Poster presentation for the 33rd annual New Phytologist Symposium in Zurich on Mycorrhizal Symbiosis http://www.newphytologist.org/symposiumpages/index/40
L37 gedrag van planten, kan dat wel theo elzengaTycho Malmberg
Plants exhibit complex behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. They actively forage for resources like light, water, and nutrients through phenotypic plasticity rather than movement. Receptor proteins allow plants to sense myriad signals and integrate the information to determine adaptive responses. Competition between plants mimics behaviors seen in social insects as roots forage and compete for soil resources through self/non-self discrimination and communication between individuals. Parasitic plants like dodder exhibit targeted "hunting" behaviors in attaching to hosts through foraging decisions that maximize energy gain.
Marine shorebirds have a 15% higher basal metabolic rate than inland shorebirds due to phenotypic plasticity resulting from environmental stresses of coastal habitats, including tidal restrictions on food, high salinity, and windy conditions. A common-garden experiment could eliminate phenotypic plasticity as a source of variation between marine and inland species' metabolic rates.
This document discusses plant viruses, specifically geminiviruses. It provides background on plant viruses, noting they infect plants but not humans. It then discusses the history and chemical composition of viruses. A key point is geminiviruses are the largest known family of single-stranded DNA viruses. The document describes the structure, replication, and symptoms of geminiviruses, including that they have circular DNA, replicate through a rolling circle mechanism in the host cell nucleus, and can cause stunting, curling and yellowing in infected plants.
Genetic Manipulation and Host Plant ResistanceKarl Obispo
This document discusses several topics related to genetically modified crops. It defines transgenic plants as plants that have genes inserted from other species, and cisgenic plants as having genes from the same or closely related species. It provides examples of genetically engineered corn, rice, soybeans, and sugarcane with improved traits like herbicide and pest resistance. The document also discusses methods of genetic engineering like gene guns, electroporation, microinjection, and CRISPR. It outlines benefits of GM crops like increased yields and farmer profits.
Transcript profiling is used to study gene expression during plant-pathogen interactions. Methods like northern blotting, microarrays, and SAGE analysis are used to analyze changes in host and pathogen transcription during infection. Basal defense responses in the host like accumulation of salicylic acid help resist pathogens. Successful pathogens suppress host defenses through effectors and modulate expression of host genes involved in senescence and cell death. The interaction outcome depends on the interplay between pathogen effectors and host resistance genes.
1. The document discusses B chromosomes, which are extra or supernumerary chromosomes found in some plant species. B chromosomes are not essential and usually have deleterious phenotypic effects when present in high numbers.
2. B chromosomes have been found in over 1,372 flowering plant species. They can affect traits like fertility, vigor, and germination. Higher numbers of B chromosomes are generally more harmful.
3. B chromosomes also influence the behavior of the standard A chromosomes during cell division, affecting traits like chiasma formation and chromosome pairing. They sometimes have an "odd-even effect" where odd numbers have a more detrimental impact than even numbers.
Gene for-gene hypothesis & its validty in the present scenarioDr. Nimit Kumar
This document summarizes a seminar on disease development and resistance. It discusses the disease triangle, types of resistance, components of disease resistance including R and Avr genes, and Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis. Molecular models of direct and indirect R-Avr gene interaction are presented. Examples of characterized R genes in crops like maize, rice, and tobacco are provided. Past work on disease resistance in flax at the university is summarized, as is current molecular characterization work in the department.
Plants have developed several induced biochemical defenses against pathogens. These include:
1. The hypersensitive response, which involves rapid cell death at the infection site to restrict pathogen growth. This is triggered by specific recognition of pathogen virulence factors.
2. The production of reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial metabolites directly kill pathogens. Defense genes are also induced to produce pathogenesis-related proteins.
3. A hypersensitive response ultimately limits pathogen growth to the initial infection site and induces systemic acquired resistance throughout the plant via signaling molecules like salicylic acid, making the plant more resistant to a wide range of pathogens.
L37 gedrag van planten, kan dat wel theo elzengaTycho Malmberg
Plants exhibit complex behaviors in response to environmental stimuli. They actively forage for resources like light, water, and nutrients through phenotypic plasticity rather than movement. Receptor proteins allow plants to sense myriad signals and integrate the information to determine adaptive responses. Competition between plants mimics behaviors seen in social insects as roots forage and compete for soil resources through self/non-self discrimination and communication between individuals. Parasitic plants like dodder exhibit targeted "hunting" behaviors in attaching to hosts through foraging decisions that maximize energy gain.
Marine shorebirds have a 15% higher basal metabolic rate than inland shorebirds due to phenotypic plasticity resulting from environmental stresses of coastal habitats, including tidal restrictions on food, high salinity, and windy conditions. A common-garden experiment could eliminate phenotypic plasticity as a source of variation between marine and inland species' metabolic rates.
