Critical Analysis of the UK health system and USA health system.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Global Health Economics
Supervisor: Mr Stuart Telfer
University of the West of Scotland
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: SAAR.
Saarland is a state of Germany located in the west of the country. Covering an area of 2,570 skm and with a population of 995,600 (2015), it is the smallest German state in both area and population apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg. Saarbrücken is the state capital and largest city, while other major cities include Neunkirchen and Saarlouis. Saarland is surrounded by France to the west (apart from a few kilometres of the Moselle river bordering Luxembourg) and south and the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate to the north and east.
WHO - AMR Global Overview and Action Planmarkovingian
Diberikan dan disampaikan pada Seminar "Cegah Resistensi Antibiotik: Demi Selamatkan Manusia", kerjasama Kemenkes, WHO, dan Yayasan Orang Tua Peduli, didukung oleh React, 5 Agustus 2015
History - problems of the german weimar government 1919 1923 (from bbc history)teacher xin
The Weimar Republic faced significant opposition and instability from 1919-1923 due to several factors:
1) Economic hardship and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles led to widespread unrest and uprisings.
2) Violent opposition groups like Freikorps private armies and communist rebels staged numerous uprisings.
3) Right-wing terrorists assassinated over 350 politicians, weakening the government.
4) Events like the Kapp Putsch and hyperinflation crisis of 1923 further undermined the Weimar Republic.
The document discusses Germany's hyperinflation crisis in the early 1920s and the steps taken to end it. In 1923, Gustav Stresemann became Chancellor and ended resistance to the occupation of the Ruhr. That November, the Reichsbank mark was replaced with the stable Rentenmark currency, which removed 12 zeroes from prices and ended the crisis. In 1924, the permanent Reichsmark currency was introduced at the same value as the Rentenmark. While both currencies remained in use until 1948, the hyperinflation crisis undermined faith in democracy and encouraged the rise of extremist political parties in Germany.
The document discusses French-English relations and Canadian identity from the 18th century to the late 20th century. It covers key events like the Quebec Act of 1774, Confederation in 1867, the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, the October Crisis of 1970, language laws like Bill 101 and constitutional negotiations such as Meech Lake and Charlottetown. Tensions arose over language, culture and the goal of independence for Quebec. The document provides historical context for the relationship between French and English Canada.
Sanofi reported €9,674 million in company sales for Q1 2022, an increase of 8.6% at constant exchange rates. The company's CEO noted they made progress in immunology with 13 potential new treatments in development. Specialty Care was Sanofi's largest global business unit by sales in Q1 2022, generating €3,566 million, followed by General Medicines with €3,760 million.
THE ROAD TO WAR 1939 - THE RISE OF THE DICTATORS.
The 1930s are typically remembered by the tremendous economic hardship countries around the world. These hardships became prominent after the stock market crash of 1929 and grew into a worldwide economic depression. During this time, some countries found their citizens engaged in revolutions to change or overthrow their systems of government. A few nations turned to the militaristic control of dictators to bring some semblance of structure. Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union are among those who saw dictators rise to power between World War I and World War II.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: SAAR.
Saarland is a state of Germany located in the west of the country. Covering an area of 2,570 skm and with a population of 995,600 (2015), it is the smallest German state in both area and population apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg. Saarbrücken is the state capital and largest city, while other major cities include Neunkirchen and Saarlouis. Saarland is surrounded by France to the west (apart from a few kilometres of the Moselle river bordering Luxembourg) and south and the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate to the north and east.
WHO - AMR Global Overview and Action Planmarkovingian
Diberikan dan disampaikan pada Seminar "Cegah Resistensi Antibiotik: Demi Selamatkan Manusia", kerjasama Kemenkes, WHO, dan Yayasan Orang Tua Peduli, didukung oleh React, 5 Agustus 2015
History - problems of the german weimar government 1919 1923 (from bbc history)teacher xin
The Weimar Republic faced significant opposition and instability from 1919-1923 due to several factors:
1) Economic hardship and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles led to widespread unrest and uprisings.
2) Violent opposition groups like Freikorps private armies and communist rebels staged numerous uprisings.
3) Right-wing terrorists assassinated over 350 politicians, weakening the government.
4) Events like the Kapp Putsch and hyperinflation crisis of 1923 further undermined the Weimar Republic.
The document discusses Germany's hyperinflation crisis in the early 1920s and the steps taken to end it. In 1923, Gustav Stresemann became Chancellor and ended resistance to the occupation of the Ruhr. That November, the Reichsbank mark was replaced with the stable Rentenmark currency, which removed 12 zeroes from prices and ended the crisis. In 1924, the permanent Reichsmark currency was introduced at the same value as the Rentenmark. While both currencies remained in use until 1948, the hyperinflation crisis undermined faith in democracy and encouraged the rise of extremist political parties in Germany.
The document discusses French-English relations and Canadian identity from the 18th century to the late 20th century. It covers key events like the Quebec Act of 1774, Confederation in 1867, the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, the October Crisis of 1970, language laws like Bill 101 and constitutional negotiations such as Meech Lake and Charlottetown. Tensions arose over language, culture and the goal of independence for Quebec. The document provides historical context for the relationship between French and English Canada.
Sanofi reported €9,674 million in company sales for Q1 2022, an increase of 8.6% at constant exchange rates. The company's CEO noted they made progress in immunology with 13 potential new treatments in development. Specialty Care was Sanofi's largest global business unit by sales in Q1 2022, generating €3,566 million, followed by General Medicines with €3,760 million.
THE ROAD TO WAR 1939 - THE RISE OF THE DICTATORS.
The 1930s are typically remembered by the tremendous economic hardship countries around the world. These hardships became prominent after the stock market crash of 1929 and grew into a worldwide economic depression. During this time, some countries found their citizens engaged in revolutions to change or overthrow their systems of government. A few nations turned to the militaristic control of dictators to bring some semblance of structure. Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union are among those who saw dictators rise to power between World War I and World War II.
IDEAL INSURANCE is one of the largest Insurance Broking house of India providing Risk Management Services to Corporate and Individuals. We provide a Comprehensive Solution to all your Insurance needs. We assure you of our total commitment to our clients’ well being and will ensure the Highest Quality of Service Standards.
We are an specialist in Group Health Management and our technical expertise in the subject can help you
The Ideal Advantage:
1) Lower your Premiums in the long run
2) Manage your claims more effectively
3) Design Suitable covers and customize it regularly to meet employee expectations
4) Tie up With all Insurance Companies in India ensures we will give you the Best Deal and the Best Insurer
5) We will design a Employee Wellness Programme which will ensure better health for your employees resulting into Better Productivity and Lower Claims
We assure you of our total commitment to your organizational well being and will always ensure the Best Risk Management Practices.
You can drop an email at rahul@idealinsurance.in (CEO, Ideal Insurance Brokers Pvt. Ltd.)
Canadian French-English Relations 1914-1970Mr. Finnie
The document summarizes key events in French-English relations in Canada from World War I to the 1970 October Crisis. It describes how French Canadians opposed Canadian involvement in World War I while English Canadians supported it, leading to the 1917 Conscription Crisis. In the 1930s, Maurice Duplessis strengthened Quebec nationalism as premier. The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s modernized Quebec's economy and reduced church influence. This led to the rise of the separatist PQ party under Rene Levesque and terrorist groups like the FLQ. Their actions, including kidnappings in 1970, prompted Trudeau to invoke the War Measures Act.
The hyperinflation crisis in early 1920s Germany severely damaged the country's economy and society. As the Weimar government printed more money to pay debts and rising costs, inflation increased dramatically until the currency became virtually worthless by late 1923. This devastated ordinary Germans as prices rose rapidly, wiping out savings and causing widespread poverty, hunger, and illness. While some profited, most people suffered tremendously. The hyperinflation crisis eroded faith in democracy and led many Germans to support extreme political positions. Historians believe this period undermined German society and paved the way for the later rise of the Nazi party.
