GFOA advises officials to:
1. Identify and incorporate legal and fiduciary requirements into capital monitoring and
reporting. Because finance officials are typically entrusted with ensuring that capital project
activity is consistent with applicable laws and organizational rules and procedures, initial efforts
should focus on understanding requirements related to:
2. Identify external and internal stakeholder information needs. Finance officials may be called
upon to compile cost and performance data for diverse stakeholders. With this in mind, financial
officials responsible for capital monitoring and reporting should:
3. Plan and design systems to collect, store, and analyze project data and to report results. Often,
more than one system or technological solution is required to properly address all informational
requirements. To simplify this process, responsible officials should:
4. Regularly monitor capital projectsfinancial and project activity information. Once legal,
fiduciary, and informational requirements have been established and information systems are in
place, finance officials should monitor capital project activity on a regular basis. At a minimum,
such monitoring should include:
5. Report on project status and activities. Producing project status reports will help officials make
informed decisions regarding scheduling and cost. (In establishing report content and frequency
it is important for officials to keep in mind that high profile projects often require more extensive
reporting of activity compared to a jurisdictions more routine capital projects.) It is important to
be consistent and use plain language when compiling information from various sources and
reporting it to multiple stakeholders. Meaningful reports should provide straightforward project
information for executive leadership and internal staff as well as citizens and the media, and, at
minimum:
6. Project close-out. Upon project completion, ensure that actions are taken to finalize project
activity, including, at minimum:
7. Evaluate monitoring and reporting activities. In order to assure that capital project monitoring
and reporting practices continue to be effective and relevant to the organization, jurisdictions
should conduct a periodic review of these practices, including at minimum:
Solution
GFOA advises officials to:
1. Identify and incorporate legal and fiduciary requirements into capital monitoring and
reporting. Because finance officials are typically entrusted with ensuring that capital project
activity is consistent with applicable laws and organizational rules and procedures, initial efforts
should focus on understanding requirements related to:
2. Identify external and internal stakeholder information needs. Finance officials may be called
upon to compile cost and performance data for diverse stakeholders. With this in mind, financial
officials responsible for capital monitoring and reporting should:
3. Plan and design systems to collect, store,.
Finance Department COSO Implementation MemoTownofAddison
Finance Department Director and Addison CFO Eric Cannon presented this memo and update to City Council on February 10, 2015 concerning the implementation of COSO standards.
Budgetary Considerations in Governmental AccountingNeveenJamal
The main purpose of government is to provide a variety of services to their citizens.
Most of governmental resources are derived from those who pay taxes, but most tax payer do not pay taxes.
Therefore, It can be said that the various services provided by government must compete with each other for scarce resources.
Budget is a process that provides for accumulating resources and for allocating them among competing programs.
Once, project idealisation takes shape, an elaborate feasibility study of the project becomes essential. Basis of this study, a project owner determines whether the idea is feasible and then plans to attract investment and formulate an investment proposal. To establish that the project is worthy of investment, preparation of a Detailed Project Report or DPR becomes necessary.
Internal Control Review for a Federal Agency - IntroductionAnthony Rainey
Provides an approach that federal management may consider for assessing, documenting, and reporting on reviewing their internal controls (in the U.S. Office of Personnel Management) in conformance with the requirements of the revised OMB Circular A-123, Management’s Responsibility for Internal Control, Appendix A. The framework for the assessment is Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government, issued by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) and outlined in the Circular. These standards, frequently referred to as the “Green Book,” are based on the Integrated Framework of Internal Control issued
by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission.
Towards an effective governance framework for infrastructure - Ronnie Downes,...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Ronnie Downes, OECD, at the 11th Annual Meeting of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Senior Budget Officials (CESEE SBO) held in Warsaw, Poland, on 21-22 May 2015.
let x = molL of water that dissociate at equilib.pdfkareemangels
let x = mol/L of water that dissociate at equilibrium [OH-]= [H3O+]= x Kw = 3.3 x
10^-14 = (x)(x) = x^2 x = [H3O+]= [OH-]= square root Kw= 1.82 x 10^-7 M pH = - log 1.82 x
10^-7 =6.74
Solution
let x = mol/L of water that dissociate at equilibrium [OH-]= [H3O+]= x Kw = 3.3 x
10^-14 = (x)(x) = x^2 x = [H3O+]= [OH-]= square root Kw= 1.82 x 10^-7 M pH = - log 1.82 x
10^-7 =6.74.
More Related Content
Similar to GFOA advises officials to1. Identify and incorporate legal and fi.pdf
Finance Department COSO Implementation MemoTownofAddison
Finance Department Director and Addison CFO Eric Cannon presented this memo and update to City Council on February 10, 2015 concerning the implementation of COSO standards.
