of starch in leaves
on girdled branches, especially in OFF cropping trees
• Boron was exported from leaves during April to October, with
increased export from leaves on girdled branches – why?
• Neither girdling nor crop load affected the starch and perseitol
content of flowers, but girdling did increase the boron content of
flowers on both ON and OFF cropping trees – why?
• Not all branches responded to girdling – why?
• Variable response to girdling suggests opportunities to improve
the efficiency of this technique and thus improve its usefulness to
growers wanting to achieve more consistent yields
The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
19. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited
Thank you
www.plantandfood.com
grant.thorp@plantandfood.co.nz