This document discusses plant viruses, specifically geminiviruses. It provides background on plant viruses, noting they infect plants but not humans. It then discusses the history and chemical composition of viruses. A key point is geminiviruses are the largest known family of single-stranded DNA viruses. The document describes the structure, replication, and symptoms of geminiviruses, including that they have circular DNA, replicate through a rolling circle mechanism in the host cell nucleus, and can cause stunting, curling and yellowing in infected plants.
Genetic Manipulation and Host Plant ResistanceKarl Obispo
This document discusses several topics related to genetically modified crops. It defines transgenic plants as plants that have genes inserted from other species, and cisgenic plants as having genes from the same or closely related species. It provides examples of genetically engineered corn, rice, soybeans, and sugarcane with improved traits like herbicide and pest resistance. The document also discusses methods of genetic engineering like gene guns, electroporation, microinjection, and CRISPR. It outlines benefits of GM crops like increased yields and farmer profits.
Transcript profiling is used to study gene expression during plant-pathogen interactions. Methods like northern blotting, microarrays, and SAGE analysis are used to analyze changes in host and pathogen transcription during infection. Basal defense responses in the host like accumulation of salicylic acid help resist pathogens. Successful pathogens suppress host defenses through effectors and modulate expression of host genes involved in senescence and cell death. The interaction outcome depends on the interplay between pathogen effectors and host resistance genes.
1. The document discusses B chromosomes, which are extra or supernumerary chromosomes found in some plant species. B chromosomes are not essential and usually have deleterious phenotypic effects when present in high numbers.
2. B chromosomes have been found in over 1,372 flowering plant species. They can affect traits like fertility, vigor, and germination. Higher numbers of B chromosomes are generally more harmful.
3. B chromosomes also influence the behavior of the standard A chromosomes during cell division, affecting traits like chiasma formation and chromosome pairing. They sometimes have an "odd-even effect" where odd numbers have a more detrimental impact than even numbers.
Gene for-gene hypothesis & its validty in the present scenarioDr. Nimit Kumar
This document summarizes a seminar on disease development and resistance. It discusses the disease triangle, types of resistance, components of disease resistance including R and Avr genes, and Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis. Molecular models of direct and indirect R-Avr gene interaction are presented. Examples of characterized R genes in crops like maize, rice, and tobacco are provided. Past work on disease resistance in flax at the university is summarized, as is current molecular characterization work in the department.
Plants have developed several induced biochemical defenses against pathogens. These include:
1. The hypersensitive response, which involves rapid cell death at the infection site to restrict pathogen growth. This is triggered by specific recognition of pathogen virulence factors.
2. The production of reactive oxygen species and antimicrobial metabolites directly kill pathogens. Defense genes are also induced to produce pathogenesis-related proteins.
3. A hypersensitive response ultimately limits pathogen growth to the initial infection site and induces systemic acquired resistance throughout the plant via signaling molecules like salicylic acid, making the plant more resistant to a wide range of pathogens.
Breeding for disease resistance by sajadSajad Nabi
This document discusses breeding rice for resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) by introgressing three BLB resistance genes (Xa21, Xa13, and Xa5) from donor parent SS1113 into recipient parent Samba Mahsuri. Marker-assisted selection was used at each backcross generation to select plants that were heterozygous for the three resistance genes. Selected plants with the highest percentage of Samba Mahsuri genome were backcrossed to generate subsequent generations. By the BC4F1 generation, three BLB resistance genes were introgressed into Samba Mahsuri while retaining its yield and quality characteristics. Lines with single or double resistance genes showed resistance but three-gene
Plant disease resistance occurs through both pre-formed structures and infection-induced immune responses. There are two tiers of the plant immune system - pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) triggered by recognition of pathogen effectors through resistance (R) proteins. Quantitative resistance involving multiple genes provides more durable resistance than major gene resistance. Genetic engineering and breeding can enhance crop disease resistance through introduction of R genes or resistance mechanisms.
This document discusses using pathogen biology and effectors to develop durable disease resistance in plants. It provides examples of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans and rust fungi. Key points discussed include identifying effector proteins from pathogen genomes, using effectoromics to find natural plant resistance genes, and engineering synthetic resistance genes with expanded recognition of effectors to develop more durable resistance against rapidly evolving pathogens.
This document discusses molecular breeding methods for developing plant resistance. It outlines several approaches including using transgenics with antimicrobial molecules like pathogenesis related (PR) proteins from microbes, manipulating disease resistance genes, and using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to develop insect resistance. The molecular approaches described include using coat protein-mediated resistance, movement protein-mediated resistance, and ribozymes to develop virus resistance in transgenic plants. Examples are provided of transgenic crops developed with resistance to various fungal, bacterial, viral, and insect pests.
Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between different species to produce desirable traits. There are two main ways this is done - either by attaching the new genes to a plasmid that is then inserted into bacteria and transferred to the host cell, or by shooting the new genes attached to metal particles directly into the host cell nucleus. Genetically engineered crops can have benefits like reduced pesticide use and improved nutrition, but also pose risks to health, the environment, and crop diversity that require further study.
The document discusses plant disease resistance genes (R-genes) and their importance in crop breeding for disease resistance. It contains the following key points:
1. R-genes encode receptors that recognize pathogen effector proteins and trigger plant immune responses. Most R-genes contain nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat domains.