Budgetary Considerations in Governmental AccountingNeveenJamal
The main purpose of government is to provide a variety of services to their citizens.
Most of governmental resources are derived from those who pay taxes, but most tax payer do not pay taxes.
Therefore, It can be said that the various services provided by government must compete with each other for scarce resources.
Budget is a process that provides for accumulating resources and for allocating them among competing programs.
Once, project idealisation takes shape, an elaborate feasibility study of the project becomes essential. Basis of this study, a project owner determines whether the idea is feasible and then plans to attract investment and formulate an investment proposal. To establish that the project is worthy of investment, preparation of a Detailed Project Report or DPR becomes necessary.
Internal Control Review for a Federal Agency - IntroductionAnthony Rainey
Provides an approach that federal management may consider for assessing, documenting, and reporting on reviewing their internal controls (in the U.S. Office of Personnel Management) in conformance with the requirements of the revised OMB Circular A-123, Management’s Responsibility for Internal Control, Appendix A. The framework for the assessment is Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government, issued by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) and outlined in the Circular. These standards, frequently referred to as the “Green Book,” are based on the Integrated Framework of Internal Control issued
by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission.
Towards an effective governance framework for infrastructure - Ronnie Downes,...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Ronnie Downes, OECD, at the 11th Annual Meeting of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Senior Budget Officials (CESEE SBO) held in Warsaw, Poland, on 21-22 May 2015.
let x = molL of water that dissociate at equilib.pdfkareemangels
let x = mol/L of water that dissociate at equilibrium [OH-]= [H3O+]= x Kw = 3.3 x
10^-14 = (x)(x) = x^2 x = [H3O+]= [OH-]= square root Kw= 1.82 x 10^-7 M pH = - log 1.82 x
10^-7 =6.74
Solution
let x = mol/L of water that dissociate at equilibrium [OH-]= [H3O+]= x Kw = 3.3 x
10^-14 = (x)(x) = x^2 x = [H3O+]= [OH-]= square root Kw= 1.82 x 10^-7 M pH = - log 1.82 x
10^-7 =6.74.
Wind Turbine - Wind power has been used as long as humans have p.pdfkareemangels
Wind Turbine :-
Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind. For more than two
millennia wind-powered machines have ground grain and pumped water. Wind power was
widely available and not confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams, or later, requiring sources
of fuel. Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands, and in arid regions such as
the American mid-west or the Australian outback, wind pumps provided water for live stock and
steam engines.
The first windmill used for the production of electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by
Prof James Blyth of Anderson\'s College, Glasgow ( the precursor of Strathclyde University ) .
Blyth\'s 10 m high, cloth-sailed wind turbine was installed in the garden of his holiday cottage at
Marykirk in Kincardineshire and was used to charge accumulators developed by the Frenchman
Camille Alphonse Faure, to power the lighting in the cottage, thus making it the first house in the
world to have its electricity supplied by wind power. Blyth offered the surplus electricity to the
people of Marykirk for lighting the main street, however, they turned down the offer as they
thought electricity was \"the work of the devil.\" Although he later built a wind turbine to supply
emergency power to the local Lunatic Asylum, Infirmary and Dispensary of Montrose the
invention never really caught on as the technology was not considered to be economically viable.
Across the Atlantic, in Cleveland, Ohio a larger and heavily engineered machine was designed
and constructed in the winter of 1887 – 1888 by Charles F. Brush, this was built by his
engineering company at his home and operated from 1886 until 1900. The Brush wind turbine
had a rotor 17 m ( 56 foot ) in diameter and was mounted on an 18 m ( 60 foot ) tower. Although
large by today\'s standards, the machine was only rated at 12 kW. The connected dynamo was
used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs, three
arc lamps, and various motors in Brush\'s laboratory.
With the development of electric power, wind power found new applications in lighting
buildings remote from centrally-generated power. Throughout the 20th century parallel paths
developed small wind stations suitable for farms or residences, and larger utility-scale wind
generators that could be connected to electricity grids for remote use of power. Today wind
powered generators operate in every size range between tiny stations for battery charging at
isolated residences, up to near-gigawatt sized offshore wind farms that provide electricity to
national electrical networks.
PHOTO VOLTAIC POWER PLANT :-
In August 2006 there was widespread news coverage in the United Kingdom of the major high
street electrical retailers (Currys) decision to stock PV modules, manufactured by Sharp, at a cost
of £1,000 per module. The retailer also provides an installation service.
The introduction of the Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) in 2010 saw ra.