General Christiaan De Wet was a highly successful and respected Boer general during the Anglo-Boer War. He repeatedly outmaneuvered and evaded much larger British forces, becoming their most formidable enemy. Through his tactics of mobile warfare and ability to strike unexpectedly, he inflicted numerous defeats on the British and prolonged the war for over two years, despite being outnumbered. Even in defeat, De Wet was seen as a hero among the Boers for his leadership, perseverance, and refusal to surrender against overwhelming odds.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: APPEASEMENT.
Appeasement in an international context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.
Merck is a global research-driven pharmaceutical company founded in Germany in 1668 and established in the US in 1891. It is committed to helping patients access medicines for chronic conditions through programs that provide free medicines and prescription discounts. Merck contributes to relief efforts such as donating medicines after disasters. It develops drugs through processes of discovery, testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval. While the pharmaceutical industry faces risks such as lawsuits and loss of patents, Merck diversifies and innovates its portfolio. It competes with large pharmaceutical companies through strategies like job cuts following its merger with Schering-Plough and developing biotech medications.
Stresemann pursued a policy of fulfilling the terms of the Treaty of Versailles to improve Germany's relations with the Allies and negotiate changes from 1924-1929. This included renegotiating reparations payments, signing treaties like Locarno recognizing borders, joining the League of Nations, and withdrawing Allied troops from Germany. While this strategy reduced reparations and gained concessions, it faced criticism from nationalists for accepting Versailles and did not fully satisfy ordinary Germans.
This document provides an introduction to integrated reproductive health, defining key terms like reproductive health and integrated reproductive health. It outlines the components of IRH, including reproductive health information, safe motherhood, family planning, and adolescent health. It also describes Zambia's integrated reproductive health policy and its commitments. Finally, it discusses 12 principles of IRH, including community participation, quality of care, and informed consent.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
A Comparative Analysis Of The UK And US Health Care Systemsabbiemc
- Published a comparative review of health systems of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and the varying approaches to health systems in the United States
- Developed research question, conducted interviews, utilized PubMed and similar research database systems, performed literature review, and prepared and submitted for publication
Us health care system final presentation.Wendi Lee
Wendi Evans is pursuing a degree in health care administration. This presentation will provide an overview of the history and current state of the US healthcare system, including defining key terms, outlining milestones from 1900 to present, comparing the US system to Canada's, and discussing reforms and stakeholders. The summary will discuss the establishment of organized medicine in the US in the 1900s, the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in the 1960s, the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, and reforms aimed at improving quality and lowering costs.
Obstacles to german unification austria strengthmrmarr
Until 1848, Austria dominated the German Confederation and opposed German unification as it threatened its multi-ethnic empire. Austria was also wary of Prussian dominance over a unified Germany given their religious differences and Prussia's exclusion of Austria from the Zollverein trade agreement. The 1848 revolutions weakened Austria's position and while it initially chaired unification attempts, once order was restored Austria withdrew support to defeat unification, though other states also opposed a fully united Germany for their own interests.
Higher History source questions - comparison questionsmrmarr
Sources A and B agree on Robert the Bruce's ambitions after Bannockburn but disagree on one key point. Both sources agree that Bruce sought to consolidate control over Scotland through parliamentary measures rather than military force. They also agree he convened a parliament at Cambuskenneth Abbey to disinherit landowners who did not pledge allegiance. However, they disagree on whether this marked the end of fighting, with Source A depicting Bruce's goal as reconciliation and peace while Source B says the war was far from over.
AXA Europe- Unlocking value from digital healthLevi Shapiro
Unlocking value from digital health, presentation for mHealth Israel, May 19th, 2021, by Somesh Chandra – Chief Health Officer, European Markets, AXA Group. Health expenditure has outpaced economic growth, raising sustainability concerns. Barriers to access persist, particularly amongst the less well-off. Digital health services expected to grow at 21.8% CAGR from 2020-2030, adoption accelerated due to COVID-19 pandemic. 90% of the world's data has been created in the past 2 years. AXA-Microsoft Partnership – Launch of the Digital Healthcare Platform. AXA’s ambition is to be at the heart of the Health Ecosystem to meet customer demands in this new normal world. This Digital Health Orchestration requires close collaboration with all players (services providers, insurers,
companies, regulators etc.) of the health industry. AXA Italy Case Study – An integrated, outcome based and personalized journey focussed on solving customer’s health problems. Portal is already live! Solution is live & supporting customers to solve
their health needs in Italy & Germany.
The US health system is complex, relying on government, private markets, and charities. It consists of private health insurance, government programs like Medicare and Medicaid, and a public health system. Major components include private physicians and hospitals, as well as health maintenance organizations. The system faces rising costs and led to the 2010 Affordable Care Act which expanded insurance coverage.
The document discusses various aspects of bioterrorism including:
- Categories of biological agents (A, B, C) based on their threat to public health and dissemination potential. Category A agents pose the highest risk.
- Types of biological weapons including anti-personnel, anti-agriculture, and anti-livestock agents. Diseases like anthrax, plague, and smallpox have been weaponized.
- Defensive measures against bioterrorism including surveillance systems, stockpiling vaccines and antibiotics, decontamination technologies, and educating healthcare workers and the public to prevent panic. Ongoing research aims to develop early detection of attacks and identify populations at risk.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War 1 by Woodrow Wilson to preserve peace and settle disputes between member states from 1920 to 1945. It proved ultimately ineffective due to lacking an armed force to impose sanctions, slow decision making, being seen as a club for the victors of World War 1, and members undermining it by following their own agendas. However, in the 1920s the League was able to help return refugees, reduce diseases, stop slave labor and settle disputes between smaller member states.
HBO is an American premium cable television network that produces high-quality original content such as award-winning series and documentaries. It launched in 1972 with a mix of movies and sports, and expanded to 24/7 programming in 1981. Notable original series in the late 1990s included Oz, Sex and the City, and The Sopranos. HBO's business model relies on $1.4 billion in annual subscriber fees, and uses its premium content to build brand awareness and drive merchandise and DVD sales. In 2010, HBO launched its HBO Go streaming service to offer subscribers access to content on multiple platforms. However, Netflix has become a strong competitor, with its U.S. subscriber numbers surpassing H
Health inequalities refer to preventable differences in health status between different population groups. They are caused by a complex mix of social, economic, and environmental factors like income, education, employment, living conditions, and access to healthcare. People in lower socioeconomic positions face higher risks of poor health and earlier death. Reducing health inequalities is important because they are unfair, affect society as a whole, are avoidable through policy changes, and some interventions can reduce inequalities in a cost-effective manner. Several government reports over the decades, including the Black Report, Acheson Report, Wanless Report, and Marmot Report, have investigated health inequalities in the UK and made recommendations to address their social determinants and
Health inequalities presentation (should definitely work)unipal390
The document discusses health inequalities and their causes and effects. It defines health inequalities as preventable differences in health status between different groups in society. Social and economic factors like income, education and employment have a significant influence on individual and group health. Inequalities have many negative effects, including unfairness, higher risks of illness and premature death for disadvantaged groups. Several government reports over the decades, including the Black Report, Acheson Report and Marmot Review, have examined health inequalities in the UK and made recommendations to reduce them. Child poverty is strongly associated with poorer health outcomes for children. Reducing the gap between rich and poor is important for improving population health.
IDEAL INSURANCE is one of the largest Insurance Broking house of India providing Risk Management Services to Corporate and Individuals. We provide a Comprehensive Solution to all your Insurance needs. We assure you of our total commitment to our clients’ well being and will ensure the Highest Quality of Service Standards.
We are an specialist in Group Health Management and our technical expertise in the subject can help you
The Ideal Advantage:
1) Lower your Premiums in the long run
2) Manage your claims more effectively
3) Design Suitable covers and customize it regularly to meet employee expectations
4) Tie up With all Insurance Companies in India ensures we will give you the Best Deal and the Best Insurer
5) We will design a Employee Wellness Programme which will ensure better health for your employees resulting into Better Productivity and Lower Claims
We assure you of our total commitment to your organizational well being and will always ensure the Best Risk Management Practices.
You can drop an email at rahul@idealinsurance.in (CEO, Ideal Insurance Brokers Pvt. Ltd.)
