Livestock production system

Contents
 Introduction to livestock production
 Livestock production system
 Types of livestock and their features
 Sustainable Livestock Husbandry, Integrations, and Role
in Ethiopian Agriculture
2

6. Introduction to livestock
production
6.1Terminologies
 Apiculture: is the science of bees and beekeeping.
 Beef: the meat from cattle.
 Beekeeping: is an art of keeping bee colonies for man’s economic
benefit.
 Chevon: Meat of goat.
 Dairy cattle: cattle for the purpose of milk production. 3

 Domestication: means adapt the behavior of an animal to fit the needs
of people.
 Mutton: Meat of sheep.
 Pork: meat of pig
 Poultry- all domestic birds kept for the purpose of human food
production.
 Shout: the common name of goat and sheep.
 Swine: common name applied to any animal of the pig family. 4

 Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to
provide labor and produce commodities such as meat, eggs, milk, fur,
leather, and wool.
◦ The term is sometimes used to refer solely to animals who are raised for
consumption, and sometimes used to refer solely to farmed ruminants,
such as cattle, sheep and goats. Horses are considered livestock in the
United States. The USDA classifies pork, veal, beef, and lamb (mutton)
as livestock, and all livestock as red meat. Poultry and fish are not
included in the category.
5

 Livestock Production is the technology applied to the keeping of
animals for profit. This includes; feeding, breeding, housing and
marketing.
 Animal husbandry is the breeding, maintenance, slaughter and
general subjugation of livestock. it is a part of modern agriculture
and has been practiced in many cultures since humanity's transition
to farming from hunter-gatherer lifestyles
6

6.2 Domestication of farm animals
 Domestication is the process where by individual species have been
altered to create breeds with characteristics more desirable to human
needs.
 domestic animals can be defined as those that are ‘kept and bred in
and around human habituation’, primarily for human advantage.
7

 The domestication of animals began when early humans had contact
with wild animals, which they hunted for food and skins.
 To domesticate means to adapt the behavior of an animal to fit the
needs of people.
8

 List the roles of livestock production?
 What are constraints in livestock
production?
9

6.3 Multi-functionality (Role of
livestock)
Source of food
 Conversion of low quality feeds into high quality food especially
ruminants.
 About 80 percent of the human population of the world gets most of
its protein, fats (lipids), iron, niacin, and some vitamins (including
vitamin B12) from the meat produced by ruminant animals.
Source of income: sale of live animals, milk, egg 10

Source of Clothing:
 Livestock provide fiber and skins for the production of clothing.
 Leather is used for shoes, belts, gloves, and clothing, as well as for
other products used by humans.
Source of Power : draft power (oxen, donkeys horses)
Source of Recreation for entertainment and tourism value.
11

Conservation: Livestock help to conserve soil and
soil fertility.
 Putting the manure back on the soil, the rate of loss of soil fertility can
be decreased. Animal manure can also be used as a fuel source.
Approximately 8 to 12 percent of the world’s population depends on
dried manure as a fuel source.
 Fuel for the electricity, cooking, and heating built from biogas plant.
12

 Others like stabilizing farm economy used as safeguard and prestige
value.
 More than 100 drugs used by humans for medical purposes are
made from animal by-products.
 The inedible fats are used in the production of cosmotics, soap,
lubricants, and printing ink.
13

6.4 Challenges in livestock production
systems
The major constraints to livestock development are
 Animal nutrition
 Health
 Animal genetics
14

A. Animal nutrition : (Feed Resources)
 In the lowland pastoral areas, available forage is deficient in
quality and insufficient for the number of grazing animals,
particularly in the dry season.
 This situation is further aggravated by the low outtake of livestock.
15

 In the mixed crop-livestock farming system of the highlands
increasing population pressure and demand for cropland has
diminished areas for grazing and crop residues and agro-industrial
by-products become the major sources of feed although they are not
adequately used.
16

B. Animal Health:
 Livestock production is reduced by high incidence of diseases which
cause losses directly from deaths, reduced growth rate, high costs of
control and poor quality and quantity of finished product.
 The direct loss from diseases is the high death rates of cattle that can
be high in the traditional sector.
17