YearAccounts Title and ExplanationsDebitCredit2011Income T.pdfkareemangels
Year
Accounts Title and Explanations
Debit
Credit
2011
Income Tax Expense
Income Tax Payable
( tax payable on taxable income)
28,455
28,455
2012
Income Tax Refund Receivable
Benefit due to Loss carried back
(refund on account of loss carried back to 2010)
170200*.04
68,080
68,080
2013
Income Tax Refund Receivable
Benefit due to loss carried back
(refund on account of loss carried back to 2011)
81300*0.35
28,455
28,455
2013
Deferred Tax Asset
Benefit due to loss carried forward
(loss carried forward to future years)
309800*.35
108,430
108,430
2014
Income Tax Expense
Deferred Tax Asset
(tax payable for the year adjusted against deferred tax credit) 138000*.35
48,300
48,300
2015
Income Tax Expense
Deferred Tax Asset
(tax for the year 0.35*116500)
40,775
40,775
Year
Accounts Title and Explanations
Debit
Credit
2011
Income Tax Expense
Income Tax Payable
( tax payable on taxable income)
28,455
28,455
2012
Income Tax Refund Receivable
Benefit due to Loss carried back
(refund on account of loss carried back to 2010)
170200*.04
68,080
68,080
2013
Income Tax Refund Receivable
Benefit due to loss carried back
(refund on account of loss carried back to 2011)
81300*0.35
28,455
28,455
2013
Deferred Tax Asset
Benefit due to loss carried forward
(loss carried forward to future years)
309800*.35
108,430
108,430
2014
Income Tax Expense
Deferred Tax Asset
(tax payable for the year adjusted against deferred tax credit) 138000*.35
48,300
48,300
2015
Income Tax Expense
Deferred Tax Asset
(tax for the year 0.35*116500)
40,775
40,775
Solution
Year
Accounts Title and Explanations
Debit
Credit
2011
Income Tax Expense
Income Tax Payable
( tax payable on taxable income)
28,455
28,455
2012
Income Tax Refund Receivable
Benefit due to Loss carried back
(refund on account of loss carried back to 2010)
170200*.04
68,080
68,080
2013
Income Tax Refund Receivable
Benefit due to loss carried back
(refund on account of loss carried back to 2011)
81300*0.35
28,455
28,455
2013
Deferred Tax Asset
Benefit due to loss carried forward
(loss carried forward to future years)
309800*.35
108,430
108,430
2014
Income Tax Expense
Deferred Tax Asset
(tax payable for the year adjusted against deferred tax credit) 138000*.35
48,300
48,300
2015
Income Tax Expense
Deferred Tax Asset
(tax for the year 0.35*116500)
40,775
40,775
Year
Accounts Title and Explanations
Debit
Credit
2011
Income Tax Expense
Income Tax Payable
( tax payable on taxable income)
28,455
28,455
2012
Income Tax Refund Receivable
Benefit due to Loss carried back
(refund on account of loss carried back to 2010)
170200*.04
68,080
68,080
2013
Income Tax Refund Receivable
Benefit due to loss carried back
(refund on account of loss carried back to 2011)
81300*0.35
28,455
28,455
2013
Deferred Tax Asset
Benefit due to loss carried forward
(loss carried forward to future years)
309800*.35
108,430
108,430
2014
Income Tax Expense
Deferred Tax Asset
(tax payable for the year adjusted against deferred tax credit) 138000*.35
48,300
48,300
201.
When the plant has water------ solvent in surrounding area of root .pdfkareemangels
When the plant has water------> solvent in surrounding area of root is higher than root epidermis
-------------> solvent (water + minerals) move from a region of higher concentration to a region
of lower concentration through cell membrane, which is semi-permeable. This phenomenon is
known as osmosis. This solvent moves from root epidermal cells to root cortex because now
solvent concentration in root cortex is lower than that in root epidermis------------> to root
xylem-------> to shoot xylem------> to leaves. This phenomenon is known as Transpiration pull-
cohesion- adhesion theory. It is important to note that osmotic pressure, solute potential,
cohesion and adhesion forces, and transpiration pull, all, are collectively important in transport of
this water from soil to plant leaves.
On the other hand, when water is not there------> solvent does not move from soil to plant
epidermis------> infact solvent moves from plant epidermal cells to soil because of exosmosis.
Exosmosis occurs because solvent is higher is plant cells in comparison to the surroundings. So,
the plant wilts.
Solution
When the plant has water------> solvent in surrounding area of root is higher than root epidermis
-------------> solvent (water + minerals) move from a region of higher concentration to a region
of lower concentration through cell membrane, which is semi-permeable. This phenomenon is
known as osmosis. This solvent moves from root epidermal cells to root cortex because now
solvent concentration in root cortex is lower than that in root epidermis------------> to root
xylem-------> to shoot xylem------> to leaves. This phenomenon is known as Transpiration pull-
cohesion- adhesion theory. It is important to note that osmotic pressure, solute potential,
cohesion and adhesion forces, and transpiration pull, all, are collectively important in transport of
this water from soil to plant leaves.
