The document provides information on GPRS network elements and components, including the Packet Control Unit (PCU), Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN), and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). It discusses the roles of these elements in supporting packet data services and interfacing with other network nodes. It also covers GPRS capabilities and configurations for radio networks, including supported coding schemes, multislot classes, and channel sharing for packet data and circuit-switched traffic. Examples are given of live GPRS services in use by a European railway operator, such as online ticket validation, train tracking and delay updates, and field worker reporting.
1. The document describes an HSDPA simulator project that was created to test how data rate improvements were achieved from 1998 to 2006.
2. The simulator models the physical layer of the HSDPA standard and calculates throughput for different channel conditions defined in the standard.
3. The project aims to increase the simulation speed by implementing the turbo encoder in FPGA hardware to gain practical insights.
The document discusses technical plans for implementing multicast video delivery over a broadband network in multiple phases. It outlines considerations for replication points, signaling load, and tiered solutions. It also describes a multicast proof-of-concept to verify vendor capabilities and explore technical architecture options.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
QoS-aware scheduling in LTE-A networks with SDN control (presentation)University of Piraeus
The 3GPP Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) standard specifies a set of pioneer features such as relay nodes and carrier aggregation. At the same time, the Software Defined Networks (SDN) have become an emerging technology which provides centralized control and programmability to modern networks. In the current communication environment, cloud computing could combine the advantages of both technologies in order to create a novel cloud assisted Software Defined LTEA architecture with relay nodes. Moreover, due to the increased requirements of modern services, the optimal resource allocation is a necessity. In such a context, this paper describes a QoS aware cross carrier scheduler for downlink flows, aiming at the optimization of system resources allocation. The proposed scheduler is evaluated against the PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, EXP RULE, LOG RULE, FLS and FLSA schedulers in a cloud assisted Software Defined LTE-A topology with relay nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduler improves the real time services performance while at the same time maintains an acceptable performance for best effort flows.
Key performance indicators (KPIs) in telecommunications measure important aspects of network performance such as traffic levels, interference, and quality of service. Erlangs are used to quantify traffic volume. Interference can occur between networks using the same frequencies and affects accessibility, call setup success rates, and retainability. Accessibility KPIs include paging success rate, SDCCH access success rate, and SDCCH drop rate. Retainability is measured by call drop rate and handover success rate, which can be affected by signal strength, interference, and congestion.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
Setting off the 5G Advanced evolution with 3GPP Release 18Qualcomm Research
In December 2021, 3GPP has reached a consensus on the scope of 5G NR Release 18. This is a significant milestone marking the beginning of 5G Advanced — the second wave of wireless innovations that will fulfill the 5G vision. Release 18 will build on the solid foundation set by Releases 15, 16, and 17, and it sets the longer-term evolution direction of 5G and beyond. This release will encompass a wide range of new and enhancement projects, ranging from improved MIMO and application of AI/ML-enabled air interface to extended reality optimizations and broader IoT support.
Policy control is a process that defines and enforces business rules to enable services like quality of service guarantees, usage quotas, and traffic optimization. In telecom networks, the Policy Charging and Rules Function (PCRF) plays a key role in policy control. It interfaces with gateways to make policy decisions that enforce business rules for charging and authorized network usage on a per-subscriber and per-application session basis. As networks evolve from 2G/3G to 4G/LTE architectures using the Evolved Packet Core, policy control becomes more dynamic and essential to support new services, applications and business models.
1. The document describes an HSDPA simulator project that was created to test how data rate improvements were achieved from 1998 to 2006.
2. The simulator models the physical layer of the HSDPA standard and calculates throughput for different channel conditions defined in the standard.
3. The project aims to increase the simulation speed by implementing the turbo encoder in FPGA hardware to gain practical insights.
The document discusses technical plans for implementing multicast video delivery over a broadband network in multiple phases. It outlines considerations for replication points, signaling load, and tiered solutions. It also describes a multicast proof-of-concept to verify vendor capabilities and explore technical architecture options.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
QoS-aware scheduling in LTE-A networks with SDN control (presentation)University of Piraeus
The 3GPP Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) standard specifies a set of pioneer features such as relay nodes and carrier aggregation. At the same time, the Software Defined Networks (SDN) have become an emerging technology which provides centralized control and programmability to modern networks. In the current communication environment, cloud computing could combine the advantages of both technologies in order to create a novel cloud assisted Software Defined LTEA architecture with relay nodes. Moreover, due to the increased requirements of modern services, the optimal resource allocation is a necessity. In such a context, this paper describes a QoS aware cross carrier scheduler for downlink flows, aiming at the optimization of system resources allocation. The proposed scheduler is evaluated against the PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, EXP RULE, LOG RULE, FLS and FLSA schedulers in a cloud assisted Software Defined LTE-A topology with relay nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheduler improves the real time services performance while at the same time maintains an acceptable performance for best effort flows.
Key performance indicators (KPIs) in telecommunications measure important aspects of network performance such as traffic levels, interference, and quality of service. Erlangs are used to quantify traffic volume. Interference can occur between networks using the same frequencies and affects accessibility, call setup success rates, and retainability. Accessibility KPIs include paging success rate, SDCCH access success rate, and SDCCH drop rate. Retainability is measured by call drop rate and handover success rate, which can be affected by signal strength, interference, and congestion.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
Setting off the 5G Advanced evolution with 3GPP Release 18Qualcomm Research
In December 2021, 3GPP has reached a consensus on the scope of 5G NR Release 18. This is a significant milestone marking the beginning of 5G Advanced — the second wave of wireless innovations that will fulfill the 5G vision. Release 18 will build on the solid foundation set by Releases 15, 16, and 17, and it sets the longer-term evolution direction of 5G and beyond. This release will encompass a wide range of new and enhancement projects, ranging from improved MIMO and application of AI/ML-enabled air interface to extended reality optimizations and broader IoT support.
Policy control is a process that defines and enforces business rules to enable services like quality of service guarantees, usage quotas, and traffic optimization. In telecom networks, the Policy Charging and Rules Function (PCRF) plays a key role in policy control. It interfaces with gateways to make policy decisions that enforce business rules for charging and authorized network usage on a per-subscriber and per-application session basis. As networks evolve from 2G/3G to 4G/LTE architectures using the Evolved Packet Core, policy control becomes more dynamic and essential to support new services, applications and business models.
Rebaca has been providing development and deployment support related to PCRF, AAA Server, SPR, DPI, Policy Server, EMS/NMS (SNMP, TR069), Subscriber Management, Service Provisioning, Assurance and Monitoring and Providing customization services (Mediation, Portal Development). for Tier-1 Operator like Reliance, Maxis, Bakrie,Zain, Optus, Tigo etc.
The key expertise areas are:
Familiarity from Wireless network (GSM/CDMA/LTE) to Wireline Network : DSL, xDSL
Familiarity with AAA Server ,PCRF, SPR, DPI
Familiarity with PCRF Diameter Interfaces : Gx, Gy, Gx+, Sh, Rx, Gz, Ro, S9, Gxx
Interoperability testing with GGSN,PDSN, OCS , DPI Switches , Edge Routers
Policy Server deployment , Customer data Migration and Service activation
Customer Care and Self Care Portal development
SNMP and TR-69 based EMS.
