This will be helpful to understand the importance of golden rice to allivate vitamin A deficiency and also to learn the basic technique of Golden Rice Development
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
this presentation deals with Molecular Ph(f)arming, and bio-safety issues related to it. This was presented by me in credit seminar in the division of Agricultural physics, IARI, New Delhi.
the sources used are duly acknowledged in the figures and slides.
Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which each year is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 and cause an additional 500,000 cases of irreversible childhood blindness. Rice is a staple food crop for over half of the world's population, providing 30–72% of the energy intake for people in Asian countries, and becoming an effective crop for targeting vitamin deficiencies.
2-3 million die every year because of Vitamin A deficiency, 500.000 people get blind, most of them children. With Golden Rice, a lot of these people could be saved. Learn how and why.
Presented by- MD JAKIR HOSSAIN
Doctoral Research Scholar
Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering ,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies,
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Turkey
E. Mail- mjakirbotru@gmail.com
This powerpoint provides with the information on the following topic collected from various resources.
What is Golden Rice?
GR 1
GR 2
Patents
Trials conducted
Partners of IRRI
Institutes involved in development of GR in India
Safety assessment of GR
Golden Rice – A Humanitarian Biotechnology Projectsol777
Presentation of Golden Rice Co-inventor Peter Beyer, professor at the university of Freiburg, at the Comm4Biotech conference 2011 in Strasbourg - more information on http://www.comm4biotech.eu .
Biotechnology with agriculture is very useful in now a days and also in upcoming days. With the help of biotechnology we can produce better quality of crops and also increase the yield. The produces are also free from pests.
Haploids are individuals that have only a single set of chromosomes. Because they have only a single set of chromosomes, every detrimental allele will be expressed, since none will be hidden by a dominant allele in the heterozygous condition. As such, it is doubtful that many haploids will survive very long. Haploid medaka , common carp , masu salmon , rainbow trout , Atlantic salmon , chum salmon and plaice have been produced for experimental purposes, but none lived long.
Ethical and bio-safety issues related to GM cropsMahammed Faizan
a seminar presentation on ethical and bio-safety issues related GM crops.
impact of gm crops on human, animal and environmental health.
safety measure related transgenic crops.
international governmental bodies
A description of the history, variation in methods/ approaches for biofortifying rice, benefits and challenges faced with biofortified rice and consequences for future generations..
this presentation deals with Molecular Ph(f)arming, and bio-safety issues related to it. This was presented by me in credit seminar in the division of Agricultural physics, IARI, New Delhi.
the sources used are duly acknowledged in the figures and slides.
Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which each year is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 and cause an additional 500,000 cases of irreversible childhood blindness. Rice is a staple food crop for over half of the world's population, providing 30–72% of the energy intake for people in Asian countries, and becoming an effective crop for targeting vitamin deficiencies.
2-3 million die every year because of Vitamin A deficiency, 500.000 people get blind, most of them children. With Golden Rice, a lot of these people could be saved. Learn how and why.
Presented by- MD JAKIR HOSSAIN
Doctoral Research Scholar
Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering ,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies,
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Turkey
E. Mail- mjakirbotru@gmail.com
This powerpoint provides with the information on the following topic collected from various resources.
What is Golden Rice?
GR 1
GR 2
Patents
Trials conducted
Partners of IRRI
Institutes involved in development of GR in India
Safety assessment of GR
Golden Rice – A Humanitarian Biotechnology Projectsol777
Presentation of Golden Rice Co-inventor Peter Beyer, professor at the university of Freiburg, at the Comm4Biotech conference 2011 in Strasbourg - more information on http://www.comm4biotech.eu .
Biotechnology with agriculture is very useful in now a days and also in upcoming days. With the help of biotechnology we can produce better quality of crops and also increase the yield. The produces are also free from pests.