On the other hand, when water is not there------> solvent does not move from soil to plant
epidermis------> infact solvent moves from plant epidermal cells to soil because of exosmosis.
Exosmosis occurs because solvent is higher is plant cells in comparison to the surroundings. So,
the plant wilts..
The equation for copper(II) sulfate dissolving in water isCuSO4(s.pdfkareemangels
The equation for copper(II) sulfate dissolving in water is:
CuSO4(s) => Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
There is no need to add water to the equation. By writing the states (aq = aqueous) of the ions, it
is understood that water has been added.
Thus the species present in solution are:
Cu2+(copper (II) ion) and SO42- (sulfate ion).
The color of a solution is determined by the characteristic color of the species present in the
solution.
Cu2+ has a characteristic blue color, while SO42- is colorless.
Thus the solution appears blue overall.
Solution
The equation for copper(II) sulfate dissolving in water is:
CuSO4(s) => Cu2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
There is no need to add water to the equation. By writing the states (aq = aqueous) of the ions, it
is understood that water has been added.
Thus the species present in solution are:
Cu2+(copper (II) ion) and SO42- (sulfate ion).
The color of a solution is determined by the characteristic color of the species present in the
solution.
Cu2+ has a characteristic blue color, while SO42- is colorless.
Thus the solution appears blue overall..
The balanced equation is:
Fe + CuSO4 => FeSO4 + Cu
Reducing agent is Fe since it is oxidized (oxidation state of Fe increases from 0 to +2)
Oxidizing agent is CuSO4 since it is reduced (oxidation state of Cu decreases from +2 to 0)
Solution
The balanced equation is:
Fe + CuSO4 => FeSO4 + Cu
Reducing agent is Fe since it is oxidized (oxidation state of Fe increases from 0 to +2)
Oxidizing agent is CuSO4 since it is reduced (oxidation state of Cu decreases from +2 to 0).
The acid associated with gastric acidity is hydrochloric acid (HCl)..pdfkareemangels
The acid associated with gastric acidity is hydrochloric acid (HCl).
The two ions formed are the hydrogen ion (H+) and the chloride ion (Cl-):
HCl(aq) => H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Solution
The acid associated with gastric acidity is hydrochloric acid (HCl).
The two ions formed are the hydrogen ion (H+) and the chloride ion (Cl-):
HCl(aq) => H+(aq) + Cl-(aq).
Teacher.java
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Teacher {
//Creating Arrays
String names[]=new String[5];
char grades[]=new char[5];
double tests[][]=new double[5][4];
double avgarr[]=new double[5];
Scanner sc=null;
//Default constructor
public Teacher() {
sc=new Scanner(System.in);
}
/*this method will get each student information
* and populates that information into an array
*/
public void getStudentsTestScore()
{
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
//getting the name of each student
System.out.print(\"Enter Name of Student \"+(i+1)+\" :\");
names[i]=sc.next();
for(int j=0;j<4;j++)
{
//Getting the test score in each test of every student
System.out.print(\" Test \"+(j+1)+\" score :\");
tests[i][j]=sc.nextDouble();
}
System.out.println(\" \");
}
}
/* this method will display the grade of the student
* based on user entered name which is passed
* as parameter to this method
*/
public char getStudentGrade(String name)
{
char grade = 0;
double sum,avg=0.0;
for(int h=0;h<5;h++)
{
sum=0.0;
for(int m=0;m<4;m++)
{
//calculating the total score in all 4 tests of each student
sum+=tests[h][m];
}
//calculating average
avg=sum/4;
//Populating into an array
avgarr[h]=avg;
//based on the average test score corresponding grade will be given
if(avg>=90 && avg<=100)
{
grade=\'A\';
}
else if(avg>=80 && avg<=89)
{
grade=\'B\';
}
else if(avg>=70 && avg<=79)
{
grade=\'C\';
}
else if(avg>=60 && avg<=69)
{
grade=\'D\';
}
else if(avg<=59)
{
grade=\'F\';
}
grades[h]=grade;
}
//Getting the corresponding student grade
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
if(names[i].equalsIgnoreCase(name))
{
grade=grades[i];
}
return grade;
}
/* This will return the average test score of a student
* whose name is passed as parameter to this method
*/
public double getStudentAvgTestScore(String name)
{
double sum=0.0,avg=0.0;
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
if(names[i].equalsIgnoreCase(name))
{
for(int k=0;k<4;k++)
{
sum+=tests[i][k];
}
}
avg=sum/4;
return avg;
}
//toString(0 method displays each student name,average test score and grade
@Override
public String toString() {
for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
{
System.out.println(\"\ \ Student Name :\"+names[i]);
System.out.println(\"Average Test Score :\"+avgarr[i]);
System.out.println(\"Grade :\"+grades[i]);
}
return \"\";
}
}
___________________________________________
TestClass.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TestClass {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Scanner class object is sued to read th inputs entered by the user.