 The control of these diseases reduces returns a farmer can expect
from Livestock production.
 The other effects of diseases are lack of access to export markets and
animal products can be condemned due to diseases.
 Generally a number of attractive markets in the developed world
don’t accept animal products from our country due to the potential
hazards of diseases.
18

C. Animal genetics
 Despite the large livestock population of Ethiopia, its present
contribution to the national economy is far less than its potential.
 Almost 98% of the cattle, 97% of the poultry and almost 100% of
the shoats and camels are indigenous.
19

 The indigenous breeds are well-adapted to the local
environment, but they have low productivity potential.
 Yet, even to realize their inherent genetic productivity
potential requires addressing poor management which
prevents its full expression.
20

 What is production system?
 List livestock production systems?
21

7 Livestock production system
 The diversity of Ethiopia's topography, climate, cultural conditions and
management system make it difficult to generalize about livestock
production systems in the country. However, two Major production
systems have been identified based on integration of livestock with
crop production, level of input and, agro-ecology and market
orientation And three production systems are identified based on their
intensity and management.
22

 Major production Systems
 Pastoral and agro-pastoral production
systems
 Mixed crop–livestock systems Based on integration of
livestock with crop production,
 Minor production system level of input and, agro-ecology
 Urban and peri-urban (landless)
production system
 Ranching
23

 Extensive or Free-range
scavenging based on their intensity
 Semi-intensive systems and management
 Intensive systems
24

7.1. Pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems
Pastoral system
 In general, pastoral systems are associated with agro-ecological
zones (AEZ) that are too dry to sustain crop production. These are
characterized by little or no crop agriculture and high mobility in
search of grazing and water.
25

 Under Ethiopian conditions, pastoral systems of production are
found at altitudes below 1500 m.a.s.l. and where the annual
precipitation is less than 500 mm.
The following characterize pastoral systems:-
Livestock are maintained as a principal activity.
 Fifty percent of household revenue comes from livestock or more
than 20% of household food energy is derived directly from
livestock or livestock-related activities.
26

Rangeland is the main land resource.
 Livestock species consist of camels, cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys.
In recent years, pastoralists have shown an increasing interest in
keeping larger numbers of sheep and goats.
 There are more camel and goats than sheep and cattle in this system.
Milk and meat are the two outputs. In drought years, goats gain more
importance as suppliers of milk to the household. Goats also help to
control bush encroachment.
27

 Pastoralists depend on their livestock not only for their income but
also for their survival. Consequently, risk avoidance is very
important to the pastoralist. Livestock management is, therefore,
directed towards risk minimization, which tends to reduce
productivity.
 Pastoralism is ecologically, economically and socially important for
sustainable development in dry lands.
28

Agro-pastoral system
 This system is characterized by less integration with crop
production as compared to the crop–livestock production systems.
 Producers under this system have a permanent residence and their
movement is limited in terms of both distance and duration.
29

 The system is characterized by a high degree of dependence on milk
and meat production. Some crop agriculture is practiced around the
permanent homestead. This is also a low input / low output system.
 It is usually practiced below 1500 m.a.s.l. but with higher rainfall to
support short season crops compared to the pastoral system.
30

7.2. Mixed crop–livestock systems
 These systems are based on cropping associated with livestock
husbandry. This system is generally found in areas where the
altitude ranges between 1500 and 3000 m.a.s.l.
 The area has adequate rainfall and moderate temperature and is thus
suitable for grain production. The integration of crops and livestock
is high in most areas.
31

 The integration is lower in the perennial crop–livestock system
(coffee growing areas) in southern Ethiopia where animals are of
minor importance Livestock play an important role in food
security and food self-sufficiency in this production system.
 In the grain-based mixed production system, livestock are the
main cash source for the purchase of agricultural inputs.
 Livestock are used as a savings and insurance mechanism. Cattle
are the dominant livestock species and are kept mainly for draft
power.
32

 Urban and peri-urban (landless) production system
 This system involves the production of livestock within and at the
periphery of cities.
 Feed resources are usually household wastes, market area wastes, mill
leftovers, by-products and roadside grazing (particularly in the peri-
urban system).
 The viability of this activity depends on its acceptance into the formal
extension services. It could either be a high input / high output or low
input / low output system.
33