Haploids are individuals that have only a single set of chromosomes. Because they have only a single set of chromosomes, every detrimental allele will be expressed, since none will be hidden by a dominant allele in the heterozygous condition. As such, it is doubtful that many haploids will survive very long. Haploid medaka , common carp , masu salmon , rainbow trout , Atlantic salmon , chum salmon and plaice have been produced for experimental purposes, but none lived long.
Ethical and bio-safety issues related to GM cropsMahammed Faizan
a seminar presentation on ethical and bio-safety issues related GM crops.
impact of gm crops on human, animal and environmental health.
safety measure related transgenic crops.
international governmental bodies
A description of the history, variation in methods/ approaches for biofortifying rice, benefits and challenges faced with biofortified rice and consequences for future generations..
Abstract
Biofortification, which is the development and dissemination of micronutrient-dense staple crops such as orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP), is an effective approach to provide rural households with a low-cost source of vitamin A-rich food. Given that sweetpotato is cultivated twice a year in Western Kenya, high OFSP uptake should increase the frequency of intake of vitamin A among young children and women. The current study aimed to understand the influence of OFSP adoption and its intensity (i.e. share of OFSP in sweetpotato area) in improving women and children’s dietary diversity and intake of vitamin A-rich food. Data were analysed from the endline study of a 5-year, integrated agriculture–health project in Western Kenya. The project linked access to OFSP vines to public health services for pregnant women. In total, 1,924 mother–child pairs (children <2 years of age) were randomly selected in four intervention areas and four control areas. Two-stage instrumental variable and ordered logit regression models were employed to test the effect of adoption. Diagnostic tests for endogeneity and misspecification were conducted to confirm model validity. Two indices were identified: first, a dietary diversity index (9 food groups consumed in the previous 24 hr); second, an index of the frequency of consumption of vitamin A-rich foods during the 7 days prior to the interview. Not surprising, staple foods are the dominant food group, with less frequent consumption of nutrient-rich fruits and vegetables. The surveyed households reported consuming starchy staples (91%), dark green leafy vegetables (80%), fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A (26%), other fruits and vegetables (58%), organ meat (2%), meat and fish (32%), egg (11%), legumes (31%), and milk products (80%). Women and children in households growing OFSP had 15% and 18% higher dietary diversity index scores, respectively, than those not growing OFSP. Similarly, the index capturing frequency of intakes of vitamin A-rich food was 10% and 20%, higher for women and children in OFSP growing households, respectively, than those who do not grow. Age of household head, mother’s education, wealth index, and the sweetpotato plots have a positive effect on the dietary diversity and frequency of vitamin A intake. Households with limited access to a health facility, larger household size, and mother engaged in casual labour have less diversified diets and consume vitamin A-rich food less frequently. Both OFSP adoption and the share of OFSP area have positive influence on dietary diversity and vitamin A intake for both women and children under 2 years in Western Kenya
Temesgen F. Bocher
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
Iron-deficient Indian children under the age of three who ate traditionally-prepared porridges and flat bread made from iron-rich pearl millet flour absorbed substantially more iron
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Golden rice
1. Golden Rice and its approach to combat
Vitamin ‘A’ Deficiency (VAD)
Prepared By-
Ramkrishna Gautam
Roll no - 12
Date- 2075/11/02Image credit-https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/25/sunday-
review/golden-rice-lifesaver.html
2. Introduction
Vitamin A
Fat-soluble vitamins, including retinol.
Provide important nutrient for vision,production of RBC, growth,
reproduction, cellular differentiation and proliferation, and boost
immune system. (Al-Babili et al. 2005)
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient in humans that cannot be
synthesized in the body. (Dubock 2014)
3. How big is Vitamin A Deficiency problem?
Deficiency symptoms
Earliest symptoms- Night blindness
Prolonged deficiency- Xerophthalmia, Keratomalacia,weakened
immune system.
Finally infection - total and irreversible blindness.
Increase disease susceptibility- Measles, Diarrhoea,malnutrition
Leading to child mortality.