This document summarizes technology needs and gaps for satellite communications, tactical communications, and navigation systems. It identifies needs such as improved antennas with better gain-to-temperature ratios and reduced side lobes, more efficient amplifiers, and jam-resistant modems. It also outlines gaps including alternatives to space-based satellites, RF interference mitigation, and dynamic bandwidth interfaces. Additionally, it describes several Small Business Innovation Research projects aimed at addressing these needs, such as a cryogenic analog RF module to increase receive rates and a bandwidth analysis toolkit to model bandwidth demand. It provides points of contact for science and technology issues.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for UMTS access KPI issues. It includes:
1. An overview of the UMTS access signaling flow and definitions of related performance statistics and KPIs.
2. A classification of RRC access failure root causes such as resource congestion, RF problems, and equipment alarms.
3. Guidance on analyzing access failure data and counters to diagnose issues related to causes like CE congestion, power limitations, or code shortages.
4. Recommended solutions for optimizing access performance issues related to resource congestion.
1) The document describes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the performance of an LTE radio network. It discusses KPIs related to accessibility, retainability, mobility, and latency.
2) Accessibility KPIs measure aspects like call setup success rate, RRC setup success rate, and E-RAB setup success rate. Retainability KPIs measure call drop rate and call setup completion rate. Mobility KPIs measure handover success rates within LTE and between LTE and other technologies.
3) For each KPI, the document provides a definition, calculation formula, and description of which network events and counters are needed to measure the KPI. Baseline
This document discusses how high-fidelity simulation systems can be used for signaller training, design validation, and risk reduction for traffic management systems. It provides examples of how simulation is currently used for signaller training in the UK and Scandinavia. It also describes a case study where simulation was used to evaluate Hitachi's proposed traffic management system for Network Rail by modeling a virtual area with over 1,500 trains per day. The benefits identified are that simulation allows extensive testing and stakeholder engagement, demonstrates performance, and can be used for ongoing training, scenario modeling, and handling future changes in a safe, offline environment.
FlightAware operates a global network of ADS-B ground stations that track aircraft worldwide. They provide a live data feed of aircraft positions via ADS-B in JSON format through TCP sockets. This data feed is inexpensive and comprehensive compared to satellite tracking. FlightAware builds their own receivers called FlightFeeders to collect ADS-B data and expand coverage to more locations.
Quality impact of scalable video coding tunneling for media aware content del...Alpen-Adria-Universität
The document discusses a study on using Scalable Video Coding (SVC) tunneling for media-aware content delivery. SVC can save bandwidth for multicast content delivery but many devices do not support SVC natively. The study proposes using SVC tunneling only for delivery, with transcoding at ingress and egress points. The study tests transcoding MPEG-2 video to SVC and back to MPEG-2, finding a peak signal-to-noise ratio drop of 2.1 dB and 43% lower bandwidth requirements compared to MPEG-2 simulcast. Future work could analyze different video formats and implementations of SVC.
This document discusses LTE KPIs and acceptance from Ericsson's perspective. It provides an overview of acceptance principles for LTE hardware, software, and services. It explains why customers are demanding KPIs and the business impacts of KPI-based acceptance for Ericsson. The document recommends a limited set of 4 core KPIs for LTE acceptance and describes the recommended KPI measurement locations and examples of KPI targets. It also provides guidance on understanding preconditions that impact KPI values and avoiding common mistakes in KPI-based acceptance.
Generic and Automatic Specman Based Verification EnvironmentDVClub
This document describes a generic and automatic verification environment for image signal processing IPs. It uses configurable verification components (eVCs) to model the register interface and video data interfaces of an IP. A register model and memory model interface with the DUT. 'C'/Python models are used for output checking. Test cases and coverage are generated automatically from IP-XACT files describing the IP interfaces and registers. The environment supports verifying IPs individually and connected in a image processing pipeline at the subsystem level.
1) The document describes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the performance of an LTE radio network. It discusses KPIs related to accessibility, retainability, mobility, and latency.
2) Accessibility KPIs measure aspects like call setup success rate, RRC setup success rate, and E-RAB setup success rate. Retainability KPIs measure call drop rate and call setup completion rate. Mobility KPIs measure handover success rates within LTE and between LTE and other technologies.
3) For each KPI, the document provides a definition, calculation formula, and description of which network events and counters are needed to measure the KPI. Baseline
Timing verification of automotive communication architecture using quantile ...RealTime-at-Work (RTaW)
Slides of a paper at ERTSS'2014 co-authored by Nicolas NAVET (University of Luxembourg), Shehnaz LOUVART (Renault), Jose VILLANUEVA (Renault), Sergio CAMPOY-MARTINEZ (Renault) and Jörn MIGGE (RealTime-at-Work). Early stage timing verification on CAN traditionally relies on simulation and schedulability analysis, also known as worst-case response time (WCRT) analysis. Despite recent progresses, the latter technique remains pessimistic especially in complex networking architectures with gateways and heterogeneous communication stacks. Indeed, there are practical cases where no exact WCRT analysis is available, and merely upper bounds on the response times can be derived, on the basis of which unnecessary conservative design choices may be made. Simulation, on the other hand, does not provide anyguarantees per se and, in the context of critical networks, should only be used along with an adequate methodology. In this paper, we argue for the use of quantiles of the response time distribution as performance
metrics providing an adjustable trade-off between safety and resource usage optimization. We discuss how the exact value of the quantile to consider should be chosen with regard to the criticality of the frames, and illustrate the approach on two typical automotive use-cases.
The document discusses the ENIF (ETCS National Integration Facility), which was a test environment in the UK for European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) technologies. It describes the phases of ERTMS frameworks in the UK, the trackside and test environments created at ENIF, key test case scenarios conducted, and next steps for ERTMS deployments on mainlines like Thameslink and the East Coast Mainline. Overall, ENIF provided a collaborative environment for stakeholders and suppliers to engage in requirements, design, and integration testing of ERTMS to help de-risk future deployments.
A downlink scheduler supporting real time services in LTE cellular networks (...University of Piraeus
The wide spread of real-time services in wireless networks demands scheduling mechanisms supporting strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Nevertheless, the specifications of the LTE standard for mobile connectivity defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not impose any specific scheduler for the proper allocation of resources to services. Therefore, several LTE schedulers have been proposed in the literature meeting the QoS requirements of modern services. In this paper a QoS aware scheduler for the LTE downlink is proposed namely the FLS-Advanced (FLSA) aiming at prioritizing real-time traffic. The proposed scheduler has been built on three distinct levels assigning the available radio resources to services according to their requirements. Based on simulation results, the FLSA outperforms in terms of packet loss ratio, attainable throughput and fairness the performance of existing schedulers including PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, FLS, EXP RULE and LOG RULE.
Insights into the performance and configuration of TCP in Automotive Ethernet...RealTime-at-Work (RTaW)
The idea of using TCP in cars has been around for some time, as the first specification of Autosar TCP/IP stack dates back from early 2013. However, TCP has not been popular yet in cars and there has not been much published works on using TCP for in-vehicle communications so far.
TCP – the Transmission Control Protocol – provides connection-oriented reliable transmission between network applications. TCP is the cornerstone of the Internet – a hugely successful protocol over the last 40 years – if it is certainly a fine piece of engineering but it is definitely a complex one.
The question we explore in this study is what can we expect from TCP for on-board in-vehicle communication in terms of latencies & throughput and how to best configure TCP in a context for which
it has not been conceived. In particular, we will show that TCP configuration on the ECU sides should consider the amount of memory available in the switches and that traffic shaping policy, as available in TSN, can provide a nice performance boost for TCP communication.