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
//Creating Teacher class Object
Teacher t=new Teacher();
/*calling the method on the Teacher class
* Which will read the data of every student entered by the user
*/
t.getStudentsTestScore();
//Getting the name of the student for which he want to display the grade
System.out.print(\"Enter Student Name for Grade :\");
String name=sc.next();
//Displaying particular student\'s Average test score
System.out.println(name +\" Average test score is :\"+t.getStudentAvgTestScore(name));
//Dis.
Since evolution of mammals followed a linear pattern of evolution ra.pdfkareemangels
Since evolution of mammals followed a linear pattern of evolution rather than rapid
advancements and spontaneous spurts of fast evolution, gradualism evolution has most likely
happened in mammalian evolution.Gradualism evolutionPunctuated evolutionSpecies with a
longer evolution are evolved mostly by gradualism.Species with a shorter evolution are evolved
mostly by punctuated evolution.In Gradualism, the changes in species are slow and gradual,
occurring in small periodic changes in the gene pool.In Punctuated evolution, the evolution
occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change.To sum up, Gradualism evolution is considered as a
slow steady process in which organisms change and develop slowly over time.To sum up,
Punctuated evolution is considered as prolonged periods of no evolutionary change followed by
swift periods of change.
Solution
Since evolution of mammals followed a linear pattern of evolution rather than rapid
advancements and spontaneous spurts of fast evolution, gradualism evolution has most likely
happened in mammalian evolution.Gradualism evolutionPunctuated evolutionSpecies with a
longer evolution are evolved mostly by gradualism.Species with a shorter evolution are evolved
mostly by punctuated evolution.In Gradualism, the changes in species are slow and gradual,
occurring in small periodic changes in the gene pool.In Punctuated evolution, the evolution
occurs in spurts of relatively rapid change.To sum up, Gradualism evolution is considered as a
slow steady process in which organisms change and develop slowly over time.To sum up,
Punctuated evolution is considered as prolonged periods of no evolutionary change followed by
swift periods of change..
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron d.pdfkareemangels
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron disparity between two elements
that are combined in a compound). The more electrons you take from your partner element in the
bonding process, the greater your negative charge, and the greater your electronegativity.
There are three terms to describe the polarity of a given molecular bond:
Ionic
Polar covalent
Non-polar covalent
Ionic is the most polar - essentially, one atom physically takes electrons from another atom,
creating a huge electron disparity between the two atoms. This tends to happen in molecules
where one atom has very few valence electrons and the other has a lot of valence electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a good example of an ionic bond.
Polar covalent is the mid-range - technically closer to ionic. This happens when one atom
attempts to take electrons from its partner, but cannot quite attract them all to itself. The result is
a covalent bond between the two atoms where the valence electrons are \"shared,\" but the
sharing is unequal. One atom pulls the \"shared\" electrons a little closer to itself. Polar covalent
bonds usually occur between very electronegative elements; hydrogen paired with elements like
oxygen and fluorine almost always creates polar covalent bonds. A good example of a polar
covalent bond is found in water (H2O).
Non-polar covalent is the least polar - in fact, it is not polar at all. This occurs when valence
electrons are shared equally between two atoms. There is little or no tendency for either atom to
pull any of the electrons toward itself. Non-polar covalent bonds can often be seen in molecules
with two non-metals. Methane (CH4) is an example of a non-polar covalent bond.
Solution
Polarity is measured on a scale of electronegativity (the electron disparity between two elements
that are combined in a compound). The more electrons you take from your partner element in the
bonding process, the greater your negative charge, and the greater your electronegativity.
There are three terms to describe the polarity of a given molecular bond:
Ionic
Polar covalent
Non-polar covalent
Ionic is the most polar - essentially, one atom physically takes electrons from another atom,
creating a huge electron disparity between the two atoms. This tends to happen in molecules
where one atom has very few valence electrons and the other has a lot of valence electrons.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a good example of an ionic bond.