Three typical cattle production keeping systems
I. Extensive or Free-range scavenging
 The system require little investment and minimal management
 Feed cost may be 20-27% less than intensive rearing method.
 No special housing other than night shelter is required and there is
minimal disease control
Eg. Subsistence and/or semi-subsistence :Pastoralism
Commercial: Ranching
34

II Semi-intensive systems
 In this system animals are restricted to limited area and therefore the farmer takes
the whole responsibility of feeding them .
 Housing is mainly of very simple construction and made from simple and
inexpensive construction.
Eg. Sedentary crop agriculture with cattle production
III Intensive systems
 It is mainly Commercial
 Expensive housing (well constructed housing)
 Skilled management
 Exotic breeds crosses and high performing animals
35

 Define the following terms
 Ruminant animal
 Monogastric animal
 Aquatic animal
 Terrestrial animal
36

8. Types of livestock and their features
8.1. Ruminants versus monogastric
 Animals are classified mainly in to two, based on their digestive
organ. These are ruminants and non-ruminants or monogastric.
 This classification mainly concerned about their Digesstive system.
Ruminants have four stomach compartments; they are rumen,
reticulum, omasum and abomasum. Example cattle, buffalo and,
shout etc. 37

 But non-ruminants have only one stomach and these species are
described as simple stomach. Example Swine and poultry.
 Ruminants have unique digestive system that allows them to better
use energy from fibrous plant material than other herbivores.
38

 Unlike monogastric ruminants have a digestive system designed to
ferment feedstuffs and provide precursors for energy for the animal
to use.
 By better understanding how the digestive system of the ruminant
works, livestock producer can better understand how to care for and
feed ruminant animals.
39

8.2. Small ruminants versus large ruminants
Ruminants are also classified in to two based on their size.
1. Large ruminants
Eg. Cattle, buffalo
2. Small ruminant
Eg. Goat and sheep
40

8.3. Aquatic versus Terrestrial Animals
 Animas are classified in to two based on their territory or habitat.
 There are two popular locations which animals found. These are
aquatic and terrestrial area. The name aqua indicates water thus
the name indicates watery area, and the term terrestrial indicates
an area of land.
41

 Terrestrial animal: animals which is located on land and they found their
feed mainly from plants which is found on the ground
Eg; Cattle, equines, camel, poultry and soon.
 Aquatic animal; animls which is located in water area such as marine and
fresh water, and they found their feed from plants which is found in the
water.
Eg fish
42

9. Sustainable Livestock Husbandry,
Integrations, and Role in Ethiopian
Agriculture
9.1. Monogastric
9.1.1 Poultry
43

 The word "poultry" comes from Latin word pullus, meaning a
young fowl, young animal or chicken.
 Poultry includes all domestic birds kept for the purpose of human
food production(meat and eggs), such as:- chicken, turkeys, ducks,
geese, ostrich, guinea fowl, doves and pigeons.
44

 In developed nations, the term poultry refers to species of birds
that are reared for egg and meat production.
 In Ethiopia, the poultry is synonymous to only chicken rearing.
=>Most of other birds are known as wild birds.
 In developed nations, chickens are reared for egg or meat
production,
45

 As a result two types of chicken breeds are evolved through
intensive breeding and selection):
a. Layers:- chickens rose to be egg-layers
b. Broilers:- chickens kept for meat production
46

Poultry production systems
 Production system:- is the way in which animals are kept and
managed for specific purpose.
 Poultry production system is broadly categorized as:-
1. Extensive production system
1.1.Free range/scavenging
1.2. Backyard extensive
2. Semi-intensive production system
3. Intensive production system
47

1. Extensive Production Systems
 This is an ideal way of keeping a limited number of hens from which
it is intended to produce:-
 table eggs for house,
 fertile eggs for hatching,
 table birds or even for cash income.
Two types:
a) Free-Range Extensive Systems
b) Back yard extensive system
48

a) Free-Range Extensive Systems
 Under free-range conditions,
The birds are not confined ,
They can scavenge for food over a wide area.
Shelters may be provided.(these may or may not be used).
The birds may roost outside[congregate]usually, in trees &
nest in the bush.
The flock contains birds of different species & varying ages.
49