2. Dozens of R-genes have been cloned from various plants using map-based cloning, transposon tagging, or a new method called MutRenSeq that enriches for R-gene sequences.
3. Introducing R-genes from wild crop relatives into domestic crops can provide natural and sustainable resistance to diseases while avoiding pesticide use and potential environmental damage.
Resistance mechanism In Plants - R GENE SunandaArya
This document summarizes plant disease resistance mechanisms. It discusses R-genes, which confer resistance to pathogens by encoding proteins that recognize pathogen avirulence genes. The main classes of R-genes contain nucleotide binding and leucine rich repeat domains. Resistance occurs through gene-for-gene interactions between plant R-genes and pathogen avirulence genes. Additional resistance mechanisms discussed include the guard hypothesis where R-proteins interact with host proteins guarded from pathogen effectors, and pathogen associated molecular pattern recognition. The document outlines the structure, classes, and mechanisms of action of R-genes in plant pathogen interactions.
The rhino beetle has two horns, one straight on top and one curved backward on the bottom, lays 50 eggs that hatch into larvae which pupate for a few weeks, and lives in rain forests of North and South America in trees and on the ground, eating leaves, rotten wood, sap, and fruit, while being predated by people.
Varu gaitonde genetics of host plant disease resistanceVarsha Gayatonde
This document provides an overview of genetics of host plant disease resistance. It defines key terms and discusses early contributions from scientists like Biffin and Flor. It describes the types of genetic resistance, including qualitative and quantitative, and the mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction involving perception, signaling, and response. Examples of resistance genes and their application in plant breeding through marker-assisted selection and other biotechnological approaches are also summarized.
Fastidious vascular bacteria (FVB), also known as Rickettsia-like bacteria or Rickettsia-like organisms, are small obligate intracellular bacteria that infect the vascular system of plants. They reproduce by binary fission and are often transmitted by insect vectors. Some examples of plant diseases caused by FVB include citrus greening, Pierce's disease of grapevines, and clover club leaf. FVB that infect the xylem, such as Xylella fastidiosa, can cause symptoms like leaf necrosis and stunting. Phloem-limited FVB, like Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus which causes citrus greening, may induce stunting, yellowing,
Plant immunity towards an integrated view of plant pathogen interaction and i...Pavan R
This document discusses plant immunity and pathogen interactions. It provides an overview of the different forms of plant resistance including antipathy, hindrance, and defense. It describes the phases of plant immunity including PAMP-triggered immunity, effector-triggered susceptibility, and effector-triggered immunity. It also discusses various defense responses in plants against pathogens such as stomatal closure, ion fluxes, oxidative burst, role of phytohormones, hypersensitive response, and systemic acquired resistance. Finally, it summarizes some breeding and biotechnological strategies used to induce resistance in plants like manipulating PAMP receptors, gene pyramiding, use of resistance genes and antifungal fusion proteins, and utilization of phytoalexins.
An overview on role of signal transduction in inducing plant innate immunity which includes both systemic acquired resistance as well as induced systemic resistance.
This document discusses tree rings and the cambium. It begins by introducing the vascular cambium, which is a lateral meristem located between the xylem and phloem that produces new xylem and phloem cells. The document then covers the characteristics of the cambium, including that it is self-sustaining, resource-intensive, and flexible in the types of cells it can produce. It explores how cambial growth is affected by temperature, water, and day length. The document also discusses how tree ring formation provides evidence of annual growth and how scientists have validated the annual nature of tree rings.
why study plants ? how to overcome food problem's? PPTMesele Tilahun
This document discusses why studying plants is important to overcome food problems. It outlines three main global food problems: population growth, climate change, and new diseases. It then discusses how understanding plant immune systems and using gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 can help address these problems. CRISPR has been used to develop disease-resistant crops, improve stress tolerance, and modify starch content. A better understanding of plant immune systems involving PRRs, effectors, and NLR receptors could also lead to more robust plant defenses against pathogens.
Includes definition, classification, history, formation, salient features, gene transfer( conjugation, transformation, transduction), antibiotic resistance, nutritional influence, quorum sensing, role in pathogenesis, and controversies.
This document discusses non-host resistance in plants. It begins with an introduction and outline. It then discusses the components of non-host resistance, including preformed defenses, inducible defenses, defense signaling, and broad-spectrum resistance genes. It provides examples of different types of non-host resistance and applications in agriculture. The document also summarizes several studies examining the role of specific genes and signaling molecules in non-host resistance through experiments in model plants like Arabidopsis.