(WHO report cited by Al-Babili et al. 2005)
5. Vitamin A Deficiency diseases.
4. Measles
Source-
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37135.p
hp
4. Malnutrition
Source-https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-
5005479/Malnourished-Syrian-baby-treated-rebel-held-
town.html
6. Causes of deficiency and Scenario
Causes
Low consumption of diverse dietary source. (Paine et al. 2005)
Chronic consumption of diets that are low in vitamin A results in vitamin
A deficiency (VAD) (Tang et al. 2012)
Reliance on rice as a primary food staple contributes to vitamin A
deficiency.
Scenario
A severe public health problem in 118 countries.
250 million preschool children worldwide are still affected by VAD .
5 Million Vit-A deficient children became blind every year.
(WHO report cited by Al-Babili et al. 2005)
7. Map showing Vitamin A deficiencies in preschool-age children around
the world. WHO Global Database 2005 on Vitamin A Deficiency
Source-https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/getting-enough-vitamin-probably-
half-world-isnt
8. Golden Rice
What is Golden Rice ?
Genetically modified rice
Synthesize β-carotene (provitamin A)
in the endosperm. (paine et al. 2005)
How golden rice- to combat vitamin A deficiency?
Rice- staple food.
Rice provides as much as 80% or more of the daily caloric intake of
3 billion people, which is half the world’s population (Tang et al.
2012)
If grain can be enriched in Vitamin A, it helps to combat Vitamin A
Deficiency where rice is a major staples. (Al-Babili et al. 2005)
Source-https://www.thedailystar.net/city/wait-almost-
over-beta-carotene-rich-golden-rice-release-in-
bangladesh-1531684
10. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate(GGPP)
Phytoene
Lycopene
-carotene
(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase(PSY)
Phytoene desaturase
ξ-carotene desaturase
Lycopene-beta-cyclase(LCY)
The Golden Rice- Solution
Daffodil gene
Single bacterial gene;
Erwinia uredovora
performs both functions
Vitamin A Pathway is complete and functional
-Carotene
Pathway
Genes Added
Source-
https://geneticlite
racyproject.org/20
18/03/18/golden-
rice-approved-for-
sale-to-canada-
but-no-plans-for-
imports/
Bacterial carotene
desaturase (CRTI)
11. How Does It Works?
The addition of 2 genes in the rice genome will complete the
biosynthetic pathway
1. Phytoene synthase (psy) – derived from Daffodils
2.Bacterial Carotene desaturase (crtI) – from soil bacteria
Erwinia uredovora
Produces enzymes and catalysts for the biosynthesis of
carotenoids (β-carotene) in the endosperm.
Presence of β-carotene gives rice grains a yellowish-orange
color, thus, the name ‘Golden Rice’
12. Golden Rice Generations.
First Generation Golden Rice(GR1)
It produces only 1.6 μg/g of β-carotene. (Al-Babili et al. 2005)
This provide proof that β-carotene could be produced in rice
grain.
With this proof, scientist develop the way to improve the
production and accumulation of β-carotene in the grain.
13. Golden Rice Generations.
Second Generation Golden Rice(GR2)
In 2005, a team of researchers at biotechnology
company, Syngenta, produced a variety of golden
rice called "Golden Rice 2". (Al-Babili 2006)
GR2 were developed by replacing psy gene from
daffodil by the same gene(psy) from maize. (Al-
Babili 2006)
GR2 is more efficient for β-carotene accumulation
(31 μg/g ).
Source-
https://beyondpesticides.org/daily-
million-fine-syngenta-multiple-safety-
violations/syngenta-biotechnology/
14. Golden Rice Generations.
Image showing wild-type rice,Golden rice 1 with the psy from Daffodil
(Np psy),Golden rice 2 with the psy from maize psy (Zm psy) showing
altered color due to carotenoid accumulation.