B) Backyard Extensive Systems
 Backyard poultry production:–is the rearing of chicks on small
scale (5-20 birds) for:-
 family use and
up to some extent for generation of cash income.
 Poultry are housed at night but allowed free-range during the day.
=>They are usually fed a handful of grain in the morning and
evening to supplement scavenging. 50

 Generally it has advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
 Reduce cost of feeding as they scavenge their feed
 Access to green feed, white ants and other insects
 Involves low capital investment-cost of housing
 Eliminates cannibalism among the birds.
Disadvantages:
 Difficulties in controlling birds, especially during disease outbreak,
breeding and proper feeding. 51

2.Semi-intensive system
 Semi-intensive system:- is a system of keeping poultry in confined
and run free over a field.
 Or it is a system in which poultry have a good type of laying house
in w/c they can be shut when the weather is bad.
 Or are combinations of the extensive and intensive systems where
birds are confined to a certain area with access to shelter.
 Commonly found in urban and peri-urban as well as rural
situations.
52

 In the “run” system, the birds are confined in an enclosed
area outside during the day and housed at night.
 feed and water are available in the house to avoid wastage
by rain, wind and wild animals.
=>Flock ranges from 50-200.
=>A lot of techniques and expertise can be applied.
=>Provision of water , medicine and labour etc.
53

Poultry Run
 Run:- a piece of grassland enclosed by a fence of wire netting or
 other chicken proof barrier birds wander in the run during the day
and are shut up at night in a house located within the enclosure.
 Food and water are available in the run or in the house and
#Advantages:- requires far less land than the free range.
54

#Disadvantages:-
 possible build up of parasites and disease germs in the pasture
 requires considerable amount of fencing and more elaborate
house than free range system.
55

Generally, Semi-intensive or Restricted range system
 Adopted where there is limited amount of free space
 Birds are allowed to walk during the day and kept in house at night.
 Advantages
 Birds are under strict control i.e. prevented from crossing with
inferior cocks, predators, theft and accidents.
 Disadvantages:
=>High cost of production:-housing capital
=>Require large space or land:- since both night house(shelter)
and run is required during day.
56

 Semi-intensive or Restricted range system
=>Involves an area of land enclosed by fence of wire netting.
57

3. Intensive Systems
 Birds have no access to land outside,
 It is usually adopted where land is limited and expensive.
 Are being used by medium to large-scale commercial enterprises,
 Birds are fully confined either in houses or cages.
 Capital outlay is higher,
 Birds are totally dependent on their owners for all their
requirements;
 Production is higher. 58

 Maximum number of poultry on minimum ground space,
 Needs artificial incubation ,nutrition requirements and disease
control
 In this system, there are three types of housing systems:-
=>deep litter,
=>slatted floor
=>Battery or cage system.
 There are advantages and dis advantages of this system;
59

Advantages of intensive production system
 Birds are under strict control i.e. prevented from crossing with
inferior cocks, predators, theft and accidents.
Disadvantages:
 High cost of production-housing capital
 Require large space or land
60

9.1.2 Swine
 Swine production is a very strong commercialized industry throughout
the world which raising a pig and/or keeping pigs for its products to
satisfy the demand of human needs from swine products.
 Pigs have a long history of providing food and fat for mankind, before the
advent of grain-based cooking oils, rendered pig fat (lard) was commonly
used to add flavor and calories to food.
61

 Pigs are kept on farms for their meat, Meat from pig is safe, healthy
and nutritious food. Pork is the culinary name for meat from the
domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). It is the most commonly
consumed meat worldwide, with evidence of pig husbandry dating
back to 5000 BC.
 Pork is eaten fresh, cooked and preserved. Curing extends the shelf
life of the pork products.
62

 Swine common name applied to any animal of the pig family,
including both domesticated and wild species of the family Suidae.
characterized with
 four-short legged mammals,
 have stout bodies,
 thin skins with dense bristle hair,
 long snouts with tusks, and short curled tails.
 Swine are artiodactyl ungulates, a hoofed with even-numbered toes.
63

