goal line technology for computer science

1. GOAL LINE
TECHNOLOGY
Co-ordinated By –
Ms. Mridhula N.R
Prepared By –
Mahesh R
Guided By – Dept. Of CSE
Ms. Anisha S.S TKMIT
Dept. Of CSE
TKMIT

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CONTENTS
S No. Title Page No.
1 Introduction 3
2 Initiation 4
3 Testing
4 Implementation
5 What technologies exist?
6 Benefits & Drawbacks

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Introduction
Goal-line technology (sometimes referred to as a
Goal Decision System) is a method used to
determine when the ball has slightly crossed the goal
line with the assistance of electronic devices and at
the same time assisting the referee in awarding a
goal or not. The objective of goal-line technology
(GLT) is not to replace the role of the officials, but
rather to support them in their decision-making. The
GLT must provide a clear indication as to whether
the ball has fully crossed the line, and this
information will serve to assist the referee in making
his final decision. In the wake of controversial calls
made in the Premier League, 2010 World Cup and
the Euro 2012, FIFA (previously against the
technology) tested potential candidates for goal-line
technology. Nine systems were initially tested, but
only two remain.

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Initiation
The question of the inclusion of goal-line technology
began to be raised in 2000 as a result of a penalty
shootout during that year's Africa Cup of Nations
final. Interest was ignited in the United Kingdom
after a game between Manchester United and
Tottenham Hotspur in January 2005. In response to
this, FIFA decided to test a system by Adidas in
which a football with an embedded microchip would
send a signal to the referee if it crossed a sensor
going through the goal. FIFA conducted various
trials, which however, did not materialize and by
2008, it had rejected the system outright, describing
the technology as 'only 95% accurate'. In a recent
poll of 48 captains in the UEFA Europa League,
90% of respondents said that they wanted goal-line
technology introduced. Following several refereeing
errors at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Blatter
announced that FIFA would reopen the goal-line
technology discussion.

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Testing
In July 2011, FIFA sanctioned tests on ten goal-line
technology systems, requiring that the system
notified the referee of the decision within one second
of the incident happening. The message needed to be
relayed via a visual signal and vibration. Tests were
conducted by Empa between September and
December 2011, which was the initial phase of
testing.
On 3 March 2012, IFAB announced that 2 of the 9
proposed systems had proceeded to the second stage
of testing. These were Hawk-Eye and Goalref. In the
second phase of testing, the manufacturer of the
technology will choose a stadium to test its
technology in a number of imagined scenarios.
Testing will also be conducted in professional
training sessions and in laboratories to account for
different climatic conditions and other magnetic
field distortions. Tests on the watch to be worn by
referees would also be undertaken. Tests must also
undergo testing two competitive matches.

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The Goal Line Technology system once installed
must pass a "Final Installation Test (FIT)" before it
can be used in a match situation. The FIT comprises
similar tests to the Second phase of testing that new
systems must undertake but further attempts to
account for the dynamic conditions that each
particular geographical area, stadium design,
humidity, lighting and many other factors will have
on the system. Once a system has been tested and
passed by an accredited Goal Line technology
Laboratory, and registered with FIFA the system, it
can then be used for all official matches.

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IMPLEMENTATION
In December 2012, FIFA announced it would
introduce goal-line technology at the 2012 FIFA
Club World Cup in Japan. Hawk-Eye technology
was employed at Toyota Stadium, while GoalRef
was used at International Stadium Yokohama.
In April 2013, FIFA announced that GoalControl, a
camera-based system, would be used at the 2013
Confederations Cup and, if successful, would be
implemented at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
The first World Cup tournament to use goal-line
technology was the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

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TECHNOLOGIES
Camera-based:
Several approved systems work with cameras that
detect the ball and then use specific software to
evaluate the footage from all the cameras. This way
the system can determine whether or not the ball has
crossed the line entirely. Currently licensed systems
work with seven cameras per goal installed as high
up as possible within the stadium structure.
Magnetic fields:
Several systems operate using magnetic fields. For
these systems, cables are placed underground and
around the goal and the ball has elements of the
technology inside. The interaction between the
receptors in the ball and the magnetic fields created
through the underground cables allow the software
to calculate the exact position of the ball and thus
determine when a goal has been scored.

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BENEFITS & DRAWBACKS
Pros -
 Correct Decisions
 Visual pleasure and confirmation for the
spectators
 Really fast and no need for the play to stop
 Not affected by weather conditions
Cons -
 The installation of six cameras on each side of
the goal will mean the installation costs will be
high.
 Although, the system is capable of simulating
the ball's trajectory within 1 second, it would
actually eat up a lot of time when shown on
replays.
 It may undermine the authority of the referees.
 Human touch will be unheeded.

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 It requires the ball to be at least 25% visible, or
else we have to rely on the referee's judgement
like old times.
 These technologies are not easily duplicable at
all levels of football.

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CONCLUSION
GLT is a technology used to determine when the ball
has completely crossed the goal line with the
assistance of electronic devices and at the same time
assisting the referee in calling a goal or not.
It marks the beginning of the football era assisted
with technology.