Polar covalent is the mid-range - technically closer to ionic. This happens when one atom
attempts to take electrons from its partner, but cannot quite attract them all to itself. The result is
a covalent bond between the two atoms where the valence electrons are \"shared,\" but the
sharing is unequal. One atom pulls the \"shared\" electrons a little closer to itself. Polar covalent
bonds usually occur between very electronegative elements; hydrogen paired with elements like
oxygen and fluorine almost always creates polar covalent.
Pathway 1 Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is first converted int.pdfkareemangels
Pathway 1: Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is first converted into acetyl-CoA. The resultant
acetyl-CoA enters citric acid cycle. Citric acid yields a net gain of around 14 ATP (2.5 ATP per
NADH, and 1.5 ATP per FADH2) per pyruvate molecule.
Pathways 2: Under anaerobic condition (example- lactate fermentation in skeletal muscles,
ethanol fermentation in S. cereviseae, etc.), pyruvate enters fermentative pathways depending on
the organism, and sometime, the cultural conditions. Fermentation of pyruvate does not produce
ATP. However, it regenerates NAD+ required for glycolysis to keep going.
Solution
Pathway 1: Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is first converted into acetyl-CoA. The resultant
acetyl-CoA enters citric acid cycle. Citric acid yields a net gain of around 14 ATP (2.5 ATP per
NADH, and 1.5 ATP per FADH2) per pyruvate molecule.
Pathways 2: Under anaerobic condition (example- lactate fermentation in skeletal muscles,
ethanol fermentation in S. cereviseae, etc.), pyruvate enters fermentative pathways depending on
the organism, and sometime, the cultural conditions. Fermentation of pyruvate does not produce
ATP. However, it regenerates NAD+ required for glycolysis to keep going..
MELTINGWhen you heat something faster, chances are youre hea.pdfkareemangels
MELTING
When you heat something \"faster,\" chances are you\'re heating the substance way above its
melting point. Therefore, when it actually melts, you will get results showing that the melting
point is lower. In fact, your data is just inaccurate. You have to heat something slowly in order to
determine an accurate melting point. For instance, if I heated water at 1,000 degrees, it will start
to boil quickly, but if you were trying to measure it with a thermometer, you would have no idea
when it actually started to boil. Same goes with melting points. If you\'re heating it faster, it is
probably because you\'re setting the temperature very high and thus you will get inaccurate
results.
Don\'t forget that adding two substances together may form impurities in the mixture which will
result in lower melting points.
BOiling
There are basically two types of bonding in substances that affect the boiling point. Some
compounds are composed of extensive networks of atoms held together by either ionic or
covalent bonds. These network substances have very high melting and boiling points. NaCl is an
example of an ionic network and SiO2 is an example of a covalent network.
The key factors that affect the boiling points of molecular compounds are the intermolecular
forces which attract one molecule to another.
For covalent compounds these intermolecular forces are called van der Waals forces and consist
of hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole attraction, and London dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonding
is usually stronger than dipole-dipole interactions. London dispersion forces, often weaker
forces, are found between all molecules, even if other van der Waals forces are present.
The boiling point of a solution is also affected by the ambient pressure. Boiling occurs at a
temperature where the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the ambient pressure.
The third thing that affects the boiling point of a solution is any substance that is dissolved in the
liquid. The more particles (ions or molecules) there are dissolved in the solution, the higher the
boiling point.
Solution
MELTING
When you heat something \"faster,\" chances are you\'re heating the substance way above its
melting point. Therefore, when it actually melts, you will get results showing that the melting
point is lower. In fact, your data is just inaccurate. You have to heat something slowly in order to
determine an accurate melting point. For instance, if I heated water at 1,000 degrees, it will start
to boil quickly, but if you were trying to measure it with a thermometer, you would have no idea
when it actually started to boil. Same goes with melting points. If you\'re heating it faster, it is
probably because you\'re setting the temperature very high and thus you will get inaccurate
results.
Don\'t forget that adding two substances together may form impurities in the mixture which will
result in lower melting points.
BOiling
There are basically two types of bonding in substances that affect th.
Let Universe has size n.Then set of disjoint sets will be {) and U.pdfkareemangels
Let Universe has size n.
Then set of disjoint sets will be {) and U.
Next would be if S consist of one element, then T can be all subsets formed from remaining n-1
elements.
Hence every subset from one such T will make with S two disjoint sets.
No of subsets when S contains one element = (n)2n-1
When S contains 2 elements, then T is set of all subsets formed from remaining n-2
Hence no of subsets = nC2(2n-2)
and so on.
This continues till S has all n elements and T is null set.