16. Clinical trials, food safety and nutrition
research
“β-carotene derived from Golden Rice is effectively converted to
vitamin A in humans is a safe.” (Tang et al 2009)
“ Golden Rice is as effective as vitamin A capsules and works better
than the natural beta-carotene found in spinach.” (Tang et al 2009)
“The β-carotene produced by Golden Rice is as good as β- carotene in
oil at providing vitamin A to children.” (Tang et al 2012)
17. Conclusion
In many countries, the infrastructure doesn’t exist to deliver vitamin A
pill. (Bayer 2010)
Distribution of capsule- Consistent funding
Diversification on food habit like eating variety of foods including
meat- costly for poor people.
Since, alleviation of VAD is an urgent need for people who are taking
rice as their staple food due to non-availability of vitamins in its
edible part. Golden Rice could be a cheap, wide-reaching, sustainable
approach to fight against VAD. (Dubock 2014)
18. Prospects in Nepal
Nepal is one of 60 countries in which the vitamin A deficiency
constitutes a significant public health problem.
Each year in Nepal, vitamin A deficiency is responsible for the deaths
of 9000 children and for 2500 children becoming permanently blind.
8.5% of Nepalese children and 7% of pregnant women are suffering from
VAD induced disorders
Can Golden Rice minimize VAD induced problems in Nepal?
Although rice is the staple food of Nepal, it is generally not eaten
alone.
In context of Nepal, it is evident that the people who don’t have rice
based food habit occupy the larger portion of population affected by
VAD. Also, the large part of the affected population lives in
mountainous region where rice cannot be grown.
(Bista et. Al. 2017)
19. Prospects in Nepal
Can Golden Rice minimize VAD induced problems in Nepal?
On the contrary, encouraging the production, distribution and consumption
of fortified maize would be easier for reducing VAD induced problems in
hilly region of Nepal.
There is no any history of introduction of GMO’s in Nepal. Besides, there is
not even in-depth study conducted about farmers’ response towards
GMO’s. So, the adoption rate of Golden Rice in Nepal is highly
unpredictable.
It is necessary to have knowledge about the perception of farmers and
consumers towards Golden Rice.
The media response and public voices indicate that Nepalese society is
likely to turn out unwelcoming towards GMO’s, be it Golden Rice.
(Bista et. Al. 2017)
20. My Perspective
The development of golden rice has opened an entirely
new horizon in the “modern breeding technology.”
Golden rice helps to uplift the public health of developing
country.
There is also a need of development of other biofortified
food in the public sector.
21. References
Al-Babili and Beyer P. 2005. Golden Rice – five years on the road –
five years to go? TRENDS in Plant Science 10:565-573.
Al-Babili, Hoa TTC, Schaub P. 2006. Exploring the potential of the
bacterial carotene desaturase CrtI to increase the β-carotene content
in Golden Rice. Journal of Experimental Botany 57:1007-1014.
Bayer P. 2010. Golden Rice and ‘Golden’ crops for human nutrition.
New Biotechnology. 27: 375–379
Bista V and N Acharya. 2017. Golden Rice and Its Prospects in Nepal.
Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences 6(1):266-268
Dubock A. 2014.The Present Status of Golden Rice. Journal of
Huazhong Agricultural University 33(6):112-128
22. References
Paine JA, CA Shipton, S Chaggar, RM Howells , MJ Kennedy, G
Vernon, SY Wright, E Hinchliffe, JL Adams, AL Silverstone & R
Drake. 2005. Improving the nutritional value of Golden Rice
through increased pro- vitamin A content. Nature Biotechnology
23: 482-487.
Tang G, Y Hu, S Yin, Y Wang, GE Dallal, MA Grusak and RM Russell.
2009. Golden rice is an effective source of Vitamin A. American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89:1776-1783.
Tang G, J Qin, GG Dolnikowski, RM Russell and MA Grusak. 2012.
β-carotene in Golden rice is as good as β-carotene in oil at
providing vitamin A to children. American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition 96:658-664.