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1. Introduction and Physiological anatomy of
Gastro Intestinal tract
Every cell of living system needs energy
Unicellular organisms:
Exists in the sea of nutrients
Can satisfy their nutritional need just by
Proteins present at the cell membrane
2. Multi cellular organisms
In multi cellular organisms, a groups of
cells converted to a tissue , to perform
specific function
A number of systems are evolved in
vertebrates including humans
To provide nutrients to all the systems
The Gastro intestinal tract is accounted
for extraction of nutrients from the food
3. The Food
The most of the food we eat are
macromolecules , it can not cross the
cell membrane easily
so it must be converted to monomers
Gastrointestinal tract is to make the
food in absorbable form by help of
chewing and mixing with various
enzymes in mouth to small intestine
9. Salivary functions and its regulation
Saliva is the mixed glandular secretion
which constantly bathes the teeth and the
oral mucosa
First secretion encounter the food
It is vital for oral health
It is constituted by the secretions of the
three paired major salivary glands;
Parotid, sub mandibular and sublingual
It also contains the secretions of the minor
salivary glands
11. Parotid gland
Parotid Is large accounts for 50% sec.
of saliva (when stimulated)
Situated in front of ear behind the
ramus of mandible
Gland drain in to oral cavity opposite
to second molar tooth
Secretions are basically serous
13. Submandibular and sub lingual gland
The submandibular gland is variable in
size being about half the size of the parotid
lies above the mylohyoid in the floor of the
mouth.
It opens into the floor of the mouth
underneath the anterior part of the tongue
The sublingual is the smallest of the
paired major salivary glands,
It is situated in the floor of the mouth
beneath the sublingual folds of mucous
membrane.
15. Composition of saliva
Water 99.55% solid 0.45%
pH 7.04
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3- and phosphate
Organic substances includes
IgA, Lysozymes, albumin, glucose, lactate,
urea and ammonia etc.
Normal salivary flow rates are 0.3-0.4
ml/min when unstimulated and 1-1.5
litre/day when stimulated
Approximately 0.5 – 0.6 litres of saliva is
secreted perday
16. Functions of saliva
Initiate the digestion of starch
Protects oral cavity (IgA and lysozymes)
Provide lubrication for food to make bolus
Facilitate the taste
When salivary flow is reduced, dryness of
the mouth occurs and information from
osmoreceptors are translated to increase
the water intake
Helps in speaking, swallowing, chewing
Buffer the gastric secretions reflux in to the
oesophagus
17.
18. Control of salivary secretion
Basically controlled by parasympathetic, sympathetic stimulation
causes proteinaceous secretion without affecting the volume
19. Xerostomia (salivary flow< 0.2 ml/min)
The presence of saliva is vital to the maintenance
of healthy hard (teeth) and soft (mucosa) oral
tissues.
Severe reduction of salivary output results in a
rapid deterioration in oral health
Patients suffering from dry mouth can experience
difficulty with eating, swallowing, speech, the
wearing of dentures, trauma to and ulceration of
the oral mucosa, taste alteration, poor oral hygiene,
a burning sensation of the mucosa,
oral infections including Candida and rapidly
progressing dental caries
After radio therapy, old age and multidrug therapy