HUBBARD BROOK ECOSYSTEM STUDY, 52nd ANNUAL COOPERATORS' MEETING, Woodstock NH, Wednesday, 8 JULY 2015. Session l: Multiple Element Limitation Study Moderator: Ruth Yanai. Does more P mean less BBD? Beech bark disease in the MELNHE plots
Aaliyah Jason, SUNY-ESF
Exploring the Temperate Leaf Microbiome: From Natural Forests to Controlled E...QIAGEN
The aerial surfaces of plants, the phyllosphere, harbors a diverse community of microorganisms. The increasing awareness of the potential roles of phyllosphere microbial communities calls for a greater understanding of their structure and dynamics in natural and urban ecosystems. To do so, we characterized the community structure and assembly dynamics of leaf bacterial communities in natural temperate forests of Quebec by comparing the relative influence of host species identity, site, and time on phyllosphere bacterial community structure. Second, we tested the value of characterizing a tree’s complete phyllosphere microbial community through a single sample by measuring the intra-individual, inter-individual and interspecific variation in leaf bacterial communities. Third, we quantified the relationships among phyllosphere bacterial diversity, plant species richness, plant functional diversity and identity, and plant community productivity in a biodiversity-ecosystem function experiment with trees. Finally, we compared tree leaf bacterial communities in natural and urban environments, as well as along a gradient of increasing anthropogenic pressures. The work presented here thus offers an original assessment of the dynamics at play in the tree phyllosphere.
Fungal assemblages were studied around isolated Pinus muricata trees of different ages using ingrowth bags buried under the tree canopy. For ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, higher richness was found in bags from the inner canopy of old trees compared to other locations and tree ages. Non-EM fungi showed higher richness and distinct communities in outer canopy bags, especially of old trees. Exploration types did not differ by location. While some spatial partitioning of fungi was observed, root density did not appear to drive patterns. Sampling techniques like ingrowth bags provide insights into soil fungi but may not fully represent EM communities associated with tree roots.
Seminar abstract: I will be talking about two ongoing research projects in my laboratory: (1) evolution of thermal niches in seaweeds, (2) biodiversity of endolithic algae in coral skeletons and its relationship with the environment. Using evolutionary models in an explicit phylogenetic framework, patterns of evolution in environmental traits such as the sea surface temperature (SST) affinities of species can be studied. Based on case studies in the green algae Codium and Halimeda, it is shown that lineages behave differently when it comes to their evolution of SST affinities, and that there is a strong correlation between the evolution of SST affinities and rates of species diversification. For the second part of the talk, I will focus on our recent work on environmental sequencing of coral skeletons. These feature unexpectedly high biodiversity of limestone-boring algae as well as many unknown inhabitants. Our first results indicate that the diversity of algal endoliths may be linked to environmental conditions, but this hypothesis needs further testing.
Breeding for disease resistance by sajadSajad Nabi
This document discusses breeding rice for resistance to bacterial leaf blight (BLB) by introgressing three BLB resistance genes (Xa21, Xa13, and Xa5) from donor parent SS1113 into recipient parent Samba Mahsuri. Marker-assisted selection was used at each backcross generation to select plants that were heterozygous for the three resistance genes. Selected plants with the highest percentage of Samba Mahsuri genome were backcrossed to generate subsequent generations. By the BC4F1 generation, three BLB resistance genes were introgressed into Samba Mahsuri while retaining its yield and quality characteristics. Lines with single or double resistance genes showed resistance but three-gene
Plant disease resistance occurs through both pre-formed structures and infection-induced immune responses. There are two tiers of the plant immune system - pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) triggered by recognition of pathogen effectors through resistance (R) proteins. Quantitative resistance involving multiple genes provides more durable resistance than major gene resistance. Genetic engineering and breeding can enhance crop disease resistance through introduction of R genes or resistance mechanisms.
This document discusses using pathogen biology and effectors to develop durable disease resistance in plants. It provides examples of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans and rust fungi. Key points discussed include identifying effector proteins from pathogen genomes, using effectoromics to find natural plant resistance genes, and engineering synthetic resistance genes with expanded recognition of effectors to develop more durable resistance against rapidly evolving pathogens.
This document discusses molecular breeding methods for developing plant resistance. It outlines several approaches including using transgenics with antimicrobial molecules like pathogenesis related (PR) proteins from microbes, manipulating disease resistance genes, and using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to develop insect resistance. The molecular approaches described include using coat protein-mediated resistance, movement protein-mediated resistance, and ribozymes to develop virus resistance in transgenic plants. Examples are provided of transgenic crops developed with resistance to various fungal, bacterial, viral, and insect pests.
Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between different species to produce desirable traits. There are two main ways this is done - either by attaching the new genes to a plasmid that is then inserted into bacteria and transferred to the host cell, or by shooting the new genes attached to metal particles directly into the host cell nucleus. Genetically engineered crops can have benefits like reduced pesticide use and improved nutrition, but also pose risks to health, the environment, and crop diversity that require further study.
The document discusses plant disease resistance genes (R-genes) and their importance in crop breeding for disease resistance. It contains the following key points:
1. R-genes encode receptors that recognize pathogen effector proteins and trigger plant immune responses. Most R-genes contain nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat domains.
2. Dozens of R-genes have been cloned from various plants using map-based cloning, transposon tagging, or a new method called MutRenSeq that enriches for R-gene sequences.
3. Introducing R-genes from wild crop relatives into domestic crops can provide natural and sustainable resistance to diseases while avoiding pesticide use and potential environmental damage.