Insights on the Performance and Configuration of AVB and TSN in Automotive Ap...RealTime-at-Work (RTaW)
This document summarizes insights from a case study on using different quality of service (QoS) protocols for an automotive Ethernet network carrying mixed-criticality traffic. The study evaluated several solutions: IEEE802.1Q with and without pre-shaping of video traffic, standard and custom Audio Video Bridging (AVB) classes, and Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) with Time-Aware Shaping (TAS) to improve command and control traffic latencies. The key insights are that no single solution meets all needs; fine-grained configuration of protocols is required; and automation of configuration and system synthesis is needed to reduce complexity and ensure safety and cost-effectiveness.
Intelligent Transport Network in the Evolving Content Dominated MarketplaceInfinera
The document discusses how service provider networks are being transformed by new traffic patterns and the rise of content delivery. It notes that the decade-old vertically integrated network model is being dismantled, with transport networks gaining more intelligence and becoming more capable. The document advocates for an intelligent transport network approach using photonic integration and innovations like super-channels, open software control, and network functions virtualization to enable scalability, convergence of switching and WDM, automation, and cost efficiency in the new marketplace.
1. The document discusses identifying and removing bottlenecks in early-stage TSN network designs for automotive Ethernet.
2. It analyzes a case study of Volvo's centralized vehicle architecture, identifying bottlenecks and evaluating solutions like improving topology and traffic scheduling mechanisms.
3. The analysis looks at sensitivity to unknown future traffic, total network capacity, bottleneck identification and removal, and ways to optimize costs while maintaining reliability.
Carl Åge Bjørgan presented on ensuring ERTMS development in the Nordic countries at a rail conference in Oslo. Alstom offers a complete portfolio of ERTMS solutions, from individual products to integrated systems for trackside and onboard. They have experience delivering major ERTMS projects across Europe. In the Nordic region, Norway plans to request baseline 3, Sweden will use baseline 2.3.0.D initially, and it is essential to deliver a retro-compatible system. Denmark's total replacement of its old signaling system proved more cost effective than renewal and provided benefits to passengers faster. Their experience splitting the country into east and west contracts for the trackside work could inform other projects. Alstom can
Role of localization and environment perception in autonomous drivingQualcomm Research
Dheeraj Ahuja, Sr. Director at Qualcomm Technologies, discusses how localization and perception technologies are critical for enhanced autonomous driving. As autonomous levels increase from active safety to full self-driving, requirements become more complex. Key technologies discussed include radar, camera, lidar, HD maps, and Qualcomm's VEPP precise positioning. Qualcomm's approach focuses on sensor fusion from cameras, radars, lidars and 5G to provide robust perception for autonomous vehicles.
La Mesa de Ciudadanía por la Igualdad de Género en Castilblanco de los Arroyos reúne a varias entidades y asociaciones locales para promover la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres. La Mesa ha crecido de 11 a 17 miembros y ha establecido una red digital para optimizar recursos. Sus objetivos incluyen eliminar la discriminación, incorporar la perspectiva de género y aumentar la visibilidad de cada grupo para lograr una verdadera igualdad.
Rebaca has been providing development and deployment support related to PCRF, AAA Server, SPR, DPI, Policy Server, EMS/NMS (SNMP, TR069), Subscriber Management, Service Provisioning, Assurance and Monitoring and Providing customization services (Mediation, Portal Development). for Tier-1 Operator like Reliance, Maxis, Bakrie,Zain, Optus, Tigo etc.
The key expertise areas are:
Familiarity from Wireless network (GSM/CDMA/LTE) to Wireline Network : DSL, xDSL
Familiarity with AAA Server ,PCRF, SPR, DPI
Familiarity with PCRF Diameter Interfaces : Gx, Gy, Gx+, Sh, Rx, Gz, Ro, S9, Gxx
Interoperability testing with GGSN,PDSN, OCS , DPI Switches , Edge Routers
Policy Server deployment , Customer data Migration and Service activation
Customer Care and Self Care Portal development
SNMP and TR-69 based EMS.
This document summarizes technology needs and gaps for satellite communications, tactical communications, and navigation systems. It identifies needs such as improved antennas with better gain-to-temperature ratios and reduced side lobes, more efficient amplifiers, and jam-resistant modems. It also outlines gaps including alternatives to space-based satellites, RF interference mitigation, and dynamic bandwidth interfaces. Additionally, it describes several Small Business Innovation Research projects aimed at addressing these needs, such as a cryogenic analog RF module to increase receive rates and a bandwidth analysis toolkit to model bandwidth demand. It provides points of contact for science and technology issues.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for UMTS access KPI issues. It includes:
1. An overview of the UMTS access signaling flow and definitions of related performance statistics and KPIs.
2. A classification of RRC access failure root causes such as resource congestion, RF problems, and equipment alarms.
3. Guidance on analyzing access failure data and counters to diagnose issues related to causes like CE congestion, power limitations, or code shortages.
4. Recommended solutions for optimizing access performance issues related to resource congestion.
1) The document describes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the performance of an LTE radio network. It discusses KPIs related to accessibility, retainability, mobility, and latency.
2) Accessibility KPIs measure aspects like call setup success rate, RRC setup success rate, and E-RAB setup success rate. Retainability KPIs measure call drop rate and call setup completion rate. Mobility KPIs measure handover success rates within LTE and between LTE and other technologies.
3) For each KPI, the document provides a definition, calculation formula, and description of which network events and counters are needed to measure the KPI. Baseline
This document discusses how high-fidelity simulation systems can be used for signaller training, design validation, and risk reduction for traffic management systems. It provides examples of how simulation is currently used for signaller training in the UK and Scandinavia. It also describes a case study where simulation was used to evaluate Hitachi's proposed traffic management system for Network Rail by modeling a virtual area with over 1,500 trains per day. The benefits identified are that simulation allows extensive testing and stakeholder engagement, demonstrates performance, and can be used for ongoing training, scenario modeling, and handling future changes in a safe, offline environment.
FlightAware operates a global network of ADS-B ground stations that track aircraft worldwide. They provide a live data feed of aircraft positions via ADS-B in JSON format through TCP sockets. This data feed is inexpensive and comprehensive compared to satellite tracking. FlightAware builds their own receivers called FlightFeeders to collect ADS-B data and expand coverage to more locations.
Quality impact of scalable video coding tunneling for media aware content del...Alpen-Adria-Universität
The document discusses a study on using Scalable Video Coding (SVC) tunneling for media-aware content delivery. SVC can save bandwidth for multicast content delivery but many devices do not support SVC natively. The study proposes using SVC tunneling only for delivery, with transcoding at ingress and egress points. The study tests transcoding MPEG-2 video to SVC and back to MPEG-2, finding a peak signal-to-noise ratio drop of 2.1 dB and 43% lower bandwidth requirements compared to MPEG-2 simulcast. Future work could analyze different video formats and implementations of SVC.
This document discusses LTE KPIs and acceptance from Ericsson's perspective. It provides an overview of acceptance principles for LTE hardware, software, and services. It explains why customers are demanding KPIs and the business impacts of KPI-based acceptance for Ericsson. The document recommends a limited set of 4 core KPIs for LTE acceptance and describes the recommended KPI measurement locations and examples of KPI targets. It also provides guidance on understanding preconditions that impact KPI values and avoiding common mistakes in KPI-based acceptance.
Generic and Automatic Specman Based Verification EnvironmentDVClub
This document describes a generic and automatic verification environment for image signal processing IPs. It uses configurable verification components (eVCs) to model the register interface and video data interfaces of an IP. A register model and memory model interface with the DUT. 'C'/Python models are used for output checking. Test cases and coverage are generated automatically from IP-XACT files describing the IP interfaces and registers. The environment supports verifying IPs individually and connected in a image processing pipeline at the subsystem level.
