This document discusses evidence that global cooling, rather than warming, may be imminent based on patterns seen in geological and climate data. It summarizes evidence of abrupt climate shifts in the past unrelated to CO2 levels, including examples from 15,000 years ago and the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age. Correlations are presented between climate fluctuations, ocean temperatures, solar activity, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The author argues computer models have been inaccurate and that global cooling over the next few decades would be more harmful than warming.
This is just a simple effort of laying a background of slides for new presenters. You can download, edit and present the topic. I hope you find it a bit helpful.
Are ‘little ice ages’ and ‘megadroughts’ possible?
Scientists are investigating whether changes in ocean circu- lation may have played a role in causing or amplifying the “Little Ice Age” between 1300 and 1850. This period of abruptly shift- ing climate regimes and more severe winters had profound agri- cultural, economic, and political impacts in Europe and North America and changed the course of history.
Conclusions
Ocean Mixed Layer Temperatures for both models are very similar, showing that the ocean conditions for the LGM and future climate underwent the same conditions at some point, could lead to colder temperatures
With this data alone available, we must infer that there could be a climate change due to melting of ice into the ocean, until there is more data to back up the hypothesis
EdGCM limits the amount of information we can compare
○ Only 100 years of predicted models
○ Not as many parameters available to model
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
This is just a simple effort of laying a background of slides for new presenters. You can download, edit and present the topic. I hope you find it a bit helpful.
Are ‘little ice ages’ and ‘megadroughts’ possible?
Scientists are investigating whether changes in ocean circu- lation may have played a role in causing or amplifying the “Little Ice Age” between 1300 and 1850. This period of abruptly shift- ing climate regimes and more severe winters had profound agri- cultural, economic, and political impacts in Europe and North America and changed the course of history.
Conclusions
Ocean Mixed Layer Temperatures for both models are very similar, showing that the ocean conditions for the LGM and future climate underwent the same conditions at some point, could lead to colder temperatures
With this data alone available, we must infer that there could be a climate change due to melting of ice into the ocean, until there is more data to back up the hypothesis
EdGCM limits the amount of information we can compare
○ Only 100 years of predicted models
○ Not as many parameters available to model
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Futuregeomillie
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
Melting Ice: Context, Causes, and Consequences of Polar AmplificationZachary Labe
Profound changes are ongoing at the ends of our planet. Thawing permafrost buried in ancient soils, melting lake and river ice-cover, thinning sea ice, and dwindling mountain glaciers are just a few indicators of climate change within the Arctic. Further, billions of tons of ice are now lost per year from the Greenland Ice Sheet, leaving our coastlines increasingly vulnerable to sea level rise. ‘Polar amplification’ refers to enhanced climate changes in the high latitudes compared to the rest of the globe in response to an external forcing. In the Arctic, air temperatures are rising at more than twice the rate of the global average. While changes in the Antarctic have been slower than the Arctic, the Antarctic ice sheets store enough freshwater to increase global sea levels by 58 m. Thus, Antarctica is often considered our sleeping giant.
Despite robust evidence of polar amplification in the past and present-day, the largest spread in future climate model projections is found in the Arctic and Antarctic. Moreover, quantifying the positive feedbacks contributing to polar amplification remains quite challenging. These large uncertainties are critical for understanding the impacts of future changes to ocean biogeochemistry and circulation, global sea level rise, and mid-latitude climate extremes and variability. This talk will provide an overview of polar amplification using present-day observational evidence and climate models simulations through the late 21st century. In particular, how do we separate the signal and noise in polar climate change and make evidence-based predictions in a warming world?
Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for BoatingNASBLA
State Climatologist David Zierden presented Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for Boating to the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators on September 9, 2008
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Futuregeomillie
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
Melting Ice: Context, Causes, and Consequences of Polar AmplificationZachary Labe
Profound changes are ongoing at the ends of our planet. Thawing permafrost buried in ancient soils, melting lake and river ice-cover, thinning sea ice, and dwindling mountain glaciers are just a few indicators of climate change within the Arctic. Further, billions of tons of ice are now lost per year from the Greenland Ice Sheet, leaving our coastlines increasingly vulnerable to sea level rise. ‘Polar amplification’ refers to enhanced climate changes in the high latitudes compared to the rest of the globe in response to an external forcing. In the Arctic, air temperatures are rising at more than twice the rate of the global average. While changes in the Antarctic have been slower than the Arctic, the Antarctic ice sheets store enough freshwater to increase global sea levels by 58 m. Thus, Antarctica is often considered our sleeping giant.
Despite robust evidence of polar amplification in the past and present-day, the largest spread in future climate model projections is found in the Arctic and Antarctic. Moreover, quantifying the positive feedbacks contributing to polar amplification remains quite challenging. These large uncertainties are critical for understanding the impacts of future changes to ocean biogeochemistry and circulation, global sea level rise, and mid-latitude climate extremes and variability. This talk will provide an overview of polar amplification using present-day observational evidence and climate models simulations through the late 21st century. In particular, how do we separate the signal and noise in polar climate change and make evidence-based predictions in a warming world?
Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for BoatingNASBLA
State Climatologist David Zierden presented Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for Boating to the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators on September 9, 2008
Every driver dreads the sight of those flashing lights in their rear view mirror, but if you are smart, you can avoid them. Here are some of the best tips for avoiding traffic tickets.
Enjoy Driving In The Rain With These CarsEason Chan
Driving while raining isn’t something most people look forward to. But sometimes it can be inevitable. To make the wet road and blurry windshield less hazardous and easier for those drivers on the road braving the rainy weather, here are some cars that you may find convenient.
Lisa Wade - The New Science of Sex Differencelisawadephd
Is it nature or nurture? Yes! In this lecture I offer a different perspective on the nature/nurture debate, using striking and often amusing evidence for the influences of society on our biology. Ranging across the biological sciences — genetics, hormones, and neuroscience — I discuss the newest research on society-biology interactions, paying special attention to the implications for understanding gender differences and similarities. The article closes with an argument that embracing these developments can enhance rather than harm ongoing efforts to reduce social inequalities of all kinds.
An introduction of events leading the French Revolution of 1789, beginning with a discussion of the Old Regime and ending with the Women's March on Versailles
This presentation briefly describes the term - climate change and what we know and what we don't know. The intention was to understand the ideology of the term, framing of the term and politics behind this.
Disputation On Planning And Global Warming 95 ThesesPaul Suckow
A modern 95 Theses to post on the "church doors" of our society, about spectacular adaptation needed to counter climate change and the planning that adaptation implies.
Here's the link to how Exxon and the rest of the global oil industry learned definitively about the dangers of global warming, from none other than the real-world "Dr. Stangelove" during a symposium at Columbia University in 1959 to celebrate the industry's 100th anniversary (educational free use):
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BziORi5jLFeuMGExM2FjZmEtNDJhNS00NzM4LTgwNDgtYTkyMjJkNmFkZDQz/view?usp=sharing
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...
Global Cooling - Don Easterbrook
1. THE LOOMING
THREAT OF
GLOBAL
COOLING
Geological
Evidence
for Prolonged
Cooling Ahead and
its Impacts
Don J. Easterbrook
Western Washington
University
2. THE PAST IS THE KEY
TO THE FUTURE
Tounderstand present-day climate changes,
we need to know how climate has behaved in
the past.
Inorder to predict where we are heading, we
need to know where we’ve been.
3. Has climate always been constant before
elevated atmospheric CO2?
