Google algorithms/updates are changes made to improve search result quality and user experience, including key updates like Panda, Penguin, Hummingbird, RankBrain, Medic, BERT, and Core Updates. Each update addresses specific issues such as duplicate content, bad link building, mobile-friendliness, and the expertise of content. The latest updates focus on rewarding high-quality content and penalizing low-quality sites, urging website owners to adapt to evolving criteria.