1) The document describes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the performance of an LTE radio network. It discusses KPIs related to accessibility, retainability, mobility, and latency.
2) Accessibility KPIs measure aspects like call setup success rate, RRC setup success rate, and E-RAB setup success rate. Retainability KPIs measure call drop rate and call setup completion rate. Mobility KPIs measure handover success rates within LTE and between LTE and other technologies.
3) For each KPI, the document provides a definition, calculation formula, and description of which network events and counters are needed to measure the KPI. Baseline
Timing verification of automotive communication architecture using quantile ...RealTime-at-Work (RTaW)
Slides of a paper at ERTSS'2014 co-authored by Nicolas NAVET (University of Luxembourg), Shehnaz LOUVART (Renault), Jose VILLANUEVA (Renault), Sergio CAMPOY-MARTINEZ (Renault) and Jörn MIGGE (RealTime-at-Work). Early stage timing verification on CAN traditionally relies on simulation and schedulability analysis, also known as worst-case response time (WCRT) analysis. Despite recent progresses, the latter technique remains pessimistic especially in complex networking architectures with gateways and heterogeneous communication stacks. Indeed, there are practical cases where no exact WCRT analysis is available, and merely upper bounds on the response times can be derived, on the basis of which unnecessary conservative design choices may be made. Simulation, on the other hand, does not provide anyguarantees per se and, in the context of critical networks, should only be used along with an adequate methodology. In this paper, we argue for the use of quantiles of the response time distribution as performance
metrics providing an adjustable trade-off between safety and resource usage optimization. We discuss how the exact value of the quantile to consider should be chosen with regard to the criticality of the frames, and illustrate the approach on two typical automotive use-cases.
The document discusses the ENIF (ETCS National Integration Facility), which was a test environment in the UK for European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) technologies. It describes the phases of ERTMS frameworks in the UK, the trackside and test environments created at ENIF, key test case scenarios conducted, and next steps for ERTMS deployments on mainlines like Thameslink and the East Coast Mainline. Overall, ENIF provided a collaborative environment for stakeholders and suppliers to engage in requirements, design, and integration testing of ERTMS to help de-risk future deployments.
A downlink scheduler supporting real time services in LTE cellular networks (...University of Piraeus
The wide spread of real-time services in wireless networks demands scheduling mechanisms supporting strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Nevertheless, the specifications of the LTE standard for mobile connectivity defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not impose any specific scheduler for the proper allocation of resources to services. Therefore, several LTE schedulers have been proposed in the literature meeting the QoS requirements of modern services. In this paper a QoS aware scheduler for the LTE downlink is proposed namely the FLS-Advanced (FLSA) aiming at prioritizing real-time traffic. The proposed scheduler has been built on three distinct levels assigning the available radio resources to services according to their requirements. Based on simulation results, the FLSA outperforms in terms of packet loss ratio, attainable throughput and fairness the performance of existing schedulers including PF, MLWDF, EXP/PF, FLS, EXP RULE and LOG RULE.
Insights into the performance and configuration of TCP in Automotive Ethernet...RealTime-at-Work (RTaW)
The idea of using TCP in cars has been around for some time, as the first specification of Autosar TCP/IP stack dates back from early 2013. However, TCP has not been popular yet in cars and there has not been much published works on using TCP for in-vehicle communications so far.
TCP – the Transmission Control Protocol – provides connection-oriented reliable transmission between network applications. TCP is the cornerstone of the Internet – a hugely successful protocol over the last 40 years – if it is certainly a fine piece of engineering but it is definitely a complex one.
The question we explore in this study is what can we expect from TCP for on-board in-vehicle communication in terms of latencies & throughput and how to best configure TCP in a context for which
it has not been conceived. In particular, we will show that TCP configuration on the ECU sides should consider the amount of memory available in the switches and that traffic shaping policy, as available in TSN, can provide a nice performance boost for TCP communication.
Insights on the Performance and Configuration of AVB and TSN in Automotive Ap...RealTime-at-Work (RTaW)
This document summarizes insights from a case study on using different quality of service (QoS) protocols for an automotive Ethernet network carrying mixed-criticality traffic. The study evaluated several solutions: IEEE802.1Q with and without pre-shaping of video traffic, standard and custom Audio Video Bridging (AVB) classes, and Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) with Time-Aware Shaping (TAS) to improve command and control traffic latencies. The key insights are that no single solution meets all needs; fine-grained configuration of protocols is required; and automation of configuration and system synthesis is needed to reduce complexity and ensure safety and cost-effectiveness.
Intelligent Transport Network in the Evolving Content Dominated MarketplaceInfinera
The document discusses how service provider networks are being transformed by new traffic patterns and the rise of content delivery. It notes that the decade-old vertically integrated network model is being dismantled, with transport networks gaining more intelligence and becoming more capable. The document advocates for an intelligent transport network approach using photonic integration and innovations like super-channels, open software control, and network functions virtualization to enable scalability, convergence of switching and WDM, automation, and cost efficiency in the new marketplace.
1. The document discusses identifying and removing bottlenecks in early-stage TSN network designs for automotive Ethernet.
2. It analyzes a case study of Volvo's centralized vehicle architecture, identifying bottlenecks and evaluating solutions like improving topology and traffic scheduling mechanisms.
3. The analysis looks at sensitivity to unknown future traffic, total network capacity, bottleneck identification and removal, and ways to optimize costs while maintaining reliability.
Carl Åge Bjørgan presented on ensuring ERTMS development in the Nordic countries at a rail conference in Oslo. Alstom offers a complete portfolio of ERTMS solutions, from individual products to integrated systems for trackside and onboard. They have experience delivering major ERTMS projects across Europe. In the Nordic region, Norway plans to request baseline 3, Sweden will use baseline 2.3.0.D initially, and it is essential to deliver a retro-compatible system. Denmark's total replacement of its old signaling system proved more cost effective than renewal and provided benefits to passengers faster. Their experience splitting the country into east and west contracts for the trackside work could inform other projects. Alstom can
Role of localization and environment perception in autonomous drivingQualcomm Research
Dheeraj Ahuja, Sr. Director at Qualcomm Technologies, discusses how localization and perception technologies are critical for enhanced autonomous driving. As autonomous levels increase from active safety to full self-driving, requirements become more complex. Key technologies discussed include radar, camera, lidar, HD maps, and Qualcomm's VEPP precise positioning. Qualcomm's approach focuses on sensor fusion from cameras, radars, lidars and 5G to provide robust perception for autonomous vehicles.
La Mesa de Ciudadanía por la Igualdad de Género en Castilblanco de los Arroyos reúne a varias entidades y asociaciones locales para promover la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres. La Mesa ha crecido de 11 a 17 miembros y ha establecido una red digital para optimizar recursos. Sus objetivos incluyen eliminar la discriminación, incorporar la perspectiva de género y aumentar la visibilidad de cada grupo para lograr una verdadera igualdad.
Website Localization Made Easy - Proz.com webinar presentation by Balazs BenedekSkawa Innovation
Has it ever happened to you that a website owner asked for an exact quotation, word- and repetition count while all the content was buried in a database behind WordPress/Drupal/Joomla CMS? Can your favourite CAT tool handle only files but not directly www.bigwebsites.com ?
Easyling is a great tool to extract text from websites, provide word- and repetition count, real time preview, in-context editing, XLIFF-integration with the CAT tool of your choice.