“Our civilization has never experienced any environmental
shift remotely similar to this. Today’s climate pattern has
existed throughout the entire history of human
civilization.” (Gore, 2006)
“Temperature has spiked within the past few years unlike
any previous temperature spike in history “ (Mote, 2007)
“Current warming is 10 times greater than ever before
seen in the geologic record” (Newsweek, August 13, 2007)
4. Natural global warming much more intense than modern warming has
occurred many times in the geologic past without CO2 change
5. Late Pleistocene abrupt climate changes
~15,000 yrs ago, a sudden (only a few years), intense climatic
warming (~12° C; ~21° F) caused dramatic melting of huge Ice
Age ice sheets.
A few centuries later, temperatures again plummeted (~11°;
~20° F) and glaciers advanced.
~14,000 years ago, global temperatures rose rapidly (~4.5°C;
~8° F) and glaciers receded.
~13,400 years ago, global temperatures plunged (~8°C; ~14° F)
and glaciers advanced.
~13,200 years ago, global temperatures increased rapidly
(~5°C; ~9° F) and glaciers receded
12,700 yrs ago global temperatures plunged sharply (~8°C; ~14°
F) and a 1000 year period of glacial readvance, the Younger
Dryas, began
11,500 yrs ago, global temperatures rose sharply (~12° C; ~21°
F), marking the end of the Younger Dryas cold period
6. Examples of past abrupt global climate changes before
CO2 began to rise in 1945
Sudden warming 15,000 yrs ago at end of the Ice Age
Dansgard-Oerscher events—Rapid warming in decades
13 Dansgaard-Oeschger events occurred between
11,600 and 45,000 years ago
Younger Dryas -- Sudden warming 11,500 years ago
-- 5°C over 30-40 years and ~8°C over 40 years.
Medieval Warm Period 900-1300 AD
Little Ice Age – Sudden cooling 400 years ago
Historic fluctuations
12. 25 yr warm/cool cycles from 18O isotopes in
the Greenland ice core
13. Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age
Both Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age have long
been well documented with strong geologic evidence.
Georef lists 485 papers on the Medieval Warm period and
1413 on the Little Ice Age for a total of 1900 published
papers.
When Mann/Briffa contended neither had happened and
climate had not changed in 1000 years, geologists didn’t
take them seriously and thought either (1) the trees they
used were not climate sensitive, or (2) they had used
inappropriate data.
15. A group of scientists in the UK and US
1. Constructed a climate history that
suppressed the Medieval Warm Period or
the Little Ice Age, a major argument of
CO2 advocates.
2. Doctored climate data to show increase
global warming and suppress global
cooling.
3. Hid or deleted data that didn’t support
their beliefs.
4. Took over journal editorial boards to
suppress opposing views.
5..Suppressed the research of scientists
who didn’t agree with them
6. Reviewed their own publications and
claimed only “peer reviewed” papers were
valid
21. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
The Pacific Ocean has two modes—a warm mode and
a cool mode—and regularly switches back and forth
between them on a 25-30 year cycle.
The PDO has strong correlations with global climate
—when the PDO is warm, climate is warm; when the
PDO is cool, climate is cool.
28. Computer models are the
only basis for claiming
CO2 is causing global
warming. IPCC models
predicted 1ºF warming
from 2000 to 2010.
However, no warming
beyond the 1998 level so
the models have been
proven wrong.
31. Impacts of global cooling
Global cooling is far more harmful to humans than global
warming because:
1. Twice as many people are killed by extreme cold than
by extreme heat.
2. Decrease in global food production—hardest hit will
be third-world countries where millions are now near
starvation levels.
3. Increase in per capita energy demands.
4. Decreased ability to cope with the population
explosion (>50% increase in next 40 years).
32. Conclusions
Numerous, abrupt, short-lived warming and cooling episodes much
more intense than recent warming/cooling occurred during the
late Pleistocene, none of which could have been caused by changes
in atmospheric CO2. .
Climate changes in the geologic record show a regular pattern of
alternate warming and cooling with a 25-30 year period for the
past 500 years.
Strong correlation between solar changes, the PDO, glacier
advance and retreat, and global climate allow us to project a
consistent pattern into the future.