Canadian French-English Relations 1914-1970Mr. Finnie
The document summarizes key events in French-English relations in Canada from World War I to the 1970 October Crisis. It describes how French Canadians opposed Canadian involvement in World War I while English Canadians supported it, leading to the 1917 Conscription Crisis. In the 1930s, Maurice Duplessis strengthened Quebec nationalism as premier. The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s modernized Quebec's economy and reduced church influence. This led to the rise of the separatist PQ party under Rene Levesque and terrorist groups like the FLQ. Their actions, including kidnappings in 1970, prompted Trudeau to invoke the War Measures Act.
The hyperinflation crisis in early 1920s Germany severely damaged the country's economy and society. As the Weimar government printed more money to pay debts and rising costs, inflation increased dramatically until the currency became virtually worthless by late 1923. This devastated ordinary Germans as prices rose rapidly, wiping out savings and causing widespread poverty, hunger, and illness. While some profited, most people suffered tremendously. The hyperinflation crisis eroded faith in democracy and led many Germans to support extreme political positions. Historians believe this period undermined German society and paved the way for the later rise of the Nazi party.
General Christiaan De Wet was a highly successful and respected Boer general during the Anglo-Boer War. He repeatedly outmaneuvered and evaded much larger British forces, becoming their most formidable enemy. Through his tactics of mobile warfare and ability to strike unexpectedly, he inflicted numerous defeats on the British and prolonged the war for over two years, despite being outnumbered. Even in defeat, De Wet was seen as a hero among the Boers for his leadership, perseverance, and refusal to surrender against overwhelming odds.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: APPEASEMENT.
Appeasement in an international context is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict.
Merck is a global research-driven pharmaceutical company founded in Germany in 1668 and established in the US in 1891. It is committed to helping patients access medicines for chronic conditions through programs that provide free medicines and prescription discounts. Merck contributes to relief efforts such as donating medicines after disasters. It develops drugs through processes of discovery, testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval. While the pharmaceutical industry faces risks such as lawsuits and loss of patents, Merck diversifies and innovates its portfolio. It competes with large pharmaceutical companies through strategies like job cuts following its merger with Schering-Plough and developing biotech medications.
Stresemann pursued a policy of fulfilling the terms of the Treaty of Versailles to improve Germany's relations with the Allies and negotiate changes from 1924-1929. This included renegotiating reparations payments, signing treaties like Locarno recognizing borders, joining the League of Nations, and withdrawing Allied troops from Germany. While this strategy reduced reparations and gained concessions, it faced criticism from nationalists for accepting Versailles and did not fully satisfy ordinary Germans.
This document provides an introduction to integrated reproductive health, defining key terms like reproductive health and integrated reproductive health. It outlines the components of IRH, including reproductive health information, safe motherhood, family planning, and adolescent health. It also describes Zambia's integrated reproductive health policy and its commitments. Finally, it discusses 12 principles of IRH, including community participation, quality of care, and informed consent.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
A Comparative Analysis Of The UK And US Health Care Systemsabbiemc
- Published a comparative review of health systems of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and the varying approaches to health systems in the United States
- Developed research question, conducted interviews, utilized PubMed and similar research database systems, performed literature review, and prepared and submitted for publication
Us health care system final presentation.Wendi Lee
Wendi Evans is pursuing a degree in health care administration. This presentation will provide an overview of the history and current state of the US healthcare system, including defining key terms, outlining milestones from 1900 to present, comparing the US system to Canada's, and discussing reforms and stakeholders. The summary will discuss the establishment of organized medicine in the US in the 1900s, the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in the 1960s, the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, and reforms aimed at improving quality and lowering costs.
Obstacles to german unification austria strengthmrmarr
Until 1848, Austria dominated the German Confederation and opposed German unification as it threatened its multi-ethnic empire. Austria was also wary of Prussian dominance over a unified Germany given their religious differences and Prussia's exclusion of Austria from the Zollverein trade agreement. The 1848 revolutions weakened Austria's position and while it initially chaired unification attempts, once order was restored Austria withdrew support to defeat unification, though other states also opposed a fully united Germany for their own interests.
Higher History source questions - comparison questionsmrmarr
Sources A and B agree on Robert the Bruce's ambitions after Bannockburn but disagree on one key point. Both sources agree that Bruce sought to consolidate control over Scotland through parliamentary measures rather than military force. They also agree he convened a parliament at Cambuskenneth Abbey to disinherit landowners who did not pledge allegiance. However, they disagree on whether this marked the end of fighting, with Source A depicting Bruce's goal as reconciliation and peace while Source B says the war was far from over.
AXA Europe- Unlocking value from digital healthLevi Shapiro
Unlocking value from digital health, presentation for mHealth Israel, May 19th, 2021, by Somesh Chandra – Chief Health Officer, European Markets, AXA Group. Health expenditure has outpaced economic growth, raising sustainability concerns. Barriers to access persist, particularly amongst the less well-off. Digital health services expected to grow at 21.8% CAGR from 2020-2030, adoption accelerated due to COVID-19 pandemic. 90% of the world's data has been created in the past 2 years. AXA-Microsoft Partnership – Launch of the Digital Healthcare Platform. AXA’s ambition is to be at the heart of the Health Ecosystem to meet customer demands in this new normal world. This Digital Health Orchestration requires close collaboration with all players (services providers, insurers,
companies, regulators etc.) of the health industry. AXA Italy Case Study – An integrated, outcome based and personalized journey focussed on solving customer’s health problems. Portal is already live! Solution is live & supporting customers to solve
their health needs in Italy & Germany.
The US health system is complex, relying on government, private markets, and charities. It consists of private health insurance, government programs like Medicare and Medicaid, and a public health system. Major components include private physicians and hospitals, as well as health maintenance organizations. The system faces rising costs and led to the 2010 Affordable Care Act which expanded insurance coverage.
The document discusses various aspects of bioterrorism including:
- Categories of biological agents (A, B, C) based on their threat to public health and dissemination potential. Category A agents pose the highest risk.
- Types of biological weapons including anti-personnel, anti-agriculture, and anti-livestock agents. Diseases like anthrax, plague, and smallpox have been weaponized.
- Defensive measures against bioterrorism including surveillance systems, stockpiling vaccines and antibiotics, decontamination technologies, and educating healthcare workers and the public to prevent panic. Ongoing research aims to develop early detection of attacks and identify populations at risk.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War 1 by Woodrow Wilson to preserve peace and settle disputes between member states from 1920 to 1945. It proved ultimately ineffective due to lacking an armed force to impose sanctions, slow decision making, being seen as a club for the victors of World War 1, and members undermining it by following their own agendas. However, in the 1920s the League was able to help return refugees, reduce diseases, stop slave labor and settle disputes between smaller member states.
HBO is an American premium cable television network that produces high-quality original content such as award-winning series and documentaries. It launched in 1972 with a mix of movies and sports, and expanded to 24/7 programming in 1981. Notable original series in the late 1990s included Oz, Sex and the City, and The Sopranos. HBO's business model relies on $1.4 billion in annual subscriber fees, and uses its premium content to build brand awareness and drive merchandise and DVD sales. In 2010, HBO launched its HBO Go streaming service to offer subscribers access to content on multiple platforms. However, Netflix has become a strong competitor, with its U.S. subscriber numbers surpassing H
Health inequalities refer to preventable differences in health status between different population groups. They are caused by a complex mix of social, economic, and environmental factors like income, education, employment, living conditions, and access to healthcare. People in lower socioeconomic positions face higher risks of poor health and earlier death. Reducing health inequalities is important because they are unfair, affect society as a whole, are avoidable through policy changes, and some interventions can reduce inequalities in a cost-effective manner. Several government reports over the decades, including the Black Report, Acheson Report, Wanless Report, and Marmot Report, have investigated health inequalities in the UK and made recommendations to address their social determinants and
Health inequalities presentation (should definitely work)unipal390
The document discusses health inequalities and their causes and effects. It defines health inequalities as preventable differences in health status between different groups in society. Social and economic factors like income, education and employment have a significant influence on individual and group health. Inequalities have many negative effects, including unfairness, higher risks of illness and premature death for disadvantaged groups. Several government reports over the decades, including the Black Report, Acheson Report and Marmot Review, have examined health inequalities in the UK and made recommendations to reduce them. Child poverty is strongly associated with poorer health outcomes for children. Reducing the gap between rich and poor is important for improving population health.