Resistance mechanism In Plants - R GENE SunandaArya
This document summarizes plant disease resistance mechanisms. It discusses R-genes, which confer resistance to pathogens by encoding proteins that recognize pathogen avirulence genes. The main classes of R-genes contain nucleotide binding and leucine rich repeat domains. Resistance occurs through gene-for-gene interactions between plant R-genes and pathogen avirulence genes. Additional resistance mechanisms discussed include the guard hypothesis where R-proteins interact with host proteins guarded from pathogen effectors, and pathogen associated molecular pattern recognition. The document outlines the structure, classes, and mechanisms of action of R-genes in plant pathogen interactions.
The rhino beetle has two horns, one straight on top and one curved backward on the bottom, lays 50 eggs that hatch into larvae which pupate for a few weeks, and lives in rain forests of North and South America in trees and on the ground, eating leaves, rotten wood, sap, and fruit, while being predated by people.
Varu gaitonde genetics of host plant disease resistanceVarsha Gayatonde
This document provides an overview of genetics of host plant disease resistance. It defines key terms and discusses early contributions from scientists like Biffin and Flor. It describes the types of genetic resistance, including qualitative and quantitative, and the mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction involving perception, signaling, and response. Examples of resistance genes and their application in plant breeding through marker-assisted selection and other biotechnological approaches are also summarized.
Fastidious vascular bacteria (FVB), also known as Rickettsia-like bacteria or Rickettsia-like organisms, are small obligate intracellular bacteria that infect the vascular system of plants. They reproduce by binary fission and are often transmitted by insect vectors. Some examples of plant diseases caused by FVB include citrus greening, Pierce's disease of grapevines, and clover club leaf. FVB that infect the xylem, such as Xylella fastidiosa, can cause symptoms like leaf necrosis and stunting. Phloem-limited FVB, like Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus which causes citrus greening, may induce stunting, yellowing,
Plant immunity towards an integrated view of plant pathogen interaction and i...Pavan R
This document discusses plant immunity and pathogen interactions. It provides an overview of the different forms of plant resistance including antipathy, hindrance, and defense. It describes the phases of plant immunity including PAMP-triggered immunity, effector-triggered susceptibility, and effector-triggered immunity. It also discusses various defense responses in plants against pathogens such as stomatal closure, ion fluxes, oxidative burst, role of phytohormones, hypersensitive response, and systemic acquired resistance. Finally, it summarizes some breeding and biotechnological strategies used to induce resistance in plants like manipulating PAMP receptors, gene pyramiding, use of resistance genes and antifungal fusion proteins, and utilization of phytoalexins.
An overview on role of signal transduction in inducing plant innate immunity which includes both systemic acquired resistance as well as induced systemic resistance.
This document discusses tree rings and the cambium. It begins by introducing the vascular cambium, which is a lateral meristem located between the xylem and phloem that produces new xylem and phloem cells. The document then covers the characteristics of the cambium, including that it is self-sustaining, resource-intensive, and flexible in the types of cells it can produce. It explores how cambial growth is affected by temperature, water, and day length. The document also discusses how tree ring formation provides evidence of annual growth and how scientists have validated the annual nature of tree rings.
why study plants ? how to overcome food problem's? PPTMesele Tilahun
This document discusses why studying plants is important to overcome food problems. It outlines three main global food problems: population growth, climate change, and new diseases. It then discusses how understanding plant immune systems and using gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 can help address these problems. CRISPR has been used to develop disease-resistant crops, improve stress tolerance, and modify starch content. A better understanding of plant immune systems involving PRRs, effectors, and NLR receptors could also lead to more robust plant defenses against pathogens.
Includes definition, classification, history, formation, salient features, gene transfer( conjugation, transformation, transduction), antibiotic resistance, nutritional influence, quorum sensing, role in pathogenesis, and controversies.
This document discusses non-host resistance in plants. It begins with an introduction and outline. It then discusses the components of non-host resistance, including preformed defenses, inducible defenses, defense signaling, and broad-spectrum resistance genes. It provides examples of different types of non-host resistance and applications in agriculture. The document also summarizes several studies examining the role of specific genes and signaling molecules in non-host resistance through experiments in model plants like Arabidopsis.
HUBBARD BROOK ECOSYSTEM STUDY, 52nd ANNUAL COOPERATORS' MEETING, Woodstock NH, Wednesday, 8 JULY 2015. Session l: Multiple Element Limitation Study Moderator: Ruth Yanai. Does more P mean less BBD? Beech bark disease in the MELNHE plots
Aaliyah Jason, SUNY-ESF
Exploring the Temperate Leaf Microbiome: From Natural Forests to Controlled E...QIAGEN
The aerial surfaces of plants, the phyllosphere, harbors a diverse community of microorganisms. The increasing awareness of the potential roles of phyllosphere microbial communities calls for a greater understanding of their structure and dynamics in natural and urban ecosystems. To do so, we characterized the community structure and assembly dynamics of leaf bacterial communities in natural temperate forests of Quebec by comparing the relative influence of host species identity, site, and time on phyllosphere bacterial community structure. Second, we tested the value of characterizing a tree’s complete phyllosphere microbial community through a single sample by measuring the intra-individual, inter-individual and interspecific variation in leaf bacterial communities. Third, we quantified the relationships among phyllosphere bacterial diversity, plant species richness, plant functional diversity and identity, and plant community productivity in a biodiversity-ecosystem function experiment with trees. Finally, we compared tree leaf bacterial communities in natural and urban environments, as well as along a gradient of increasing anthropogenic pressures. The work presented here thus offers an original assessment of the dynamics at play in the tree phyllosphere.