Expect global cooling for the next 2-3 decades that will be far
more damaging than global warming would have been.
33. Dogma is an impediment to the free exercise of thought. It
paralyses the intelligence. Conclusions based upon
preconceived ideas are valueless. It is only the open mind
that really thinks. Patricia Wentworth, 1949
34. “Two things are infinite: the
universe and human stupidity;
and I’m not sure about the
universe.” Albert Einstein.
Editor's Notes
Climate change from oxygen isotopes in the GISP Greenland ice core. Note the size and abruptness of the warming events (in red) between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago. Also note that virtually all of the past 10,000 years has been warmer than present, well before CO 2 began to rise. (Modified from Cuffy and Clow, 1997)
Chronology of multiple glacial advances and retreats. At least nine significant ice sheet oscillations occurred between 11,700 14 C years ago and 10,250 14 C years ago.
Paleo-temperatures derived from oxygen isotope measurements of the GISP2 Greenland ice core. Red peaks are times of warming and blue are times of cooling. The average time period for each climatic oscillation is 27 years. All of these occurred well before significant increase in atmospheric CO 2 .
Sunspots during the Maunder Minimum. Virtually no sunspots from about 1645 to 1700 AD. The Maunder Minimum corresponds to a period of sharp global cooling known as the Little Ice Age.
CORRESPONDENCE OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE AND CLIMATE CHANGE OVER THE PAST 500 YEARS. COOL PERIODS (SHOWN IN BLUE) CORRESPOND TO TIMES OF LOWER SOLAR IRRADIANCE. EACH OF THE COOL PERIODS DURING THE PAST 600 YEARS OCCURRED DURING PERIODS OF LOW SOLAR IRRADIANCE.
Remarkable correlation of the solar magnetic index and the Southern Oscillation Index (a measure of ocean temperature).
Temperature variation during the past century show two periods of warming and two of cooling, all but one before significant rise of atmospheric CO 2 .
Coincidence of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), global temperature, and glacier fluctuations in the North Cascades. Glaciers advanced during the 1880–1915 cool period when the PDO was cool, then when the PDO switched to its warm mode, global temperatures warmed, and glaciers retreated from ~1915–1945. The PDO changed from warm to cool ~1945–1977, global temperatures cooled and glaciers advanced once again. In 1977, the PDO switched from cool to warm mode, global temperatures warmed, and glaciers retreated. In 1999, the PDO changed back to its cool mode and global cooling began.
Typical warm and cool modes of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). When the PDO is in its cool mode, as between 1945 and 1977, global climate cools. When the PDO is in its warm mode, as between 1977 and 1998) global climate warms.
Abrupt switch of the PDO from its warm mode (1997) to cool (1999). Satellite images from 1999 to 2009 show that the cool mode has become entrenched and assures three decades of global cooling.
2009 satellite images of the present cool PDO mode.
Basis for predicting global cooling for the next 25-30 years. The PDO was in its warm mode from 1915 to 1945 and global warming resulted. From 1945 to 1977, the PDO was in its cool mode and global cooling occurred during the time of most rapid increase in atmospheric CO2. In 1977, the PDO abruptly shifted from its cool mode to its warm mode and global warming occurred from 1977 to 1998. In 1999, the PDO shifted from its warm mode to its cool mode and global cooling occurred. Projected patterns of the past four shifts in PDO and resulting global climate change indicates that we can look for 25-30 years of global cooling in the future.
IPCC predicted in 2000 that the Earth would be 1 ° F warmer by 2010, but instead, global cooling has occurred, showing that the climate models are invalid.
Numerous, well defined, short-lived climate fluctuations have occurred long before CO2 began to rise.
CO 2 as the cause of global warming is a dogma, unsupported by any tangible physical evidence and based solely on computer models whose output has not matched actual temperatures over the period from 2000 to 2009.