Running Head POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN USPOLITICS A.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN US
POLITICS AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN US. 12
Politics and Healthcare System in US
Student’s Name
Institution
Date
Abstract
It should be noted that the U.S health care delivery system is constantly undergoing transformation through new legislation or improvement and amendments of the existing legislations. Some of the most common areas that are often improved concern the financing sector, insurance sector, delivery sector and quality sector. New laws are often introduced in these sectors with the purpose of ensuring that the resultant health care is of high quality and that it is cheaper and accessible to many. Affordability is another crucial component of health care delivery system. The four basic functional components of the U.S. health care delivery system include financing, insurance, delivery and quality would be discussed.
The paper will explore and analyze the association between the politics and the health care reforms in the United States. The analysis will try to find out the role of politics in the key healthcare reforms such as Medicare, Medicaid, Managed care and even the most current act called Affordable Care Act. The paper will demonstrate that politicians have been using gaps in the healthcare system to campaign for their consideration for being elected as Congress or senetors. It will also demonstrate that some politicians such as Clinton plan to initiate reforms to suit their political interest. The paper will conclude by indicating how the politics and politicians manipulate the health care reform as their campaign strategies of winning voters.
Politics and healthcare system in USA
A closer look at the health care reform in United States reveals that any reform is politically orchestrated. In fact it is as if one of the campaign strategies of most of the politicians is to come up with a reform that can improve cost of care, quality of care and access to care. A closer look at the history of the United States reveals that politics started intervening in health care between 1930s and 1960s (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999). During this time, there was depression, unemployment insurance and hence the government was in pressure to provide cheaper if not free medical care or reimbursement for its cost (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999).
In 1935, the Social Security Act of 1935 was formed to provide for unemployment compensation, old-age pensions and other benefits (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999). It should be noted that the political party in leadership had to be careful on how it handles the issue of health care lest it lose the confidence in people. Before the idea of insurance was introduced, the American Medical Association was strongly opposing it. On the other hand, the politicians and the ruling political government had to force it happen because that was the only option in which politicians could help its citizens and p.
Running Head POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN USPOLITICS AND.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN US
POLITICS AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN US. 5
Politics and Healthcare System in USComment by James A Love: This is a good first outline. Please read the comments I have inserted below, and let me know if you have questions.
Name
School/College
September 11, 2015
Outline
Title: Politics and Healthcare System in US
Thesis: The healthcare delivery system in the US has undergone noticeable gradual improvements from the financing sector, insurance sector, delivery and quality sector even though many politicians politicize the gaps in healthcare for their own benefits with the pretense of initiating reforms to the sector.
I. Introduction
A. Politics started intervening in the healthcare sector between the years 1930 and 1960.Comment by James A Love: Were politics not involved in healthcare prior to the 1930s and 1960s? Be prepared to cite this assertion. What changed in the 1930s?
B. Thesis: The healthcare delivery system in the US has undergone noticeable gradual improvements from the financing sector, insurance sector, delivery and quality sector even though many politicians politicize the gaps in healthcare for their own benefits with the pretense of initiating reforms to the sector.Comment by James A Love: This claim will need citing for support.Comment by James A Love: This claim will need to supported with specific citations.
II. Background Comment by James A Love: The ‘background’ is appropriate here. It is essentially your ‘literature review’. I think you can use either section title, but you should include multiple citations of articles that discuss “politics in healthcare” spanning history.
A. The aim is to discuss the association between politics and healthcare and to try and find out the roles politics has played in reforming the healthcare sector.
III. Formation of acts to offer medical securityComment by James A Love: Section III, IV, and V seem like they should be the major subsections within section II.
A. Formation of social security act of 1935
a. Provide unemployment compensationComment by James A Love:
b. Provide old-age pensions
c. Other benefits
1. Provision of federal funds for hospital construction
B. Kerr-mills act of 1960
a. Federal matching payments
b. Elderly disabled and poor
IV. The election of some prominent leaders in the US
A. Kennedy, 1961
a. Kennedy kept the issue of elderly healthcare needs alive
B. Lyndon Johnson 1963
a. Initiated the Great Society’s War on Poverty Program
b. Medicare
C. Nixon
a. He signed various acts to extend community mental health centers
b. National Health Insurance Partnership Act
1. Family Health Insurance Plan
i. Offers health insurance to low income families
2. National Health Insurance Standards Act
i. Developing Health Maintenance Organizations
D. Jimmy carter
a. Supported national health insurance program
E. Clinton
a. He made changes in health insurance cove.
This document discusses health care reform in the United States. It provides background on universal health care systems originating in Germany and Britain in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It then discusses the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed in 2010 in the US, which aimed to expand health insurance coverage. The document notes criticisms of both the German and US healthcare systems. It argues the German system distributes care fairly through government involvement, unlike the US approach of developing mass assistance programs and stating government should not control them.
The document summarizes the history of healthcare reform efforts in the United States from the early 20th century to the present. It discusses key proposals and legislation over time including those under Theodore Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, and Barack Obama. It also outlines provisions and goals of the 2010 Affordable Care Act related to expanding coverage, improving the healthcare workforce, lowering costs and improving quality, and how the act is funded. Finally, it discusses the development of the patient-centered medical home model as a joint solution to transform primary care delivery.
Health system comparison Ireland and the USA Mark O'Donovan
Content: Health systems review.
Overview: Essay comparing the health systems in Ireland and the United States of America in terms of equity, efficiency and effectiveness.
Please Note
- This essay is purely academic and I will not accept legal responsibility for any information, interpretations or options contained herein.
- Feel free to utilise, critique, print or reference any of this content :)
Politics and Health Reform:Lessons From a Year in Washington, D.C.UWGlobalHealth
This document summarizes the history of health reform efforts in the United States from the late 19th century to 2009. It discusses how a national health insurance system has been proposed since the 1880s but consistently opposed by groups like the AMA and insurance industry. The US now spends over twice as much per capita on healthcare as other OECD countries but has lower life expectancy and more administrative waste. Creating a universal, publicly financed system could reduce costs while improving access and outcomes.
This document provides an overview of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). It discusses the long history of healthcare reform efforts in the United States stretching back over a century. It also outlines the major components and provisions of the PPACA, including the creation of health insurance exchanges, expanded Medicaid eligibility, subsidies for individuals and businesses, and improvements to the quality and performance of the healthcare system. The PPACA builds upon but also differs from healthcare reform proposals put forth by previous administrations such as President Clinton's 1993 plan, which included a more regulatory approach with greater government involvement in the industry.
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Development of Healthcare in the Uk Essay.
Development of Healthcare in the UK
Words Count: 1,087
Outline the public health issues in 1840s and explain why the measures proposed to solve these problems were not popular. Is there anything today which we can learn from this period in developing current public health policies ?
Public health happens to be something that individuals understand naturally, but have difficulty to define specially, as evidenced by different definitions of public health found in writings. The most known definition of Public health by Winslow (1920) describe as Public health is refers to the health of population, prevent disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organised community efforts for the sanitation of...show more content...The report of the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population, published in 1842 was so importance in terms of forcing changes. Chadwick, in his report made a link between poverty, squalor and disease. Chadwick believed that active measures such as cleaning, drainage and ventilation would make people healthier and therefore less dependent on welfare.
Essay about Health Care Reform
Healthcare reform Essay
Health Care Reform Essay
Health Care Reform Essay
Health Care Reform Essay
Essay On Health Care Reform
The On Health Care Reform
Health Care Reform
Healthcare in the United States Essay
Essay Health Care Reform
The rough draft for your course project is now due.Your rough dr.docxssusera34210
The rough draft for your course project is now due.
Your rough draft should include a cover page, the body of the paper, and a reference page. The paper should demonstrate a strong thesis statement about your chosen country and its healthcare system.
The paper should be 8 - 10 pages long. Your research should include at least five research resources. The paper must use in-text citations and references in APA format.
My paper is on England’s Healthcare System and all information needed is below- MUST FOLLOW THE OUTLINE AND USE SOME OF THE REFERENCES FROM THE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Country Selection
I chose to do my research paper on England’s Healthcare System, and compare it to our system of healthcare here in the United States. I have always been obsessed with England, their accents, tea, their architecture, writers, musicians such as Duran Duran, etc.…. So naturally I am interested in their healthcare system.