Fungal assemblages were studied around isolated Pinus muricata trees of different ages using ingrowth bags buried under the tree canopy. For ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi, higher richness was found in bags from the inner canopy of old trees compared to other locations and tree ages. Non-EM fungi showed higher richness and distinct communities in outer canopy bags, especially of old trees. Exploration types did not differ by location. While some spatial partitioning of fungi was observed, root density did not appear to drive patterns. Sampling techniques like ingrowth bags provide insights into soil fungi but may not fully represent EM communities associated with tree roots.
Seminar abstract: I will be talking about two ongoing research projects in my laboratory: (1) evolution of thermal niches in seaweeds, (2) biodiversity of endolithic algae in coral skeletons and its relationship with the environment. Using evolutionary models in an explicit phylogenetic framework, patterns of evolution in environmental traits such as the sea surface temperature (SST) affinities of species can be studied. Based on case studies in the green algae Codium and Halimeda, it is shown that lineages behave differently when it comes to their evolution of SST affinities, and that there is a strong correlation between the evolution of SST affinities and rates of species diversification. For the second part of the talk, I will focus on our recent work on environmental sequencing of coral skeletons. These feature unexpectedly high biodiversity of limestone-boring algae as well as many unknown inhabitants. Our first results indicate that the diversity of algal endoliths may be linked to environmental conditions, but this hypothesis needs further testing.
The document discusses how community structure is shaped by various factors and species interactions. It defines keystone species as those that have a large influence on community structure through their presence or absence. Examples are provided, such as sea otters in kelp forests - by eating sea urchins, otters prevent the urchins from overgrazing the kelp and destroying the kelp forest habitat. The concept of ecological niches is also introduced, with the idea that two species cannot occupy the same niche indefinitely within a community.
"Genomic approaches for dissecting fitness traits in forest tree landscapes"ExternalEvents
"Genomic approaches for dissecting fitness traits in forest
tree landscapes" presentation by Ciro De Pace, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
Exploring the microbial diversity associated with coral reef environments.Zeenat Tinwala
This document explores the microbial diversity associated with coral reef environments. It begins by describing coral reefs as some of the most biologically diverse ecosystems, home not only to corals but also fish, seabirds, and other organisms. It then discusses several specific coral reef locations, including the Great Barrier Reef and Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. The document outlines the high biodiversity of coral reefs and their mutually beneficial relationship with microscopic organisms. It explores the microbial diversity of coral reefs and some of the roles microorganisms play, as well as methods used to study microbial communities. Finally, it examines several case studies of microbial diversity at specific coral reef locations and outlines future directions for research.
This document summarizes a study on snake communities within the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge in Kansas. 13 snake species were found across four study sites over two years. The number of individuals of each species varied between sites and years. Vegetation structure, including grass and forb coverage, differed significantly between sites and years and influenced snake assemblages. Snakes preferred habitats with more plant cover and diversity. Management should focus on expanding and linking suitable habitat patches to support diverse snake communities.
Trends in Macrophyte Diversity in Anthropogenic Perturbed Lentic Ecosystems w...Premier Publishers
Aquatic macrophytes hold several niches within the ecosystem, including inter alia water purification, carbon sequestration and serve as microhabitats for aquatic insects. These dynamic roles make macrophytes good indicators of current environmental conditions. Hence assessing their abundance in line with wetland ecosystem dynamics and function is essential. Frequency of occurrence and density values were estimated, using twenty (20) 2 m x 2 m quadrats for each macrophyte encountered. The results of the study revealed twenty-one (21) macrophytes belonging to 16 families. These ponds varied markedly in terms of species composition and in numerical strength such that Polygonum lanigerum (1143+175st/ha), Setaria verticillata (337.5+ 32.8st/ha), Azolla pinnata (337.7+ 16.4 st/ha) recorded high density values while Lagenaria breviflora (18.7±2.19), Sida acuta (18.75±5.30), Ludwigia erecta (18.7±0.15) and Milletia aboensis (18.7±0.03) were the least abundant species. Pond A and D with 11 taxa each had the higher Shannon-Wiener (2.192, 2.214) and Simpson (0.8699, 0.8787) diversity indices respectively when compared to the other ponds. On the contrary, pond C with four taxa had the least Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices (1.253, 0.6782) respectively. Equitability and evenness ranged between 0.914 - 0. 952 and 0.814 - 0.900 respectively. Bray and Curtis cluster analysis showed that pond B was the most dissimilar compared to other ponds in terms of the taxa composition.