Hence total no of disjoint sets = 1+n(2)n-1+nC2(2)n-2+...+nCn
=(1+2)n
= 3n
==================================================
b) If both have n/2 mean
no of sets =nC(n/2) 2n/2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c) If Both S and T have n/3
then n/3 can be selected for S in nC(n/3) ways
and for T n/3 elements can be selected from remaining 2n/3 in 2n/3 C (n/3) ways
Hence No of disjoint subsets S and T with n/3 elements each = nC(n/3)2n/3 C (n/3)
Solution
Let Universe has size n.
Then set of disjoint sets will be {) and U.
Next would be if S consist of one element, then T can be all subsets formed from remaining n-1
elements.
Hence every subset from one such T will make with S two disjoint sets.
No of subsets when S contains one element = (n)2n-1
When S contains 2 elements, then T is set of all subsets formed from remaining n-2
Hence no of subsets = nC2(2n-2)
and so on.
This continues till S has all n elements and T is null set.
Hence total no of disjoint sets = 1+n(2)n-1+nC2(2)n-2+...+nCn
=(1+2)n
= 3n
==================================================
b) If both have n/2 mean
no of sets =nC(n/2) 2n/2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
c) If Both S and T have n/3
then n/3 can be selected for S in nC(n/3) ways
and for T n/3 elements can be selected from remaining 2n/3 in 2n/3 C (n/3) ways
Hence No of disjoint subsets S and T with n/3 elements each = nC(n/3)2n/3 C (n/3).
Keywords: Infrastructure, Civil Engineering, Sustainable development (etc.)
Infrastructure states to the fundamental facilities and structures serving a nation, city, or region,
including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. It typically
characterizes technical structures such as roads, sewers, tunnels, bridges, electrical grids, water
supply, and so forth, and can be defined as \"the physical components of integrated systems
providing commodities and facilities essential to enable, withstand, or enhance societal living
index.”
The term infrastructure may be confused with the following overlapping or related concepts.
Land improvement and land development are general expressions that in some circumstances
may include infrastructure, but in the context of an infrastructure would refer only to smaller
scale coordination or works that are not included in infrastructure, because they are typically
limited to a single parcel and are owned and operated by the vendor. For example, an irrigation
canal that serves a region or district would be included with infrastructure, but the private
irrigation systems on individual land parcels would be considered land improvements, not
infrastructure.
Scopes:
Engineering and construction
Engineers generally limit the term \"infrastructure\" to describe fixed assets that are in the form
of a large network, in other words, hard infrastructure. Efforts to devise more generic definitions
of infrastructures have typically stated to the network aspects of most of the structures, and to the
accrued value of investments in the networks as assets. One such definition from 1998 defined
infrastructure as the set-up of assets \"where the system as a whole is intended to be maintained
indefinitely at a specified standard of service by the continuing replacement and refurbishment of
its components\".
Civil defense and economic development
Civil defense planners and developmental economists generally refer to both hard and soft
infrastructure, including public amenities such as schools and hospitals, emergency services such
as police and firefighting, and basic financial facilities. The notion of Infrastructure-based
development merging enduring infrastructure investments by government agencies at central and
regional levels with public-private partnerships has proven popular among Asian - notably
Singaporean, Mainland European and Chinese & Latin American economists.
Urban
Urban or municipal infrastructure refers to hard infrastructure systems generally owned and ran
by municipalities, such as streets, water distribution, and sewers. It may also include some of the
facilities associated with soft infrastructures, such as parks, public pools, schools, hospitals, and
libraries.
Green infrastructure
Green infrastructure is a conception that highlights the significance of the natural environment in
decisions about land use planning. In particular, there are a prominence on the \"life support\"
funct.
If we have to invest certain money in a business and operate it. Out.pdfkareemangels
If we have to invest certain money in a business and operate it. Out of all the legal forms of
businesses, ie. Sole Proprietorship, Partnership or Company, which we choice is \"Sole
Proprietorship\" or \"Sole trader\" because it is always to start a business at a small level. As the
name sugggests, these firms are owned by one person, who performs its day-to-day jobs.
Sole proprietors owns all the assets of the business, assumes all the liabilities and investments.
The person also owns the profits generated by the business. The owner have to secure all the
necessary licenses, tax identification numbers, and certifications of name.
The related advantages and dis-advantages of the sole proprietorship over the other forms of
business organisations are :
Advantages :
(1) Easiest and least expensive form of ownership to organize.
(2) Sole proprietor is in complete control of business and make decisions under the parameters of
the law.
(3) Sole proprietors receive all income and profits generated by the business.
(4) Profits from the business are entered and taxed directly through the owner\'s personal tax
return.
(5) The business under the sole proprietorship is easy to dissolve whenever desired.
Disadvantages :
(i) Sole proprietors have unlimited liability and are legally responsibility for all debts.
(ii) Proprietor can raise funds from personal savings or consumer loans.
