2. Refers to a group of ocular conditions
characterized by optic nerve damage.
A condition of elevated IOP .
The optic nerve damage is related to the IOP
caused by congestion of aqueous humor in the
eye.
3. Is the 2nd leading cause of blindness in adult
in the US.
Is more prevalent in people older than 40 yrs.
of age.
There is no cure for glaucoma, but this
disease can be control.
5. There are 2 theories regarding how increase
IOP damage the optic nerve in glaucoma.
The direct mechanical theory suggested :
High IOP damages the retinal layer as it
passes through the optic nerve head.
6. The indirect ischemic theory suggested that
high IOP compresses the microcirculation in
the optic nerve head, resulting in cell injury
and death.
7. Open angle glaucoma
Angle-closure glaucoma
Congenital glaucoma and
Glaucoma associated with other condition,
such as developmental anomalies or
corticosteroid use .
8. “Silent thief of sight”
Most pts. Are unaware that they have the
disease until they have experienced visual
changes and vision loss.
Blurred vision or “halos” around lights,
difficulty focusing , loss of peripheral vision,
aching or discomfort around the eye and
headache.
9. Ocular and medical history must be detailed to
investigate the history of predisposing
factors.
Tonometery to measure the IOP.
Ophthalmoscope to inspect the optic nerve.
Gonioscopy to examine the filtration angle of
the anterior chamber
Perimetry to assess the visual fields.
10. The aim of all glaucoma treat.
Is prevention of optic nerve damage.
Pharmacological therapy (miotics).
laser trabeculoplasty)
)
Laser procedures
surgery or a combination of these approaches
11. Is a lens opacity or cloudiness.
Cataract affecting 40 yrs old of age.
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in
the world.
12. Pathophysiology :
Cataract can develop in one or both eyes at any
age.
Three common type of cataract are define by their
location in the lens:
1. Nuclear
2. Cortical
3. Posterior subcapsular
13. Visual impairment depends on their :
Size
Density
Location in the lens
More than one type can be present in the eye.
14. A nuclear cataract :tends to have a substantial
genetic component that causes a central
opacity in the lens. It is associated with
myopia.
A cortical cataract :involves the anterior,
posterior, or equatorial cortex of the lens.
Vision is worse in very bright light.
Posterior subcapsular cataract :occur in front
of the posterior or equatorial cortex of the
lens.
15. Aging
Loss of lens transparency
Decreased oxygen uptake
Decrease in level of vitamin C, protein
Increase in sodium and calcium
Accumulation of a yellow- brown pigment due
to the break-down of lens protein
23. Medications, eye drops, eye glasses
treatment cures cataract or prevents age-
related cataract.
In the early stage of cataract development,
glasses, contact lenses, may improve vision.
25. Providing preoperative care:
Withhold any anticoagulation(e.g. aspirin,
warfarin) to reduce the risk of hemorrhage.
Dilating drops are administer every 10 minutes
for 4 doses at least one hour before surgery.
26. Providing postoperative care:
The patient receive verbal and written
Instruction about how protect the
eye Administer medication
Recognizes the signs of complications and
obtain emergency care.
Instruct the patient to take a mild analgesia
agent, as needed.
Anti-inflammatory and corticosteroid eye
drops or ointment.
27. Teaching patient self care:
Eye patch for 24 hrs. after surgery.
followed by eye glasses worn during the
day,.
Sunglasses should be worn.
A clean , damp wash cloth may be used to
remove eye discharge.
28. Eye patch remove after the first follow up
appointment .
Vision is stabilized when the eye healed,
usually within 6-12 weeks.