The document discusses how the environment influences embryonic development in various organisms. It provides examples of phenotypic plasticity, environmental sex determination, and how embryos adapt to their environments. Specifically, it describes how the sex of worms and alligators is determined by environmental factors like temperature rather than chromosomes. It also explains how factors like UV radiation, temperature, and day length can influence traits like coloration in butterfly and moth larvae. Finally, it discusses how UV radiation in particular can impact hatching success rates in amphibian eggs.
This document summarizes research examining cryptic species of Lepidoptera using DNA barcoding and next-generation sequencing. Three case studies are presented: 1) Three cryptic species were found within Mimoides clusoculis and Eumorpha satellitia using alternative loci and Wolbachia screening. 2) Urbanus belli was split into three cryptic species with Wolbachia infections correlating with geography. 3) Eacles imperialis showed two cryptic lineages with a contact zone and evidence of interbreeding from nuclear markers. The research demonstrates the utility of DNA barcoding and next-generation sequencing to detect cryptic diversity within morphologically similar species.
This study analyzed the composition and residency patterns of carrion fauna in forests of Central Europe. Seasonal differences were seen in carrion taxa composition, related to seasonality and decomposition rates. Residency of adult carrion insects was broken into periods, while larval residency was unbroken. Two patterns of breaks in adult presence were observed. Appearance times of most taxa strongly correlated with the onset of bloating, the key decomposition process influenced by ambient temperature. The results have implications for using carrion insect evidence to estimate post-mortem interval, determine carcass movement, and season of death.
This research abstract proposes comparing the micro-communities of arthropods inhabiting riparian and chaparral ecosystems in Mill Creek Canyon in the San Bernardino National Forest. The study would evaluate the frequencies of arthropod species' occurrences, compositions, and richness between the two habitats. Arthropods would be collected using pit-traps, classified morphologically, and their frequencies analyzed using statistical tests. The diversity and change in species composition between the communities would also be compared using an index that measures beta diversity. As plant communities define terrestrial environments and arthropods are important for ecosystem stability and nutrient cycling, preserving both is important for different biomes.
This study aimed to determine if grass phytolith shapes and abundances can distinguish between grass taxa. Researchers:
1. Collected and prepared phytolith slides from 14 grass species at the UW herbarium, focusing on bilobate phytoliths.
2. Counted phytolith morphotypes for each species and found bilobates more common in subfamily Arundinoideae than Chloridoideae.
3. Used geometric morphometrics of bilobate phytolith shapes, finding it separated species and clades in morphospace. Preliminary results suggest phytolith traits can distinguish grass taxa and provide past climate information.
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Glassman new phyt2014_poster_draft5
1. A continental view of ectomycorrhizal fungal
spore banks: A quiescent functional guild with a
strong biogeographic pattern!
Sydney I. Glassman1, Kabir G. Peay2, Jennifer M. Talbot2, Dylan P. Smith2, John W.
Taylor1, Rytas Vilgalys3, Thomas D. Bruns1
1University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 2 Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 3Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
What
is
a
Spore
Bank?
Seed
bank:
seeds
of
plants
that
persist
in
soil
for
long
periods
of
0me
and
colonize
a4er
a
disturbance.
Ectomycorrhizal
spore
bank:
EMF
spores
and
sclero0a
persist
in
soil
for
long
periods
of
0me
and
germinate
in
presence
of
plant
roots.
How
do
you
sample
a
spore
bank?
Sieve
and
air
dry
soil
to
negligible
soil
moisture
so
all
ac0ve
mycelium
dies
and
only
spores
and
sclero0a
are
le4.
Plant
a
pine
seedling
as
a
bioassay
for
the
responsive
spore
bank.
Collect
root
0ps
under
dissec0ng
microscope
and
extract
their
DNA.
We
then
sequenced
the
ITS
region
with
454
pyrosequencing.
Acknowledgements
The
Bruns,
Taylor,
Peay,
and
Vilgalys
labs,
Angela
DiRocco,
Judy
Chung,
Lisa
Rosenthal,
Michael
Ernandes,
Leslie
Forero,
Greg
Bonito,
MaS
Smith,
and
all
of
the
wonderful
labs
who
hosted
us
during
our
sampling
trips.
1.
What
paSerns
will
emerge
from
a
con0nental
survey
of
EMF
spore
banks?
Will
EMF
spore
banks
be
dispersal
limited
and
thus
structured
by
their
biogeography?
Yes,
EMF
spore
banks
are
geographically
pa6erned.
Figure
1
(A)
Each
circle
represents
the
fungal
community
(beta
diversity
metric
=
binary
sorensen
dice)
at
a
single
plot
and
plots
are
colored
by
loca0on
within
a
state.
Ellipses
represent
SD
of
point
scores
based
on
loca0on
of
a
plot
within
a
bioregion.
(B)
Fungi
within
plots
are
more
similar
to
each
other
than
expected
by
chance
(mantel
r
=
0.1;
p
<0.001),
and
distance
decay
occurs
between
300m
and
1
km.