(iii) Have a hard time while handling employees being alone superviso of the enterprise.
(iv) Federal income tax is being charged at the lower level under the Sole-proprietorship.
(v) The sole proprietor can transfer the business just by the sale of business net assets and do not
have face much difficulty in exiting in comparison to other forms like corporation or partnership.
===================================
Solution
If we have to invest certain money in a business and operate it. Out of all the legal forms of
businesses, ie. Sole Proprietorship, Partnership or Company, which we choice is \"Sole
Proprietorship\" or \"Sole trader\" because it is always to start a business at a small level. As the
name sugggests, these firms are owned by one person, who performs its day-to-day jobs.
Sole proprietors owns all the assets of the business, assumes all the liabilities and investments.
The person also owns the profits generated by the business. The owner have to secure all the
necessary licenses, tax identification numbers, and certifications of name.
The related advantages and dis-advantages of the sole proprietorship over the other forms of
business organisations are :
Advantages :
(1) Easiest and least expensive form of ownership to organize.
(2) Sole proprietor is in complete control of business and make decisions under the parameters of
the law.
(3) Sole proprietors receive all income and profits generated by the business.
(4) Profits from the business are entered and taxed directly through the owner\'s personal tax
return.
(5) The business under the sole proprietorship is eas.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
GFOA advises officials to1. Identify and incorporate legal and fi.pdf
1. GFOA advises officials to:
1. Identify and incorporate legal and fiduciary requirements into capital monitoring and
reporting. Because finance officials are typically entrusted with ensuring that capital project
activity is consistent with applicable laws and organizational rules and procedures, initial efforts
should focus on understanding requirements related to:
2. Identify external and internal stakeholder information needs. Finance officials may be called
upon to compile cost and performance data for diverse stakeholders. With this in mind, financial
officials responsible for capital monitoring and reporting should:
3. Plan and design systems to collect, store, and analyze project data and to report results. Often,
more than one system or technological solution is required to properly address all informational
requirements. To simplify this process, responsible officials should:
4. Regularly monitor capital projectsfinancial and project activity information. Once legal,
fiduciary, and informational requirements have been established and information systems are in
place, finance officials should monitor capital project activity on a regular basis. At a minimum,
such monitoring should include:
5. Report on project status and activities. Producing project status reports will help officials make
informed decisions regarding scheduling and cost. (In establishing report content and frequency
it is important for officials to keep in mind that high profile projects often require more extensive
reporting of activity compared to a jurisdictions more routine capital projects.) It is important to
be consistent and use plain language when compiling information from various sources and
reporting it to multiple stakeholders. Meaningful reports should provide straightforward project
information for executive leadership and internal staff as well as citizens and the media, and, at
minimum:
6. Project close-out. Upon project completion, ensure that actions are taken to finalize project
activity, including, at minimum:
7. Evaluate monitoring and reporting activities. In order to assure that capital project monitoring
and reporting practices continue to be effective and relevant to the organization, jurisdictions
should conduct a periodic review of these practices, including at minimum:
Solution
GFOA advises officials to:
1. Identify and incorporate legal and fiduciary requirements into capital monitoring and
reporting. Because finance officials are typically entrusted with ensuring that capital project
activity is consistent with applicable laws and organizational rules and procedures, initial efforts
2. should focus on understanding requirements related to:
2. Identify external and internal stakeholder information needs. Finance officials may be called
upon to compile cost and performance data for diverse stakeholders. With this in mind, financial
officials responsible for capital monitoring and reporting should:
3. Plan and design systems to collect, store, and analyze project data and to report results. Often,
more than one system or technological solution is required to properly address all informational
requirements. To simplify this process, responsible officials should:
4. Regularly monitor capital projectsfinancial and project activity information. Once legal,
fiduciary, and informational requirements have been established and information systems are in
place, finance officials should monitor capital project activity on a regular basis. At a minimum,
such monitoring should include:
5. Report on project status and activities. Producing project status reports will help officials make
informed decisions regarding scheduling and cost. (In establishing report content and frequency
it is important for officials to keep in mind that high profile projects often require more extensive
reporting of activity compared to a jurisdictions more routine capital projects.) It is important to
be consistent and use plain language when compiling information from various sources and
reporting it to multiple stakeholders. Meaningful reports should provide straightforward project
information for executive leadership and internal staff as well as citizens and the media, and, at
minimum:
6. Project close-out. Upon project completion, ensure that actions are taken to finalize project
activity, including, at minimum:
7. Evaluate monitoring and reporting activities. In order to assure that capital project monitoring
and reporting practices continue to be effective and relevant to the organization, jurisdictions
should conduct a periodic review of these practices, including at minimum:
