1st Semester Anatomy - Digestive System - GIT - By thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Digestive System:
Also known as gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal.
Consist of alimentary tract and Accessory organs
It involve in Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Excretion
It is started from mouth and ended at anal canal, that is assisted and supported by many parts.
Parts of Digestive System: Primary digestive organs & Accessory organs
Primary digestive organs: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anal canal
Accessory organs: Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas.
Mouth
First part of GIT, Also known as oral or buccal cavity, It consist of muscles & bones
Tongue or Lingua:Voluntary muscular structure, Occupies floor of mouth
Superior surface consist of numerous papillae contains taste bud for the sense of taste. Attached inferiorly with hyoid bone, Highly mobile muscular part of GIT.
Teeth: Teeth are the hard and whitish substances present in the mouth Which is essential for chewing & speech. They fixed in socket of alveolar ridge in mandible & maxilla (Jaw). Diphyodont is a type of dentition in which two successive sets of teeth are developed during the lifetime. The first set of teeth is temporary or deciduous or milk and the other set is permanent teeth
Salivary glands: These are exocrine glands found in oral cavity that secrete complex fluid known as saliva
Types: Major & Minor salivary glands
Major salivary gland: Parotid, Submandibular & Sublingual
Minor salivary glands: There are 450 minor salivary glands present in oral cavity, lips, cheeks, palate and floor of the mouth
Pharynx: Wide, muscular tube situated behind the nose, mouth & larynx
Cavity of pharynx divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
Esophagus: The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, approximately 25cm in length,
It transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Stomach: The stomach is a hollow organ in the GIT.
It is the “J” shaped dilated part, situated in the upper part of the abdomen.
Gross Anatomy of stomach: The stomach has four main anatomical divisions; the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus:
Cardia: surrounds the superior opening of the stomach. it consist cardiac sphincter
Fundus: the rounded, often gas filled portion superior to and left of the cardia.
Body: the large central portion inferior to the fundus.
Pylorus: This area connects the stomach to the duodenum. It is divided into the pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pyloric sphincter.
Pancreas: The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated, elongated dual (Exo Endocrine) gland.
Liver: It is the largest gland of the body. It involve metabolic activities
The liver is one of the vital organs of the body, responsible for chemical actions that the body needs to survive.
Small intestine: The intestine which is the longest part of the digestive tube is divided into small intestine and large intestine.
Large Intestine or Colon: It is a last part of the GIT
1st Semester Anatomy - Digestive System - GIT - By thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Digestive System:
Also known as gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal.
Consist of alimentary tract and Accessory organs
It involve in Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Excretion
It is started from mouth and ended at anal canal, that is assisted and supported by many parts.
Parts of Digestive System: Primary digestive organs & Accessory organs
Primary digestive organs: Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anal canal
Accessory organs: Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas.
Mouth
First part of GIT, Also known as oral or buccal cavity, It consist of muscles & bones
Tongue or Lingua:Voluntary muscular structure, Occupies floor of mouth
Superior surface consist of numerous papillae contains taste bud for the sense of taste. Attached inferiorly with hyoid bone, Highly mobile muscular part of GIT.
Teeth: Teeth are the hard and whitish substances present in the mouth Which is essential for chewing & speech. They fixed in socket of alveolar ridge in mandible & maxilla (Jaw). Diphyodont is a type of dentition in which two successive sets of teeth are developed during the lifetime. The first set of teeth is temporary or deciduous or milk and the other set is permanent teeth
Salivary glands: These are exocrine glands found in oral cavity that secrete complex fluid known as saliva
Types: Major & Minor salivary glands
Major salivary gland: Parotid, Submandibular & Sublingual
Minor salivary glands: There are 450 minor salivary glands present in oral cavity, lips, cheeks, palate and floor of the mouth
Pharynx: Wide, muscular tube situated behind the nose, mouth & larynx
Cavity of pharynx divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.
Esophagus: The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, approximately 25cm in length,
It transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Stomach: The stomach is a hollow organ in the GIT.
It is the “J” shaped dilated part, situated in the upper part of the abdomen.
Gross Anatomy of stomach: The stomach has four main anatomical divisions; the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus:
Cardia: surrounds the superior opening of the stomach. it consist cardiac sphincter
Fundus: the rounded, often gas filled portion superior to and left of the cardia.
Body: the large central portion inferior to the fundus.
Pylorus: This area connects the stomach to the duodenum. It is divided into the pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pyloric sphincter.
Pancreas: The pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated, elongated dual (Exo Endocrine) gland.
Liver: It is the largest gland of the body. It involve metabolic activities
The liver is one of the vital organs of the body, responsible for chemical actions that the body needs to survive.
Small intestine: The intestine which is the longest part of the digestive tube is divided into small intestine and large intestine.
Large Intestine or Colon: It is a last part of the GIT
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
3. • The structures in the oral cavity (teeth, tongue, hard
palate, salivary glands etc.) macerate, moisten and form a
food bolus which passes into the esophagus
• The tongue is essential for speech and movement of food
in the oral cavity and swallowing - but also for the sensation
of taste
• Teeth are the principal components of the oral cavity that
mechanically breaks down food into smaller physical
components
Oral cavity
Summary of structure and function
4. • Manipulates sounds produced by the larynx
and one outcome of this is speech
• Ventilation
• Facial expression
Oral cavity
Summary of structure and function
5. • Oral vestibule
Anterior/lateral: buccal mucosa (i.e., mucosa of the cheeks and the
lips)
Posterior/medial: anterior (facial) surface of the teeth and the gingiva
(gums) facing the buccal mucosa
Oral cavity proper
Anterior/lateral: posterior surface of the teeth and gums
Superior (roof): soft and hard palate
Inferior (floor): floor of the mouth
Posterior: communicates with the oropharynx
Oral cavity
Anatomical Boundaries:
11. Oral cavity
Floor
• Muscular diaphragm composed of the paired
mylohyoid muscles;
• two cord-like geniohyoid muscles above the
diaphragm
• Tongue, which is superior to the geniohyoid
muscles.
12. Oral cavity
Floor
• Muscular diaphragm composed of the paired
mylohyoid muscles;
• two cord-like geniohyoid muscles above the
diaphragm
• Tongue, which is superior to the geniohyoid
muscles.
13. Oral cavity
Floor
• Oropharyngeal triangle)
• Major route by which
structures in the upper
neck and infratemporal
fossa of the head pass to
and from
• Muscles (hyoglossus,
styloglossus),
• Vessels (lingual artery and
vein),
• Nerves (lingual,
hypoglossal [XII],
glossopharyngeal [IX]),
• Lymphatics
16. Anatomical Structures
Tongue
• Body: anterior two-thirds
• Root: posterior one-third
• Apex: tip of the tongue
• Body and root of the tongues are divided by the V-shaped sulcus
terminalis
• Left and right half are divided by the sulcus medianus