Samples
over
1
km
–
6000
km
apart
are
more
dissimilar
than
expected
by
chance.
The
future:
We
currently
are
harves=ng
bioassays
growing
in
soils
from
49
more
plots:
15
in
Alberta,
Ontario,
Bri=sh
Columbia
in
Canada
and
34
in
the
USA
(Connec=cut,
Michigan,
Montana,
Oregon,
Texas,
Virginia,
Wyoming).
3.
Are
there
only
a
few
fungal
genera
capable
of
forming
resistant
spore
banks?
Yes,
a
few
genera
dominate
EMF
spore
banks.
Some
genera
reflect
previous
knowledge
(Rhizopogon,
Wilcoxina,
Cenococcum,
Tomentella)
but
some
(Laccaria,
Suillus,
Tuber)
were
not
known
to
be
major
players
in
spore
banks.
AK
MN
NC#
MS#
FLCA
PR YO
PR
=
Point
Reyes
Na0onal
Seashore;
YO
=
Yosemite
Na0onal
Park
;
CA
=
Stanislaus
Na0onal
Forest;
AK
=
Alaska;
MN
=
Minnesota;
MS
=
Mississippi;
NC
=
North
Carolina;
FL
=
Florida
Sampled
from
19
plots
x
13
samples
per
plot
(+
aerial
control)
x
2
tree
hosts
(common
and
na0ve)
x
3-‐5
reps
per
tree
=
1,806
seedlings
●
●
●●
●●
●
Pb Pc Pg Pm Pmo Pp Pt
024681012
EMFrichness
ac
a
a
bc
ab
b
b
Figure
2
In
all
cases,
the
common
host
Pm
recovered
≥
EMF
OTUs
than
the
na0ve
tree
host.
There
is
no
significant
main
effect
of
tree
host
on
alpha
diversity,
but
there
is
a
significant
tree
by
host
interac0on
due
to
differences
in
EMF
richness
across
the
con0nent.
For
beta
diversity,
with
the
excep0on
of
Pb
in
Minnesota,
Pm
did
not
recover
significantly
different
EMF
communi0es
than
na0ve
host
plant.
Pb
=
Pinus
banksiana;
Pc
=
Pinus
contorta;
Pg
=
Picea
glauca;
Pm=
Pinus
muricata;
Pmo=
Pinus
mon=cola;
Pp
=
Pinus
ponderosa;
Pt
=
Pinus
taeda.
2.
Does
bioassay
plant
host
affect
diversity
of
EMF
taxa?
No.
In
general,
Pinus
muricata,
is
an
effec=ve
bioassay
host
and
recovered
similar
EMF
communi=es
as
na=ve
hosts.
Where
did
we
sample?
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
−0.5 0.0 0.5
−0.6−0.4−0.20.00.20.40.6
PC1
PC2
Boreal
Southeastern
Western
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Adonis R2
= 0.5
p = 0.001
●
●
●
●
●
●
AK
CA
FL
MN
MS
NC
A
−0.020.000.020.040.06
Distance (km)
MantelCorrelation
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 50 1000 5000
B
Distance
(Km)
Mantel
correla0on
1"
Rhizopogon)
arctostaphyli,"""
R.)rubescens)gr.,""
R.)salebrosus)
CA
Most Frequent EMF Spore Bank Taxa Across the N. America
Wilcoxina))
mikolae,))
Rhizopogon)
fuscorubens,))
R.)rubescens)gr.,)
YO
Sphaerosporella""
sp,"Wilcoxina)sp,""
Piloderma"sp"
AK
Laccaria"sp,""
Suillus)brevipes,"
Rhizopogon)rubescens)gr."
MN
Rhizopogon)
occidentalis,"""
R.)salebrosus,""
R.)fuscorubens)
PR
Rhizopogon)
rubescens)gr.,"
Cenococcum)sp,""
R.)fuscorubens))
MS
Rhizopogon)
rubescens)gr.,""
Tuber"sp1,""
Tuber)sp2"
NC
Rhizopogon)
fuscorubescens,""
Cenococcum)sp,"
Thelephora"sp"
FL
Common
host
4.
Will
EMF
taxa
in
spore
banks
will
be
rare
or
absent
from
fresh
soil
EMF
communi0es
from
the
exact
same
sampling
loca0on?
Yes,
there
was
minimal
overlap
between
soil
and
spore
bank
EMF.
AK CA FL
MN MS NC
Soil%v%Spore%Bank%EMF%Venn%Diagrams%
Soil
Spore
bank
Figure
4
In
all
loca0ons,
over
half
the
EMF
OTUs
recovered
from
the
spore
bank
are
never
recovered
from
the
fresh
soil.
Furthermore,
there
is
liSle
community
overlap
between
EMF
sequenced
from
fresh
soils
versus
those
in
spore
banks,
indica0ng
that
similar
to
plants,
those
EMF
that
will
dominate
post
disturbance
will
unlikely
be
the
same
as
the
major
players
in
older
forests.