THIS PRESENTATION INCLUDES DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM..i,e TEETH, TONGUE, SALIVARY GLANDS, PANCREAS, LIVER AND GALL BLADDER

1. Accessory Organs Of Digestive
System
By:
K.C.L. Venkat
I/VI Pharm.D
NIRMALA COLLEGE
OF PHARMACY

2. AN OVERVIEW OF DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ACCESSORY
ORGANS
PANCREAS
LIVER AND
GALL BLADDER
GIT
TEETH
SALIVARY
GLANDS
MOUTH TO ANUS
TOUNGE

3. Functions of digestive system
• Break down of food into simple substances
• Indirectly affects ATP production
• Body functions/ cell growth etc.

4. Steps involved in digestion
• Step 1:
food is
ingested
Mixed with
saliva
Cutting and
grinding with
help of tongue
and teeth
• Step 2:
deglutition
Food passes
through
esophagus
and enters
stomach
Digestion in
stomach
Accessory organs
involved:
Teeth and Salivary
glands
Digestion in
small
intestine
Digestion in
large intestine
Defecation
•Step 3:
Accessory organs
involved :
Pancreas Liver and Gall
Bladder

5. What does these salivary glands do?
• Saliva is produced from salivary glands.
 Different types of salivary glands:
• Labial glands
• Palatal glands contributes a little in saliva production
• Buccal glands
• Lingual glands
• Parotid glands
• Submandibular glands major salivary glands
• Sublingual glands
• secretes about 1000-1500 ml/day

6. Where does these salivary glands present?

7. •Labial glands ------- present in lips
•Palatal glands ------- present in palate
•Buccal glands ------- present in cheeks
•Lingual glands ------ present in tongue
•Parotid glands ------ present anterior and inferior to ears
•Submandibular ------ present at mandible
glands
•Sublingual ------- present below tongue
glands

8. Functions
• Lubricates food material
• Breakdown of Starch
• Decreases acidity of foods
• Excretes waste material
• Anti-microbial activity
Composition
• mucus and water
• salivary amylase
• phosphate and
carbonate buffers
• urea and uric acid
• lysosomes and
immunoglobulin's
Dehydration
Decreased saliva
production
Dryness of
mouth
Sensation of thirst
Note: saliva also helps in sensation of thirst

9. Tongue
•Accessory digestive organ made up of skeletal muscle and covered with
mucous membrane.
•Tongue is divided into two lateral symmetrical halves by medial
septum.
•Tongue consists of two types of muscles:
Swallowing of food
Holds tongue in
position
Helps in side by
side and in and out
movements of
tongue
Helps in formation
of bolus
Extrinsic
muscles
Regulates size
and shape of
tongue
Helps in
swallowing &
speech
Intrinsic
muscles

10. • Note: lingual frenulumn - a mucous membrane
holds tongue to floor of mouth and limits the
posterior movements of tongue and helps in speech.
• Upper (dorsal) surface has papillae that consists of
taste buds.
• Lingual glands secretes Mucus and lingual lipase.
digests about 30% of triglycerides

11. Medial septum
Tongue

12. Teeth
• Teeth are accessory digestive organs located in
sockets of alveolar processes of Mandible and
Maxillae.
• The alveolar processes are covered by gums.
• The tooth has three major external regions:
• Crown – visible portion above gums
• Neck – constricted junction of crown and root
• Root – embedded portion in alveolar sockets

13. (95%calcium)
(70%calcium) Parts to be discussed:
1. Enamel
2. Dentin
3. Periodontal
membrane
4. Cementum
5. Gums
6. Pulp cavity
7. Apical foramen

14. • Humans have two dentitions (sets of teeth):
Human dentition
Deciduous teeth(20) Permanent teeth(32)
I C PM M
2 1 0 2
DENTITION FOR EACH HALF OF
BOTH JAWS OF MILK TEETH
I:
2
C:
1
PM:
2
M:
3
DENTITON
FOR EACH
HALF OF
BOTH JAWS
OF
PERMENAN
TEETH

15. PANCREAS
• The pancreas Is a retroperitoneal gland.
• It is about 12-15cm long and 2.5cm thick and lies
posterior to greater curvature of the stomach.
• Pancreas consists of three parts :
• Head – expanded portion near curve of Duodenum
• Body – central part
• Tail – tapering part

16. Histology of Pancreas
Pancreas
Exocrine
portion
Endocrine
portion
Acinar cells(99%)
Islets of langherhans
(1%)

17. Functions
• Digestion of starch
• Digestion of proteins
• Digestion of fats
• Digestion of nucleic
acids
composition
• Pancreatic amylase
• Chymotrypsin,
Carboxypeptidase,
Trypsin, Elastase
• Pancreatic lipase
• Ribonuclease,
Deoxyribonuclease

18. Fate of pancreatic juice
• Pancreatic juice is secreted by exocrine cells into
small ducts that unite to form two large ducts i.e.
pancreatic duct and accessory duct.
• The pancreatic duct joins common bile duct from
liver and gall bladder and enters Duodenum as a
common duct called Hepato-pancreatic duct.
• It is guarded by sphincter of Oddi (ampulla of
vater).
• About 1200 – 1500 ml of pancreatic juice is secreted
per day.

19. Hepato-pancreatic Duct And Ampulla Of Vater

20. LIVER AND GALL BLADDER
• The liver is the heaviest gland of the body,
weighing about 1.4kg in an adult.
• Position: liver is inferior to diaphragm and
occupies most of the Right hypochondriac and
part of epigastric regions of abdominoopelvic
cavity.

21. • The gall bladder is pear shaped sac located in a
depression of the posterior surface of the liver.
Note: Liver is divided into two lobes i.e. a larger right lobe and smaller
left lobe by Falciform ligament.

22. Histology of Liver
Parts to be
discussed:
•Hepatocytes
•Bile canaliculi
•Hepatic
sinusoids
•Kuffer cells
•Portal triad

23. Functions of Liver and Gall Bladder
• Emulsification of fats
• Excretion of bilirubin
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Protein metabolism
• Phagocytosis
• Activation of vitamin D
• Processing of drugs and hormones