The only thing I know about England’s healthcare system is that it is free to all citizens, and that it is one of the few countries that has this type of system. There is private health care and a wide variety of alternative and complementary treatments are available for those willing to pay, although the public health system is the main source of healthcare in England. The National Health Service (NHS) which is England’s public service system is in charge of healthcare in the United Kingdom. (Europe-cities, 2016)
Annotated Bibliography
Fox News (2012). The history of the US health care reform effort | Fox News. Retrieved
From http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/06/27/us-health-care-reform-efforts-through-
history.html
The writer tries to give us the US healthcare system over some passed years. There Healthcare system’s timeline ranges from 1912 to 2012 and a series of reforms have been happening year in year out to ensure that the residents get what they deserve. These historical moments are best in explaining the current position they are now in since the nation is committed to giving the best to its residents. For instance in 1942: Roosevelt establishes wage and price controls during World War II, to best equip the healthcare system and ensure that people are attended well at zero cost.
Grumet, G. W. (1989). "Health Care Rationing Through Inconvenience: The Third Party's Secret
Weapon." New England Journal of Medicine, 321:607-11.
The author of this journal states clearly on how the healthcare system is good it is to the residents. Even though residents get good and quality services, their tax submissions should be deducted for the purposes of funding the program. To others it is heavy remit but its benefit is excellent to many of the residents. It has brought a lot of the good than harm and many people are healthy. Their life expectancy is raised than other developed nations like US.
Healthcare in UK (England). (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://europe-cities.com/destinations/uk_england/health/
The writer from this website is catego ...
This document provides a summary and analysis of the UK government's 2008 white paper on reforms to the National Health Service (NHS) in England. It argues that the emphasis on "patient empowerment" in the reforms can be understood as a political technique for governing healthcare and managing costs, rather than just promoting individual autonomy. Drawing on Foucault's work, it views patient empowerment as a means for the state to actively shape healthcare according to market principles, representing a complex negotiation of social and economic policies rather than a shift away from the welfare state. The analysis aims to situate the reforms in a broader historical context and contribute a non-ethical perspective to the legal study of healthcare.
CHAPTER 1History of the U.S. Healthcare SystemLEARNING OBJECTI.docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 1
History of the U.S. Healthcare System
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
■ Describe five milestones of medicine and medical education and their importance to health care.
■ Discuss five milestones of the hospital system and their importance to health care.
■ Identify five milestones of public health and their importance to health care.
■ Describe five milestones of health insurance and their importance to health care.
■ Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
■ Explain the concept of the iron triangle as it applies to health care.
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
■ When the practice of medicine first began, tradesmen such as barbers practiced medicine. They often used the same razor to cut hair as to perform surgery.
■ In 2014, the United States spent 17.5% of the gross domestic product on healthcare spending, which is the highest in the world.
■ As a result of the Affordable Care Act, the number of uninsured is projected to decline to 23 million by 2023.
■ The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services predicts national health expenditures will account for over 19% of the U.S. gross domestic product.
■ The United States is the only major country that does not have universal healthcare coverage.
■ In 2002, the Joint Commission issued hospital standards requiring them to inform their patients if their results were not consistent with typical care results.
▶ Introduction
It is important as a healthcare consumer to understand the history of the U.S. healthcare delivery system, how it operates today, who participates in the system, what legal and ethical issues arise as a result of the system, and what problems continue to plague the healthcare system. We are all consumers of health care. Yet, in many instances, we are ignorant of what we are actually purchasing. If we were going to spend $1,000 on an appliance or a flat-screen television, many of us would research the product to determine if what we are purchasing is the best product for us. This same concept should be applied to purchasing healthcare services.
Increasing healthcare consumer awareness will protect you in both the personal and professional aspects of your life. You may decide to pursue a career in health care either as a provider or as an administrator. You may also decide to manage a business where you will have the responsibility of providing health care to your employees. And last, from a personal standpoint, you should have the knowledge from a consumer point of view so you can make informed decisions about what matters most—your health. The federal government agrees with this philosophy.
As the U.S. population’s life expectancy continues to lengthen—increasing the “graying” of the population—the United States will be confronted with more chronic health issues because, as we age, more chronic health conditions develop. The U.S. healthcare system is one of the most expensive systems in the world. According to 2014 statistics, the ...
1. The document discusses the growth of the American welfare state from FDR's New Deal programs through modern social welfare policies under various presidents.
2. It examines debates around reforms to welfare, Social Security, Medicare, and the school choice movement. Key issues include funding entitlement programs and the appropriate role of government versus private industry.
3. Stakeholders disagree on the best approaches to designing and funding social welfare programs to help those in need while reducing risks and costs.
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 1 Course Learning.docxShiraPrater50
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Assess current public health developments in the community.
2. Analyze key public health concepts and principles.
3. Discuss the different public health disciplines’ impact on population health.
4. Explain the role of government regarding public health practice and policy.
5. Evaluate the impact of social determinants of health on population health.
5.1 Identify ways to reduce medical costs in your community.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
2 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
3 Unit VIII Reflection Paper
4
Unit Lesson
Chapter 26: Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue?
Unit VIII Reflection Paper
5.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 27: Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform
Unit VIII Reflection Paper
Reading Assignment
Chapter 26: Is the Medical Care System a Public Health Issue?
Chapter 27: Why the U.S. Medical System Needs Reform
Unit Lesson
Balancing Public Health and the Medical System
Medicine is a crucial part of public health in that individuals are taken care of as opposed to the community in
general. For example, public health officials could educate the community about immunizations and wellness
exams to avoid chronic diseases, but it is up to the individual to use that education and visit his or her
physician.
Medical care is expensive, and the costs have risen over time in the United States. More money is spent
every year on medical bills than public health preventive measures. There is always the debate of who is
superior in the health sector—medical care or public health measures (Schneider, 2017). The government, in
this situation, makes it a point of duty to set boundaries, discipline unethical behavior, and establish
standards. While public health is important, the government needs to safeguard individuals’ privacy as well as
religious and personal beliefs while healthcare providers are providing good care for their patients without
being biased or providing improper diagnoses.
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
The Healthcare System
PUH 5301, Public Health Concepts 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Certain types of medical care are necessary for the community’s overall health, including the prevention and
treatment of infectious diseases. Public health officials try to contain certain infectious diseases by providing
immunization programs and free medical treatments or testing for those without insurance.
Another way public health officials try to be responsible for medical care is through emergency services. In
the late 1960s, the federal government encouraged communities to provide emergency care through the
assistance of public health officials, particularly in the wake of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 where it was
necessary to get immediate care (Schneider, ...
This presentation provides a history of the US healthcare system from the 1900s to the present. It discusses key events and legislation that shaped the system such as the establishment of organized medicine in the 1900s, the first health insurance program in 1929, Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, and the Affordable Care Act in 2010. The presentation also examines stakeholders, financial, legal, ethical and regulatory aspects of the current system.
Tim Baxter: The Public Health White Paper: the story so farThe King's Fund
Tim Baxter, Head of the Public Health Development Unit, Department of Health, gives an overview of the government's new vision for public health and the responses to the Public Health White Paper consultation.
The importance of public policy as a determinant of health is routinely acknowledged, but there remains a continuing absence of mainstream debate about the ways in which the politics, power and ideology, which underpin public policy influence people's health. This paper explores the possible reasons behind the absence of a politics of health and demonstrates how explicit acknowledgement of the political nature of health will lead to more effective health promotion strategy and policy, and to more realistic and evidence-based public health and health promotion practice
This document discusses various oral diseases and their causes, including:
- Angular stomatitis and cheilosis, which are redness and cracking around the mouth caused by deficiencies in niacin, riboflavin, and iron.
- Glossitis, which is inflammation of the tongue caused by deficiencies in several vitamins including B12 and iron.
- Burton lines on gums and oral pigmentation from conditions like Addison's disease or medications.
- Bleeding gums from vitamin C deficiency, periodontitis, gingivitis, or blood disorders.
