Genomics PPT2018_1_19P18_25_55.pdf
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The concept of what constitutes a gene has evolved over time as scientific understanding has increased. Early definitions from the 1860s-1900s viewed a gene as a discrete unit of heredity. In the 1910s, genes were defined by their location and ability to mutate and recombine. From the 1940s-1950s, the one gene-one polypeptide view emerged. By the 1960s, genes were defined by their transcribed genetic code. Later definitions incorporated cloning, sequencing, and computational analysis to define genes as open reading frames. Currently, a gene is defined as the union of genomic sequences that encode a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products, either proteins or RNAs. This renewed definition accounts for complexities discovered
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
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- 1. What is a GENE? GENOMICS MIRIAM SÁEZ HISTORY AND CURRENT DEFINITION
- 2. INDEX 1. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT 2. CONCEPT AND CONTEXT 3. CAUSES OF RENEWING THE CONCEPT 4. CRITERIA TO FOLLOW 5. NEW DEFINITION 6. REFERENCES
- 4. 1. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT DEFINITION 1860s-1900s Particular characteristic + Heritability Gene as a discret unit of heredity
- 5. 1. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT DEFINITION 1910s Gene as a distinct locus Mutations Recombining Regions
- 6. 1. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT DEFINITION 1940s-1950s Gene as a blueprint for a protein or as a physical molecule One gene One polypeptide
- 7. 1. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT DEFINITION 1960s Gene as transcribed code Central Dogma of Molecular Biology FUNCTIONAL PRODUCT
- 8. 1. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT DEFINITION 1970s-1980s Gene as open reading frame (ORF) Cloning + Sequencing + Genetic Code + Computational tools
- 9. 1. HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT DEFINITION 1990s-2000s Annotated genomic entity, enumerated in the databanks… “DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function. In the absence of demonstrated function a gene may be characterized by sequence, transcription or homology”
- 10. 2. CONCEPT AND CONTEXT INSTRUMENTAL GENE Genotype + Phenotype Nucleotide sequence Structure + Function NOMINAL GENE POST GENOMIC GENE
- 11. 3. CAUSES OF RENEWING THE CONCEPT B. GENE FUSIONS • NO clear structural boundaries • TRANSCRIPTS • Derived from both DNA strands • Overlap • Use the same coding sequences • EXONS A. COMPLEX TRANSCRIPTOME
- 12. 3. CAUSES OF RENEWING THE CONCEPT D. INHERITABLE FUNCTIONAL STATUS C. ENCRYPTED GENES E. GENETIC RESTORATION Genes separated around the genome Epigenetic Non-Mendelian inheritance of extra-genomic information Are not heritable acquired characters?
- 13. 4. CRITERIA TO FOLLOW Backward compatible Organism-independent Simple idea Practical Compatible with digital gene
- 14. 5. NEW DEFINITION PROPOSED 1 Genomic Sequence Protein RNA UNION of all overlapping genomic sequences COHERENT done separately for final protein and RNA products 2 3
- 15. 5. NEW DEFINITION PROPOSED “A gene is a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products"
- 16. 6. REFERENCES • Akiva, P., Toporik, A., Edelheit, S. et al. 2006. Transcription- mediated gene fusion in the human genome. – Genome Res. 16: 30–36. • Gerstein, M., Bruce, C., Rozowsky, J., Zheng, D., Du, J., Korbel, J., Emanuelsson, O., Zhang, Z., Weissman, S. and Snyder, M. (2007). What is a gene, post-ENCODE? History and updated definition. Genome Research, 17(6), pp.669-681. • Lolle, S. J., Victor, J. L., Young, J. M. et al. 2005. Genome-wide non-mendelian inheritance of extra-genomic information in Arabidopsis . – nature 434: 505–509. • Portin, P. (2009). The elusive concept of the gene. Hereditas, 146(3), pp.112-117.
- 17. Thanks! GENOMICS HISTORY AND CURRENT DEFINITION