Presented as a part of the Free Training Series on Proz.com by Balazs Benedek, CTO and co-founder of Easyling
This document provides an overview of a 30-day program called "Instinctive Fitness" that aims to improve health and fitness by adopting eating and exercise patterns inspired by ancient human ancestors. The program encourages eating natural, unprocessed foods like meat, fruits and vegetables while limiting sugar, wheat and other modern processed foods. It claims this approach will provide steady energy levels, weight loss and other health benefits by aligning modern diets with what the body evolved to eat over millennia. The program is designed to transition participants gradually away from unhealthy foods and form new habits through baby steps over 30 days rather than making drastic overnight changes.
Clase 2 NES Enfoque de enseñanza y recorrido en su construcción vf.ppt 12 ...Verónica Tomas
El documento describe los principios y objetivos de la educación física en las escuelas secundarias, incluyendo un enfoque centrado en el estudiante, el aprendizaje grupal, y la inclusión y comprensión. Busca promover la apropiación de prácticas corporales a través de actividades lúdicas, gimnásticas, deportivas y de vinculación con el medio ambiente para apoyar la formación integral de los estudiantes.
The newsletter provides an overview of developments within the Applied Science Discipline at the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education over the past year. Key points include:
1) The Discipline was granted programme area accreditation status in 9 sub-areas under health science and sciences. New degree programs have also been established.
2) Memorandums of understanding were signed with overseas institutions to promote student and staff exchanges.
3) Academic and professional activities included seminars from visiting scholars, research projects funded by the Vocational Training Council, and participation in the InnoCarnival exhibition.
4) Updates were provided on new programs launched, outbound and inbound delegations, and plans
Este documento apresenta a Política de Educação Permanente do Conselho Federal de Serviço Social e dos Conselhos Regionais de Serviço Social. Ele destaca a importância da educação permanente para aprimorar a qualidade dos serviços prestados à população e para fortalecer a luta ideológica e política da categoria profissional em um contexto de transformações socioeconômicas. A política visa promover a formação continuada dos assistentes sociais por meio de diretrizes, objetivos e estratégias definidas em conjunto com associações represent
El ultrasonido utiliza ondas de sonido para producir imágenes del interior del cuerpo de manera segura y no invasiva. Puede mostrar la estructura y movimiento de órganos internos como el corazón, hígado y vasos sanguíneos, y se usa comúnmente para diagnosticar dolores, hinchazones e infecciones. El Doppler ultrasonido evalúa el flujo sanguíneo en los vasos, mientras que los ultrasonidos específicos de la arteria carótida y tiroides ayudan a detectar problemas en esas áreas.
Este documento presenta a la famosa familia de Katlin Wolfe, incluyendo a su novio Max Thieriot, su prima y mejor amiga Lana, sus tíos Beyoncé y Jay-Z que se casaron hace 4 años, sus abuelos Betty White y Robert que discuten pero se aman, sus hermanos Evan que la ayuda y Katy que la ignora, y sus padres divorciados Sandra y Leo que siempre peleaban por dinero.
Reglamento de la Ley que fomenta la liquidez e integración del Mercado de Val...Yanira Becerra
El Reglamento de la Ley No. 30341 establece las normas para aplicar la exoneración del Impuesto a la Renta hasta el 2018 por las rentas provenientes de la enajenación de acciones y valores representativos realizadas a través de mecanismos centralizados de negociación supervisados por la SMV. El Reglamento precisa los valores cubiertos por la exoneración, los requisitos de presencia bursátil y límite de transferencia del 10% de acciones, y las obligaciones de las ICLV, formadores de mercado y responsables de los mecan
Este documento describe el Estándar Internacional para la Gestión Sostenible del Agua (IWSS) desarrollado por la Alianza para la Administración Responsable del Agua (AWS). Explica el proceso de desarrollo del estándar a través de talleres regionales en América Latina y el Caribe entre 2010-2011 con el objetivo de lograr una gestión sostenible y equitativa del agua. También destaca las cifras de las instituciones de la región que han contribuido al desarrollo del estándar.
Norman Obciana is seeking a position that utilizes his skills and experience in water and wastewater treatment. He has over 5 years of experience as a Service Engineer maintaining wastewater treatment plants and sewage treatment plants for various companies. His responsibilities included operations and maintenance, water quality monitoring, preventative maintenance, and supervising technicians. He also has experience as a Cadet Engineer and Production Operator. Obciana holds a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering and has undergone various trainings in his field.
And these are just the shirts I could find! It's been an exhilarating three years. And I can confidently declare that no one else has this exact combination of apparel.
Este documento describe los conceptos básicos de las estructuras y los materiales de construcción. Explica que una estructura está compuesta de elementos como cimientos, columnas, vigas, arcos y tirantes que soportan diferentes tipos de fuerzas y esfuerzos. También resume los materiales de construcción más comunes a lo largo de la historia, incluyendo piedra, madera, ladrillo, acero y hormigón.
La concepción de una marca a través de un sistema basado en un proceso algorítmico, esto es, de pasos, que permiten inductivamente ir definiendo una esencia para el corporate.
Presentation on Custom code management & tools held by Timo John at #sitHH 2015
Why is it worth to invest on custom code?
How can we manage our custom code with SAP tools?
What tools are provided?
This document discusses GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and its features and benefits over existing GSM networks. It provides an overview of GPRS network architecture including new elements like SGSN and GGSN, and interfaces like Gb, Gn, and Gi. Key benefits of GPRS mentioned are higher speed data rates of 14.4-115kbps, more efficient use of bandwidth, and ability to use circuit and packet switching in parallel. The document also provides a brief introduction to UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as a 3G cellular standard building on GSM and offering higher data rates and quality of service.
This document provides an overview of GPRS architecture and 3G cellular systems. It defines GPRS as a new bearer service for GSM that improves wireless access to packet data networks. Key benefits of GPRS include new data services, higher speeds up to 115 kbps, efficient use of bandwidth through statistical multiplexing, and constant connectivity. The document then describes statistical multiplexing and the network elements of GPRS such as SGSN, GGSN, and the GPRS register. It concludes with an overview of 3G technologies like UMTS and CDMA2000, their network architectures and frequency spectrums.
Advanced: Control and User Plane Separation of EPC nodes (CUPS)3G4G
This presentation looks at Control and User Plane Separation of EPC nodes (CUPS) which was completed by 3GPP as part of Release 14 specifications and is set to be a key core network feature for many operators.
CUPS provides the architecture enhancements for the separation of functionality in the Evolved Packet Core’s SGW, PGW and TDF. This enables flexible network deployment and operation, by distributed or centralized deployment and the independent scaling between control plane and user plane functions - while not affecting the functionality of the existing nodes subject to this split.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service that allows intermittent and bursty data transmissions over existing GSM networks. It uses packet switching to allocate resources only when needed, reducing connection times. GPRS supports flexible channel allocation and sharing of available resources between users. Common applications include standard IP-based services as well as GPRS-specific point-to-point and point-to-multipoint applications. Operators can generate revenue through new subscribers, services, applications, and increased data traffic under GPRS.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for monitoring base station subsystems in EGPRS networks. It introduces EGPRS technology and defines KPI groups for traffic, availability, accessibility, and quality. Laboratory measurements were conducted to examine which BSS KPIs best reflect network performance and end-user experience by comparing application throughput to KPI values. The results showed that RLC throughput accurately described FTP throughput under different radio conditions. Multiple KPIs should be used to analyze radio link quality as one KPI cannot fully capture end-user experience.
- GPRS is an upgrade to GSM that allows packet-based data services and efficient use of network bandwidth. It provides higher data rates than GSM and constant connectivity.
- The GPRS network architecture introduces new network elements like the SGSN and GGSN to route data packets. The SGSN manages packet data in its service area while the GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks.
- Session management in GPRS includes establishing PDP contexts for data transfer sessions and location management tracks the routing area of mobile devices through routing area updates.
- GPRS is an upgrade to GSM that allows packet-based data services and efficient use of network bandwidth. It provides higher data rates than GSM and constant connectivity.
- The GPRS network architecture introduces new network elements like the SGSN and GGSN to route data packets. The SGSN handles mobility management and packet transfer while the GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks.
- Key functions of GPRS include packet routing, mobility management, session management, and logical channel allocation to efficiently share network resources between circuit and packet-switched users.
The document summarizes the key concepts in planning and deploying a 3G WCDMA mobile network. It describes the network architecture including nodes like RNC, Node B and interfaces. It also explains radio network planning phases and considerations like frequency planning, link budget calculations, coverage and capacity planning. The document discusses technologies like HSDPA that enhance data capabilities and presents LinkIT, a planning tool developed to understand network planning mathematics.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a packet-based mobile data service available to users of GSM and IS-136 mobile phones. It allows improved and simplified wireless access to packet data networks. The key components of a GPRS network include the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) which tracks user locations and performs security functions, and the GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) which acts as an interface to external networks. A PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context must be activated to establish a logical link between a mobile device and the SGSN to transfer data packets between the device and GGSN via tunneling protocols. Common applications of GPRS include email, internet access,
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile data networks from 2G to 4G. It describes 2G technologies like GSM and the introduction of GPRS to enable packet-switched data. It then covers improvements like EDGE and the transition to 3G networks using UMTS/HSPA. Finally, it discusses the 4G LTE standard and its core network architecture known as SAE. The document provides high-level overviews of the key technologies and components involved in the progression of mobile data networks.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) allows mobile phones to send and receive data across mobile networks. It provides always-on connectivity, supports new applications, and reduces costs for operators through billing based on data volume rather than connection time. GPRS enables multimedia messaging, internet access on smart devices, and push-to-talk features. It requires updates to existing network elements and adding new packet network nodes to fully implement a GPRS network.
This document provides an overview of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) presented at a Nokia seminar. It includes:
1. An introduction to GPRS defining it as a packet switched service that uses existing GSM infrastructure and provides connections to external data networks.
2. A description of the GPRS architecture including network elements like the SGSN, GGSN, and interfaces. The functions of these elements are also outlined.
3. Details on GPRS operations covering aspects like radio resource reservation, security, mobility management, and interworking with other GSM services.
This document summarizes Landis+Gyr's Gridstream smart grid solution and its evolution. Gridstream is Landis+Gyr's end-to-end smart grid solution combining metering, communications, software, and services. It discusses improvements to security, interoperability through new device drivers, and a new E450 smart meter model. Finally, it outlines the future of power line communications, including increasing bandwidth and robustness through new OFDM and G3 technologies operating in the FCC band, which when combined with Gridstream provides benefits like new capabilities, minimal risk and investment protection for utilities.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks that provides higher data rates and more efficient data transfer than traditional GSM networks. GPRS uses a packet-switched technology and radio resources are shared dynamically across users. The key network elements that support GPRS include the SGSN which manages data sessions and mobility, and the GGSN which connects the GPRS network to external data networks. GPRS enables numerous mobile data applications like web browsing, email, and remote access by supporting common internet protocols and billing based on data usage rather than connection time.
- GPRS is an upgrade to GSM that allows packet-based data services and efficient use of network bandwidth. It provides higher data rates than GSM and constant connectivity.
- The GPRS network architecture introduces new network elements like the SGSN and GGSN to route data packets. The SGSN and GGSN connect to external packet networks through the GPRS backbone network.
- Session management in GPRS involves creating a PDP context for each data connection, which contains information like the assigned PDP address and serving GGSN. Location management tracks the location of mobile devices through routing area updates.
This document discusses General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and provides details about its network architecture, features, advantages, applications and mobility management model. GPRS is an overlay network over GSM that provides packet-switched data services, enabling multiple users to share network resources. It utilizes TCP/IP protocols and supports various data and internet applications.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a packet-based mobile data service available via GSM networks that allows for more efficient use of network resources and faster connection times compared to traditional circuit-switched data services, offering theoretical maximum speeds of up to 171.2 Kbps; it serves as an intermediate step toward 3G networks and uses an IP-based core network architecture. GPRS introduces new network components like the SGSN and GGSN to handle packet routing and interface with external networks.
5G is going mainstream across the globe, and this is an exciting time to harness the low latency and high capacity of 5G to enable the metaverse. A distributed-compute architecture across device and cloud can enable rich extended reality (XR) user experiences. Virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) are ready for deployment in private networks, while augmented reality (AR) for wide area networks can be enabled in the near term with Wi-Fi powered AR glasses paired with a 5G-enabled phone. Device APIs enabling application adaptation is critical for good user experience. 5G standards are evolving to support the deployment of AR glasses at a large scale and setting the stage for 6G-era with the merging of the physical, digital, and virtual worlds. Techniques like perception-enhanced wireless offer significant potential to improve user experience. Qualcomm Technologies is enabling the XR industry with platforms, developer SDKs, and reference designs.
Check out this webinar to learn:
• How 5G and distributed-compute architectures enable the metaverse
• The latest results from our boundless XR 5G/6G testbed, including device APIs and perception-enhanced wireless
• 5G standards evolution for enhancing XR applications and the road to 6G
• How Qualcomm Technologies is enabling the industry with platforms, SDKs, and reference designs
The document discusses network traffic analysis and planning. It describes characterizing existing network usage, including identifying user communities, applications used, traffic flows, locations and bandwidth requirements. It also covers planning for network expansions, including quantifying performance and verifying service quality. Different types of traffic flows are defined, such as client/server, peer-to-peer and terminal/host. Challenges in planning for voice over IP networks and issues caused by excessive broadcast traffic are also addressed.
Modern Wireless Communication System
4.1 Evolution for 2.5 G TDMA
standards [12]
HSCSD for 2.5 G GSM
GPRS for 2.5 G GSM and IS-136
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
IS-95B for 2.5 G CDMA.
4.2 IMT 2000 [04]
IMT 2000 Vision and Evolution Aspects.
Radio Spectrum for IMT -2000
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
2. 2|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
GPRS core network
BTS BSC
HLR
Abis
Ater
TCU MSC
A
PCU
Agprs
SGSN
Gb
GGSN Internet
Gn Gi
D
IP
STG
GcGr’ & Gs’
Gr & GcGs
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
SIG SS7/IP Gateway
TCU Trans-Coder Unit
HLR Home Location Register
MSC Mobile Switching Center
PCU Packet Control Unit
DNS
Radius
Server
3. 3|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Packet Control Unit
> Responsible for the
radio related aspects
of GPRS
> Logically associated
with a BSC
Serving GPRS Support Node
> Keeps track of the location
of an individual MS
> Performs security
functions and access
control.
Gateway GPRS Support Node
> Supports the edge routing
function of the GPRS network.
> Performs as IP router to
external packet data networks.
APPLICATION
Packet data is optimized for sporadic-, burst-data allowing to
leverage periods of low data volumes with other subscribers.
Packet Data Network Elements
PCU
GGSNSGSN
4. 4|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Packet Data Network Elements (SGSN HW Description)
SGSN Cabinet
Interfaces:
Gb : Frame Relay over E1
Gn : Ethernet (100,1000)
Gr‘ & Gs‘: Ethernet (100)
5. 5|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Chassis
14 slots
2 x Control management cards (CMC)
2 x Switch fabric card (SFC)
10 remaining slots
2 x (up to 6) Subscriber Service Cards (SSC)
2 x (up to 10) Line Cards
DC/AC power Full Hot Swap
Interfaces: Gn, Gi, Gp
2 x 8 port Fast Ethernet
From the Customer: DNS, Radius
CMC card: 2 port 10/100BaseT Ethernet
1 14
CMC card:
Slot 13 (backup)
Slot 14 (primary)
SFC card:
Slot 7, 8
Fan Assembly
SSC and LC cards:
Slots 1 to 6 and 9 to 12
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
Packet Data Network Elements (GGSN Platform Main Characteristics)
6. 6|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
SS7 Gateway (IP STG)
HP ProLiant DL380G5 server based
Duplex High Availability configuration
Provides interworking between GPRS nodes in an IP network and GSM
nodes in an SS7 network
Supported interface
• Gr : SGSN – HLR
• Gs: SGSN – VLR
• Gd: SGSN – SMSC
HLRHLR
SGSNSGSN SS7
Gateway
SS7
Network
Gr
MAPintent / IP
MAP / SS7
Gr’
8. 8|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
GPRS versus Circuit Switched Data
GPRS Circuit Switched Data
eMLPP compliant
IP flow establishment time 0.5s (in GPRS
standby mode)
3-5s
“Bursty” applications i.e.
timetable enquiry
Radio coverage loss Data flow
suspended
Data flow interruption
– new call must be
established
Number of users Up to 8 per timeslot 1 per timeslot
C/I and sensitivity CS-1 slightly better
than 9.6
2.4 more robust than
voice
9. 9|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Header + Protection
User Payload
8
20
14.4
12
CS-1
CS-3
CS-2
CS-4
No of slotsMultislot
class Rx Tx Max Sum
4 3 1
1
2
12 4 4 5
4
8 4 5
10 4 5
4 coding schemes have been defined from
3GPP Rel.97, allowing different trade-offs
between throughput and radio protection
All GPRS MS have to support CS1 to CS4
Maximum speed may be
increased by use of multiple
time slots
Timeslots may also be shared
by different MS (spectral
efficiency)
GPRS Data Throughput
10. 10|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Channel Type Configuration
Possible Configurations:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Channel Type
PDTCH
Reserved
for GPRS
Shared for
Voice or
Data
Channel Type
TCH
Dedicated
to circuit
12. 12|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
GPRS Mobile (Cab radio suppliers)
Hörmann Funkwerk Kölleda/Kapsch
• GPRS Class B or C
• multislot capability class 10
• Products:
• 8 Watt Module MT2
• PortBox ultralite
MESA
23
MT2
PortBox
ultralite
• GPRS Class B
• Multislot capability class 10
• Products: TiGR155R; TiGR350R
13. 13|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
GPRS Mobile or Modules
• GPRS Class B
• Multislot capability class 10
• Products:
• 2 Watt Module TRM-2; 2a; 2T
• Mobiles: TR-C81, TR-M81, TR-
S68
TR-C81 TR-M81 TR-S68
14. 14|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
GPRS Mobile or Modules
• GPRS Class B
• Multislot capability class 8
• Products: RGG100; ROG100
and other supplier
In the future also PDA devices
16. 16|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Customer Data Request for Radio (1)
Customer Data Request:
dedicated packet channels?
Kapsch Proposal:
No dedicated packet traffic channels, 4 channels shared
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Channel Type
PDTCH
Reserved
for GPRS
Shared for
Voice or Data
Channel Type
TCH
Dedicated
to circuit
17. 17|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Customer Data Request for Radio (2)
Customer Data Request:
Kapsch Proposal:
Capacity requirements for GPRS
Traffic,
additional carrier needed?
Existing BTS are configured 1+1
In the future configuration 2 active
DRX
In the future, use the second DRX to have enough capacity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Channel Type
PDTCH
Channel Type
TCH
Channel Type
TCH
DRX A
DRX B
18. 18|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Customer Data Request for Radio (3)
GPRS Cell planning of Routing Area?
Location Area and Routing Area should be the same size.
Customer Data Request:
Kapsch Proposal:
Velim KolinRostoklaty PečkyPořičanyČeský Brod
Service Area
(GCA): 11100
19. 19|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Customer Data Request for Radio (4)
Customer Data Request:
Kapsch Proposal:
Open Data
Which Coding Schema should be used?
e.g. CS-1, CS-2, CS-3, CS-4
Use CS-1 and CS-2 to optimize throughput and transmission
retry (radio protection)
Check radio planning.
Header + Protection
User Payload
8
20
14.4
12
CS-1
CS-3
CS-2
CS-4
20. 20|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Customer Data Request for Radio (5)
Traffic model?
QoS Parameters?
Application requirements?
Information from CD necessary (application, data rates requirements)
Customer Data Request:
Open Data
21. 21|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Robert Grabner
Kapsch CarrierCom AG | Customer Solution Management
Am Europlatz 5 | A-1120 Vienna | Austria
Tel. +43 (0) 50 811 3129
Mobil +43 (0) 664 628 3129
Fax +43 (0) 50 811 98 3129
e-mail Robert.Grabner@kapsch.net
www.kapschcarrier.com | www.kapsch.net
24. 24|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Monitoring of coach cabins
Advantages
• Increased passenger security without additional
personnel
• Security status in real time
Added business value
• increased passenger security
• improved planning of extent of utilization
Monitoring inside passenger coaches
25. 25|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Information sources are
• Webcam in coaches
• Triggered by
• Move detection
• Time controlled
Information transmitted to
• Train security staff (PDA application)
• Centralized security staff
• Engine driver
• Passenger counting system
+
Monitoring inside passenger coaches
26. 26|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Train station monitoring
Station Monitoring
Operational advantages
• Increased security
Added business value
• Enhanced passenger/ railway
customer safety
• Security/ staff cost savings
27. 27|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Train station monitoring
Information source
• Monitoring cameras
• Triggered by movement detection
Information transmitted to
• PDA or Video screen for security staff
• Security staff
• centralized
• mobile (use of Cell Broadcast)
28. 28|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Platform monitoring through transmission to driver cabin
Operational advantage
• Platform status directly displayed to train driver, no monitoring equipment needed
on platform
Added business value
• Improved security and platform
supervision
• Saving monitoring equipment
Platform monitoring and supervision
29. 29|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Information source
• Monitoring cameras on platforms
• Triggered by movement detection or remotely controlled through the train/
traction engine
Information transmitted to
• Display in the driver’s cabin
• PDA or display with the relevant dispatchers
• Security staff
• centralized
• mobile (use of Cell Broadcast)
Platform monitoring and supervision
30. 30|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Level Crossing monitoring
Operational advantages
• Enhanced security
Added business value
• Improved level crossing operation
Remote supervision of level crossings
31. 31|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Information source
• Monitoring at the level crossing
• Transmission through radio or through fixed lines
Information transmitted to
• Display in the driver’s cabin
• Display with the responsible service manager
Remote supervision of level crossings
32. 32|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Damage or work proceeding (s) transferred as image
• Defective element to Inventory staff
• Work Proceeding (s) to Maintenance experts
Operational advantages
• Direct expert involvement & support
• Early start of preparatory work
• Reduced remote staff requirement
Added business value
• Reduction of Repair Time
• Direct central specialist support
• Reduced number of remote specialist staff
Maintenance support
33. 33|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Information source
• Remote personnel
• PDA and/ or GPRS Mobile with integrated camera
Information transmitted to
• Inventory
• Involve other remote staff (e.g. through conference)
Maintenance support
34. 34|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Centralized distribution of job orders for
maintenance crews and shunting orders
Operational advantages
• Short term flexible changes
• Reduced number of inquiries
Added business value
• Increased staff efficiency
• Reduced operating cost
Work Processes
35. 35|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Information source
• Database
• Work orders
• Staff resources
Information transmitted to
• Mobile terminals
• Reports on “work in progress”
• New job order distribution
• Staff notifications
Work Processes
36. 36|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Customer Example Live usage of advanced services
Current projects with a GSM-R GPRS capable PDA (MIO A701) of an European Railway Operator
Online ticket validation: When buying tickets via Internet the traveler gets a code (x-digit number). The
number has to be verified by the train conductor against the database in the network. As tickets can be
bought up to the last minute and reservations can also be changed until shortly before the train leaves,
downloading this information to the PDA prior to train departure is not possible.
Real time update of trains and delays for passengers with connecting trains. Passengers need to know if
they can get their connections. For this purpose the trains send updates of their current position to a central
database
Ticket sales: Train staff can sell online tickets via their PDAs.
Train Position Updates: Today 3000 trains are equipped with GPS devices that report the position of the
train to the network. This is done via SMS for the moment. It is planned that the next generation of these
devices use GPRS instead. This data is then used to update a real time data base so train personnel of other
trains can check the timeliness and availability of other trains for connections.
GPS Position of Maintenance Trains: These trains report their location to a central database so the
maintenance department knows the exact position of their trains. In case of problems appearing on the
network it’s simple to find the closest train.
Field worker reporting: Field workers report completion of activities to a central database. They can also
check the availability of spare parts in stock via GPRS. Also they report faulty part numbers so the
organization can react appropriately and order new spare parts.
Side Wind Sensors: For high speed tracks, side wind is a critical thing to be measured. Measurement
devices use the GPRS network (public network today) to report the data to a database.
Temporary Tunnel Video Surveillance: In some cases it is required to temporarily monitor tunnels. For this
purpose devices can be installed on a temporary basis in tunnels. These send back video images via GPRS.
Supervision of Public GSM coverage:. Monitoring of public GSM coverage in tunnels and if there is a
problem the monitoring device reports the issue via GSM-R GPRS back to maintenance departments.
Train Black Box Data Transfer: Today, 40 train depots are equipped with Wifi for maintenance. When a
train comes in for inspection, measurement data is automatically transferred from the train via Wifi to the
depot server.
37. 37|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Conclusion
GPRS offers a multitude of value added services for Rail Operators
• Passenger service
• Maintenance
• Network operation
GPRS offers system enhancements for data services
• Increased data transfer than with circuit switched solutions
• Increase of simultaneous use
• Improved data link recovery over circuit switched solutions
• Improved spectrum efficiency
Nortel GPRS solution is compatible with all ASCI features and functions
41. 41|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Board Description
CP Board:
The control processor (CP) manages and controls PCUSN applications supporting both system and
network functions.
TDM Port (E3C):
TDM termination boards are connected to the BSCs over the Agprs interface, and operate in
conjunction with multiplexers. 32-port E1 FP board, also referred to as 2-port E3C board, for countries
where E1 PCM transmission is used.
Gb Boards:
One of the roles of the 4-port E1C/DS1C or 32-port E1/DS1 for multi-service access function processor
is the provision of communication services (based on Frame Relay) with the SGSN.
PCUSP Boards:
The PCUSP Function Processor is a multi-purpose FP for the data and signaling paths. It has both
digital signal processing and general purpose “processing” capabilities.
42. 42|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
Header + Protection
User Payload
8
20
14.4
12
CS-1
CS-3
CS-2
CS-4
No of slotsMultislot
class Rx Tx Max Sum
4 3 1
1
2
12 4 4 5
4
8 4 5
10 4 5
4 coding schemes have been defined from Rel.97,
allowing different trade-offs between throughput and
radio protection
All GPRS MS have to support CS1 to CS4
The link adaptation (LA) algorithm is not standardized.
(LA is the system which chooses the coding scheme
depending on quality of radio link)
Maximum speed may be
increased by use of multiple
time slots
Timeslots may also be shared
by different MS (spectral
efficiency)
GPRS Data Throughput
43. 43|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
3 6 9 12 15 18
Mean C/I
kbit/s
CS4
CS3
CS2
CS1
Parameters:
30 WWW-Users
8 TS for GPRS
Terminals:
1TS Up/ 4TS Down
CS1: 9.05 kbit/s/TS
CS2: 13.4 kbit/s/TS
CS3: 15.6 kbit/s/TS
CS4: 21.4 kbit/s/TS
Coding scheme properties – WWW System Throughputs
Each Coding Scheme has its preferred range
More users may be supported within the same spectrum
44. 44|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
BER 10-4 target (for data)
Impact of speed on CS-1 and 9.6k circuit must be taken into consideration for
radio planning (-114dBm being usual target)
95
100
105
110
115
120
Speech F2.4 F4.8 F9.6 CS-1
Sensitivity-dBm
80km/h 380km/h 500km/h
BetterSensitivity performance at speed
45. 45|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
BER 10-4 target (for data)
Impact of speed on CS-1 and 9.6k circuit must be taken into consideration for
radio planning (9dB C/I being usual target)
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Speech F2.4 F4.8 F9.6 CS-1
C/I(dB)
80km/h 380km/h 500km/h
BetterResistance to Interference (C/I) Ratio at speed
46. 46|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
BSS
BSS Packet
Core
Packet
Core
MS x MS x
PDP Ctxt C
PFC#2 PFC#2
PDP Ctxt A
PDP Ctxt B
PFC#1 PFC#1
Streaming
Background
TLLI
PFI
NSAPI
QoS profile associated to each
PDP context
QoS profile is negotiated between
the MS and the Network
• At PDP context activation
• When PDP context is already active
• Change can be requested by
network or MS
Subscriber can have multiple
concurrent PDP contexts
• Primaries and secondaries
Requires MS support
GPRS QoS and PDP Contexts
47. 47|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
As per TS24.008 Release 99
NewR99AttributesR97Attributes
R97 attributes + new R99 attributes
(equivalent to UMTS QoS
attributes)
Fine grain QoS attributes designed
to support all traffic type
Traffic Class indicates the
application type: Conversational,
Streaming, Interactive and
Background
Precedence Class indicates the
relative priority of PDP contexts
under abnormal conditions (usually
congestion)
GPRS QoS Profile
48. 48|Kapsch CarrierCom AG
(*) Allocation Retention Priority as per TS23.060
(**) Radio Priority as per GSM04.60 RLC/MAC
(***) Aggregate BSS QoS Profile (ABQP) is negotiated between the SGSN and the BSS
Activate PDP Context Accept (QoS Negotiated, Radio Priority**)
Activate PDP Context Request (QoS Requested)
MS
MS
BSS
BSS
SGSN
SGSN
GGSN
GGSN
Create PDP Context Response(QoS Negotiated, ARP*)
Create PDP Context Request (QoS Requested, ARP*)
Create BSS PFC Indication (ABQP requested)
Create BSS PFC Response (ABQP negociated)
QoS Negotiation Flow DP Context Activation Procedure