- Macroglossia (enlarged tongue) from causes like tongue cancer, acromegaly, or amyloidosis.
Angina pectoris is a condition where symptoms of chest pain or discomfort occur due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. The document discusses the symptoms of angina and precipitating factors like unaccustomed physical exertion. It outlines the New York Heart Association classification system for functional limitations caused by angina. The diagnosis of angina involves tests like electrocardiograms, treadmill tests, bloodwork, echocardiograms, and coronary angiography. Treatment options mentioned include bed rest, oxygen, nitrates, antiplatelet medications, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, statins, antithrombins, and procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery.
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as ischemic heart disease, is caused by a buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the coronary arteries leading to atherosclerosis. The most common symptom is chest pain. Risk factors include physical inactivity, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Diagnosis involves tests like ECG, echocardiogram, stress test, and angiogram. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and cardiac surgery procedures to improve blood flow.
The prevalence of depression in the UK doubled from 1 in 10 (9.7%) before the pandemic to 1 in 5 (19.7%) during the 2020 lockdowns according to National Statistics. Severity of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) increased by 72% for those experiencing lockdowns. The document discusses the negative effects of lockdowns on mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Coauthors: Dr Christa Maria Joel, Dr Hira Zahid, Dr Michael Oludipe, Dr Qudroh, Dr Gilda Philip, Ms Philo Mary Fernandez
Module: Effects of Lifestyle on Health
Supervisors: Ms Jane Tobias and Dr Daniel Boakye
University of the West of Scotland
Coauthors: Dr Christa Maria Joel, Dr Hira Zahid, Dr Michael Oludipe, Dr Qudroh, Dr Gilda Philip, Ms Philo Mary Fernandez
Module: Effects of Lifestyle on Health
Supervisors: Ms Jane Tobias and Dr Daniel Boakye
University of the West of Scotland
The document discusses the relationship between diet and health. It defines a healthy diet and outlines how diet can both aggravate and regulate disease. Poor diet is linked to several health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. The Scottish government aims to restrict marketing of unhealthy foods and increase availability of healthy options to reduce diet-related illnesses in the population.
The document lists various surgical and medical causes that can result in abdominal pain, such as gallstones, ulcers, infections of the urinary tract or reproductive organs, vascular issues like aneurysms, and cancers. It also mentions psychiatric, musculoskeletal, neurological, pulmonary, endocrine, and blood disorders as potential causes. The management section recommends medications like hyoscine and dicyclomine to treat colicky pain, antibiotics for infections, and surgery for trauma or obstructions.
This document outlines the causative factors, pathophysiology, symptoms, and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The causative factors include diet, exercise, obesity, hiatal hernia, pregnancy, and H. pylori infection. The pathophysiology is decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone allowing gastric acid reflux, which over time can lead to Barrett's esophagus if left untreated. Common symptoms are heartburn, chest pain, belching, swallowing difficulty, and sour taste in mouth. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like dietary modifications and weight loss as well as medications like antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors.
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which typically affects people aged 40-50 who smoke. Laboratory tests like sputum exams, ECGs, and echocardiograms can detect microorganisms and check for related cardiac or pulmonary issues. Treatment involves quitting smoking, supplemental oxygen, bronchodilators, corticosteroids during exacerbations, antibiotics for acute issues, and potentially surgery like lung transplants or reduction procedures for severe cases.
The document outlines signs and symptoms, treatment, and laboratory tests for depression. Key signs and symptoms include sadness, guilt, worthlessness, sleep and appetite disturbances, fatigue, suicidal thoughts, and decreased concentration. Treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressant medication, and potentially electroconvulsive therapy for severe cases. Antidepressants require gradual dose reduction due to withdrawal risk. Laboratory tests that may be done include complete blood count, thyroid and vitamin levels, and toxicology screening.
This document discusses the treatment and signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Treatment involves topical corticosteroids for mild to moderate cases and systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressants for severe cases. Signs include severe itching and oozing rash in common areas. Diagnosis involves allergy tests showing dust mite sensitivity and lab findings like eosinophilia and elevated IgE levels.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Master of Public Health Dissertation
Supervisors: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Dr Steven Kelly
University of the West of Scotland
Presentation describing the dissertation undertaken.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: MPH Dissertation
Supervisors: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Dr Steven Kelly
University of the West of Scotland
Co-authors: Dr Christa, Mr Akhil Shaji, Mr Elijah Kwame
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Mr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
This document provides details about an assignment for a module on the application of eHealth in dementia. The assignment requires a 4,000 word essay (up to 4,400 words) that critically examines the use and application of eHealth in an area of practice, such as focusing on a case example involving the management of a chronic condition like diabetes. The submission deadline is May 3, 2022. The document also includes sections for the student to fill out with their word count, originality score, banner ID, and whether an extension was granted. It asks how previous feedback was used and what specific issues the student would like feedback on.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
Feeding plate for a newborn with Cleft Palate.pptxSatvikaPrasad
A feeding plate is a prosthetic device used for newborns with a cleft palate to assist in feeding and improve nutrition intake. From a prosthodontic perspective, this plate acts as a barrier between the oral and nasal cavities, facilitating effective sucking and swallowing by providing a more normal anatomical structure. It helps to prevent milk from entering the nasal passage, thereby reducing the risk of aspiration and enhancing the infant's ability to feed efficiently. The feeding plate also aids in the development of the oral muscles and can contribute to better growth and weight gain. Its custom fabrication and proper fitting by a prosthodontist are crucial for ensuring comfort and functionality, as well as for minimizing potential complications. Early intervention with a feeding plate can significantly improve the quality of life for both the infant and the parents.
Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdfDharma Homoeopathy
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
1. School of Health & Life Sciences - Assessment Title Page
Section 1: To be completed by the Module Co-ordinator prior to issuing to
students
Module Code NURS11124-01
Module Title Global Health Economics & Health Systems
Assessment title Critical analysis of socialised health
system in the United Kingdom and the Free-
market health system in the United
States of America
Assessment wordage allowed 3500
Submission deadline (Date and Time)
The assessment must be submitted
prior to this deadline to avoid penalty
Date: 05/12/20
Time: 23:59
Section 2: To be completed by the student prior to submitting assessment
Your actual Word count 3,475
Originality Score (for final version of
assignments submitted via Turnitin)
16%
Banner ID number
(This is an 8 digit number, preceded by
the letter ‘B’, eg B00123456)
B00495281
Have you been granted a formal
extension?
NO
2. Critical analysis of socialised health system in the United Kingdom and the Free-
market health system in the United States of America
Introduction
This report will critically compare and analyse the two major healthcare systems in the
world: the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA). First, the
background of this report will discuss how both systems were evolved over the years.
Then, the main body of the essay will critically analyse the policy context, resourcing,
funding, performance, and provision within both systems. Finally,
the report will conclude by evaluating the assessments drawn from the analysis.
Background
Health systems are responsible for improving the quality of life of individuals in society
by providing primary healthcare services to restore them to total health. The services
included are prevention and control of infectious and non-communicable diseases and
improving the citizens’ socio-economic and environmental conditions (WHO, 2021).
The founders of the National Health Services (NHS) did not start with a clean slate.
Before the institution of the famous NHS, there were few other systems to provide
medical care to the citizens. One such social assistance system was adopted in the
17th
century, known as the English Poor Law, which laid the foundations for modern
welfare systems. Later it was amended in the 19th
century as The Poor Law Amendment
Act (Guo, 2016). This act segmented the country into smaller administrative units called
unions for providing welfare services. Therefore, the ‘able-bodied’ poor could receive
funds within their union’s workhouse (Durbach, 2013). The development of Poor Laws
in Great Britain (GB) has been a model for relieving the poor and oppressed in western
countries in the modern era (Guo, 2016).
In 1911, Lloyd George’s National Insurance Act was designated as an achievement of
the Liberal administration that held office in GB before World War 1. The act gave birth
3. to the world’s first national compulsory insurance system and provided health
insurance to most families in the country. The National Health Service Act of 1946
would continue this act (Cousins, 2011). However, in 1920, Lord Dawson had
described in “The Civil servant’s forward-looking interim report” about the Future
Provision of medical and Allied services, a structure of the healthcare system that he
had envisioned. According to Dawson, GPs should be accessible, provide domiciliary
services and the necessary treatment, refer cases if it was out of their expertise, and
improve the quality of life of their patients (London Ministry of Health, 1920). In June
1941, when healthcare systems needed a reformation, Sir William Beveridge, a social
worker, wanted to address all the issues in society at once. Thus, the Beveridge report
called the Social Insurance and Allied services came about as a post-war strategy with
a vision to provide universal healthcare in the form of a national tax-based health
system along with full employment, social security, housing and free education (Light,
2003). In addition, he wanted to establish a partnership between the individual and
the state (Ashton, 2018). Therefore, in 1942, the first concept of NHS was proposed in
the Beveridge Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services (Grosios, Gahan,
Burbidge, 2010). On July 5, 1948, the National Health Service (NHS), the legacy of
Aneurin Bevan, was founded after the Second World War. The NHS focuses on
universality, free delivery, equity, and central funding (Delamothe, 2008).
In contrast, in the United States of America, several reforms in healthcare have been
made over the centuries, with only a few successes and more failures. Opposition and
rejection of universal health care by organised medicine were typical for many decades
since 1912 until the implementation of Obamacare in 2010. The earliest healthcare
proposal was the 1854 Bill known as the Benefit of Indigent Insane, but US President
Franklin Pierce vetoed it as he claimed that the government should not commit to social
welfare (Manchikanti et al., 2017). In 1904, the Socialist Party had recommended a
compulsory insurance system. Then Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive Party in 1912,
included the provision of health coverage in his political campaign (Hoffman, 2003). In
1915, the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) proposed a compulsory
health coverage to protect employees against losses of income and treatment costs
4. during ill health, to which the American Medical Association (AMA) initially agreed. This
system was like the existing programs in Germany and England and was implemented
in several states of the nation. Yet the health campaign failed to make its impact by
1920 due to several reasons such as massive opposition from the insurance industry,
World War 1, xenophobia and superpatriotism, and it was termed “Bolshevism”
(Oberlander, 2012). The Committee on the Costs of Medical Care (CCMC) in 1920,
suggested voluntary insurance and group medicine, but this was opposed by the AMA,
which designated this as socialised health system (Hoffman, 2003). In 1933, Franklin D
Roosevelt added publicly funded health insurance to the draft of the provisions to Social
Security Legislation (Manchikanti et al., 2017) which also failed later. However, a
significant change occurred on July 30, 1965, when President Lyndon B Johnson,
following the pioneer of Universal health care, Harry Truman, introduced Medicare and
Medicaid as health coverage for its citizens (Berkowitz, 2008). But the United States
had not seen a significant reduction in the rate of uninsured individuals since the origin
of Medicare and Medicaid despite their successful attempts (Cohen et al., 2009).
Therefore, after almost 45 years of Lyndon Johnson’s initiatives, President Barack
Obama, in 2010, signed The Affordable Care Act or commonly known as Obamacare,
which has been the most critical health care program since Medicare and Medicaid. The
law introduced healthcare reforms that focus on accessibility, quality, and affordability of
healthcare (Obama, 2016).
Main body
Policy context:
The primary purpose of the health systems is to improve the health outcomes in society
(WHO, 2003). Despite both systems being significantly different, the health outcomes in
both systems are not up to the mark (Sarnak et al., 2017). Therefore, both systems are
undergoing rigorous changes over the years to tackle all disparities (Grosios, Gahan,
Burbidge, 2010; Davis, 2008).
The National Health Services (NHS) is known as a “command and control” system. The
health policies and budgets set up by the Department of Health (DoH) and the central
5. government are administered by the NHS (Peckham, 2014). The UK underwent
devolution in 1998, which means that autonomous governments were elected for
Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales (Trench, 2015). The devolved four health
systems in the UK are quite similar and symbolise British political unity. The Scottish
NHS and the English NHS was born at the same time in 1948. In 1969, the Welsh NHS
was derived from the NHS in England, whereas the NHS in Northern Ireland was
merged with a system known as Health and Social Care. And all these systems have
their respective advantages and disadvantages (Greer, 2016). But by 2003, all the four
health systems had different stances on health policy (Greer, 2004). English health
policy concentrated on patients’ choice and customer satisfaction (Stevens, 2004)
compared to the Scottish health policy that focused on partnership, mutuality and issues
like mental health (Greer, Wilson, Donnelly, 2016). Welsh health policy emphasised
waiting times and public health, and Northern Ireland’s health policy was similar (Greer,
2016). But all the four health systems shared common characteristics such as
centralised funding, equity, free access and common service conditions (Peckham,
2015). These devolved health systems have shown organisational improvement and
changes in health outcomes, such as reducing average waiting times, decreasing
amenable mortality by half, substantial progress in mortality and life expectancy and
improved staffing levels (Bevan et al., 2014). In England, the Secretary of state
implemented specific roles in the Health and Social Care Act 2012, including
comprehensive health services and reduction in inequalities (Department of Health,
2013). In Scotland, the Public Bodies (Joint Working) Act 2014 integrates health and
social care services to assure quality services to people who need social support and
individuals suffering from multiple chronic disorders (Care Information Scotland, 2020).
With this legislation, the Scottish government is responsible for £8.5 billion for quality
health services (The Scottish Government, 2020). In Wales, the Social Service and
well-being Act (2014) describes that the citizens have control over what services they
require, and local authorities and health systems join forces to integrate and ensure the
provision of the health services, especially mental health services (Welsh Government,
2019). And in Northern Ireland, there is the Health and Social Care Act (2009) which
focuses on integrated health services and primary care partnerships (Thompson, 2016).
6. Nonetheless, the performance of the four health systems was evaluated by the Nuffield
Trust and found out that the Welsh health system is weaker. At the same time, the
English NHS had an impressive efficiency (Connolly, Mays, Bevan, 2010). Another
study showed that Scotland had the cheapest health care system (Himmelstein et
al., 2014). But recent studies and the current COVID 19 pandemic has exposed the
weakness of this health system. It suggested that social care and mental health care
have been forgotten and proper initiatives have not been taken to tackle it. Despite all
the legislations, there has been health inequalities persisting in the system which the
pandemic has exposed widely (Ham, 2020).
In the USA, one of the top three concerns of the citizens is healthcare services. Various
reforms in healthcare have been undertaken, but all of them share a common
characteristic - the importance of reduction of health care costs (Maddox, Bauchner,
Fontanarosa, 2019). The US has a mixed healthcare system comprising public and
private insurance (Zieff et al., 2020). Public insurance like Medicare was implemented in
1966. It was provided for citizens aged 65 years and above, independent of their
economic and health status. Currently, Medicare has grown to provide citizens below 65
years and suffering from disabilities or diagnosed with chronic or terminal conditions like
end-stage renal disease (CMS.gov, 2020). Presently 85% of the people covered under
Medicare are 65 years and above (CMS.gov, 2021). Eligibility criteria for Medicare
include being a resident of the USA for at least five years (Huffman, Upchurch, 2017).
Medicare consists of 4 parts- inpatient services, outpatient services, social care,
prescription of medications (HHS.gov, 2014). But unfortunately, Medicare does not
cover certain medical services such as dental care, ophthalmological care or eyeglass
prescriptions, hearing aids, long term nursing care, and health expenses during foreign
travel (The CWF, 2017). Medicare has helped Americans obtain access to the
necessary medical services after years of financial and racial discrimination (Fee,
2015). Another public health insurance coverage is Medicaid. Medicaid was initially
implemented to help single-parent families and blind, elderly and disabled individuals
with low income. Currently, this insurance allows women and children of low
socioeconomic status to obtain necessary health services such as prenatal and
7. postnatal care and treatment for childhood diseases. Medicaid covers 6% of the costs
related to childbirth (DeLeire, Lopoo, Simon, 2011). In the past decade, there have been
significant health reforms with the introduction of the Patient Protection and Affordable
Care Act (PPACA) on March 23 2010, which was implemented to move closer to
universal health coverage and make healthcare accessible and equitable to all (Obama,
2016). The act has strengthened the existing health insurance by increasing health
coverage to 20 million US citizens who did not have the minimum insurance to obtain
health facilities. The legislation stressed covering citizens with income less than the
federal poverty line of 133% (Rosenbaum, 2011). Due to this, there are improvements
in healthcare access, health outcomes, and mortality decline among adults (Angier et
al., 2020). But like any other health reform, the PPACA is surrounded by opposition.
The Republicans have considered this act a “job killer” and intrusion on people’s
privacy and the healthcare system (Tofield, 2014). However, even after all these
controversies, the number of people covered under Medicaid via this
act has increased, whereas the number of people under employer-sponsored insurance
has declined (Garfield, Orgera, Damico, 2019).
Resourcing and funding:
Universal health care is defined as ensuring that all individuals have accessibility
to adequate good quality health services without suffering from any financial barriers
(WHO, 2021).
The healthcare system in the United Kingdom has been following this definition of
universal healthcare since the initiation of the National Health Services (NHS) in
1948. With the birth of the NHS, the government became the single organization
responsible for providing necessary medical services to its citizens and sufficient
funding (Majeed, 2003). This system was based on the Beveridge model (Liaropoulos,
Goranitis, 2015). According to the Commonwealth report, the UK spends 10% of its
GDP on healthcare (Schneider et al., 2021). According to OECD, the UK has spent
around $5268 per capita on health services (OECD, 2021). The UK has four unique
8. health systems in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales since the devolution
in 1998. The funding within the devolved countries in the UK is distributed according to
the Barnett formula. According to this formula, devolved governments are given block
grants according to their respective populations (Greer, 2016). But a report by OECD
in 2016 suggested no differences in quality among the four health care systems (OECD,
2016). But in specific areas, improvements were witnessed, such as a reduction in
mortality due to acute myocardial infarction in Scotland due to their quicker ban on
smoking than England (Donnelly, Whittle, 2008).
In contrast, the United States of America has no single health insurance system;
instead, the healthcare services are provided by private insurance companies that are
primarily dependent on the individual’s employment status (Ridic, Gleason, Ridic,
2012). American critics of universal healthcare argue that implementing a single health
system will cause general insufficiency and incur high financial costs (Zieff et al.,
2020). Therefore, the USA has a mixed public-private health insurance system
comprising Medicare, Medicaid, employer dependent private insurance and individual
insurance (Davis, 2007). As a result, the number of uninsured people has gone up to 28
million, according to the American Community Survey data released in 2018 (Berchick,
2018). According to Commonwealth Fund, the USA spends 18% of its GDP on the
healthcare system (Schneider et al., 2021). In 2017, the US spent around $3.5 trillion on
medical services for a population of 325 million. Estimations showed that private health
insurance covered around 197 million citizens, and Medicare covered 57 million
residents (Martin et al., 2019). Medicaid has increased massively with initiation of the
Affordable Care Act, with an increase in the health coverage of citizens from 50 million
to 76 million by 2020 (Goldman, Sommers, 2019). The Affordable Care Act, which had
elements of universal health care introduced under the Barack Obama Administration,
insured around 20 million people. But this system still works poorly for the middle- or
lower-class citizens, according to the Commonwealth Fund President David Blumenthal
(Gulland, 2017). Despite spending such a significant amount on healthcare in the US,
the health outcomes are unsatisfactory compared to other industrialised countries
mainly, the UK (Davies, 2008).
9. Performance and provision:
The United Kingdom healthcare system (UK) is one of the best out of the 11 most
developed nations in the world despite spending a low GDP (10%) on health and was
ranked number four according to the Commonwealth Fund (CWF) 2021. Regarding
access to care, affordability, administrative efficiency, equity, and healthcare outcomes,
the UK ranked fourth while the US ranked 11th (Schneider et al., 2021) Productivity has
increased in the National Health Services more than in any other sector of the economy
of the UK since 2009 (Dixon et al., 2018). The UK health system runs on tax funding
and national insurance contributions (Cylus et al., 2015). The sole priority of the
National Health Services (NHS) is a freely accessible system that provides universal
care for people’s needs which is independent of their employment status (Grosios et
al., 2010). This healthcare system is widely accepted and supported by 90% of the
public in the UK (Wellings, 2017). But like any other healthcare system in the world
that is under pressure, there are certain underwhelming aspects in the UK health
system, such as economic and operational factors (McGuire et al., 2016). Recently due
to global media attention, there have been a lot of issues related to staff inadequacy,
insufficient pay, less patient security, and long waiting lists in the NHS (Dixon et al.,
2013). Due to these limitations, patient satisfaction has reduced over the years and
doctors have complained about issues relating to continuity of patient’s care
(Papanicolas et al., 2019). The waiting list for elective treatment has increased since
2012, and by 2017, 4.1 million people were waiting for treatment (Anandaciva,
Thompson, 2017). But the NHS is determined to tackle and eliminate this issue by
2021-22 by recruiting and training new healthcare workers, increasing the pay,
taking the initiative to improve their careers, avoiding racial discrimination
among staff, and giving a chance to foreign healthcare workers (Beech et
al., 2019). Attendance for preventive medicine services such as cervical cancer
screening is relatively low in the UK. Therefore, various barriers to screening can
be tackled by providing easy accessibility, flexible timings, child support and
psychological counselling (Wilding et al., 2020). Despite all of these disadvantages and
having less control over their treatment and care, the British citizens are still satisfied in
10. paying taxes to allow a universal healthcare system to exist (Bielecki, Nieszporska,
2017).
In contrast, the USA does not have a universal health care policy and is provided by
private insurance companies based on the individual’s employment status. The USA,
an outlier, is at the bottom in ranking for the overall healthcare system performance,
although the country spent the most of its GDP (18%) compared to other OECD
countries. The health system can be rated using the healthcare quality and access
index (HAQ), which measure the mortality due to 32 different diseases. In the US, the
HAQ is 88.7%, while in the UK, it is 90.5, which means that the US has higher
mortality due to the 32 diseases compared to the UK (Kurani, Wager, 2021). The US
outranks better than the UK in only one parameter: the care process. Cost related
access problem is a massive issue in the US and is the highest in the 11 OECD
nations. This means that uninsured citizens do not have a primary care physician
and are often reluctant to seek treatment due to out of pocket costs. Therefore, the US
has higher hospital admissions for chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus and
congestive heart failure and higher caesarean sections than other OECD nations
(Schneider et al., 2021). Citizens in the US also have a higher chance of ending up on
the operating table than residents in the UK. Therefore, there are high rates of post-
operative complications such as pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis
(Kurani, Wager, 2021). Due to bad health outcomes, the utilisation of pharmaceutical
drugs and complementary and alternative medications have also grown over the years
compared to other high-income nations (Rice et al., 2013). Based on the health care
outcomes parameter, nine of the ten measures show that the US has the lowest
performance among the developed nations, which includes having high infant and
maternal mortality rates, low life expectancy at 60 years, and exceedingly high
preventable mortality rate (Schneider et al., 2021). But when it comes to implementing
preventive medicine, the USA ranked higher than the UK. Preventive interventions like
cervical cancer screening were high in the USA. Around 90% of the women population
will undergo screening because the incidence and prevalence were comparatively more
elevated than in the UK (Benard et al., 2014).
11. Conclusion
Both the UK and the US health systems have undergone reforms in the past centuries
to improve access to healthcare and overcome financial obstacles. The UK health
system follows the principles of Universal Health Care and spends less GDP on health.
The devolved health systems have further systematically organised healthcare with
their respective legislations. But the health system has its limitations, such as long
waiting lists and understaffed health systems. However, there are good health
outcomes produced by this integrated health system. Therefore, the health system in
the UK must further concentrate on improving the operational outcomes.
Although the government spends a lot of its GDP on health services, the system in the
USA is not up to the mark. With the implementation of PPACA, there has been a
reduction in the barriers faced by the citizens and more people are getting insured.
However, there has not been much improvement in health outcomes. There is still a
massive inequality faced by its citizens based on race and income. The limitation of the
US health system is that it concentrates more on the monetary benefits than on health
outcomes. Therefore, accessible and affordable healthcare is every human being’s
right, and the US government must strive to make sure that its citizens are getting the
right amount of care as this will improve the public health of the citizens.
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