The economic importance of swine Production
1.They provide food and considered as a source of food security that
likely a tool to fighting poverty in the tropics.
2. For the production of synthetic leather products
Swine skin is soft with bristle used for manufacturing of leather and
soft leather materials, medical surgery purposes and synthetic sport
materials
64

3.They are good source of manure
Swine manure used as a fuel sources. Pig manure burned for cooking
and a raw material in methane gas digesters. Swine manuring soil
fertility, a good source of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
4. Used as a good medium for growing of biological material,
especially algae plants in a Swine manure can be activate fish ponds
for the growth of algae that can used as fish nutrient substance for
integration farm.
65

5. A good source of money:- a swine industry require small initial
investment and the rate of the financial return is fast with in short
time. The average time from mating to farrow is about 115days and the
time from farrowing to market is usually takes 5 to 6 months.
Generally the time from breeding to marketing is generally 9 months.
Gilt farrow at 8 months of age.
6.The total labor required for pig production is relatively low because
it is the work of children when no school.
66

The biological efficiency of Swine
A. Efficient convertors of concentrate feeds
Swine being what they eat, such as animal offal, kitchen left
over, refusal of restaurants and waste grains tends to convert
efficiently into body weight in the forms of flesh. E.g. 0.
25Kg/Kg gain, but in case of cattle 0.07Kg/Kg gain.
67

B. They are high prolificacy
They farrow 7-12 piglets in 112-120 days. This high fecundity; makes swine
enterprises to expand in size quickly and being replaced in a short time.
E.g. in Denmark one pig fecund about 34 piglet/ farrow and all are
survived.
C. Have a good mothering ability (pigling percentage)
Swine have a high pigling percentage with mothering without being lost the
baby.
68

D. Short pigling interval
The sows become conceive and birth piglets relatively short, since a
pig gives birth more than one a year. In area where all year round
breeding is possible sow can produce a piglet every five months.
E. They have a short service period/interval:- This is a period from
farrowing to the next heat period.
69

F. High litter size:- Able to produce a lot of piglets, average of 16 piglets
G. Good rate of fertility:
Swine have successfully conceive with a few number of services, they become
pregnant with a few number of mating, not losses of their heat period. Losses
from abortion and those sow failed to conceive is low.
70

H. The Meat of swine easily for processing and have long shelf
life with out being perishable as they have a good fat next to
dairy cows.
I. Allo-transplantation: Is the transfer of organs among the same
species which genetically different member of the same species
71

Some of the Disadvantage in swine Production
1. Simple stomach
A direct competition with human diet, since as the number of pig
increases; they compete human for grain
2. Environmental pollution:
Since they tend to be raised close to human habitat their effluent
cause pollution problem.
3. Pork not accepted as a traditionally normal feed by many societies
due to religion taboo.
72

 4. Scavenger pigs are carriers of disease and they can transmit disease to
human, like cholera, swine flue, and intermediate host to a number of
parasites.
73

9.2 large ruminants
9.2.1 Dairy Cattle
74

 Dairy production is a production of milk for human
consumption.it is a vital part of the global food system and it
plays a key role in sustainability of rural areas in particular.
 Dairy production has its own breeds like others production
which rare mainly for production of milk ; such as Holestin-
Friesian, Jersey, Gurenesy, Ayrshire and etc..
75

 Beef animals refers cattle that are breed and care with the skill of
husbandry principle to reproduce and grow as a meat animals that
satisfied the consumer demand of meat in the market place, in return
a producer earn profit, the type of animals called “beef cattle” and
the meat from cattle is called “beef”.
77

 Beef animals are marked by stocky body conformation with well-
fleshed muscularity, has a capacity for rapid growth, and fast to
finish fattening phase.
 Cattle used for beef production historically originated from two
categories of the world cattle.
:-These are Bos taurus from Europe and Bos indicus from
tropical countries.
78

 Beef cattle are ruminants:
 Consume roughage and concentrates, nonedible to humans
 They have four compartments to their ―stomach‖
 When ruminants swallow grass/other vegetation the feed goes into
the first section of the stomach called the rumen (most fiber of
digestion, billions of micro-organisms, enzymes).
 It is this feature that allows ruminants to digest tough cellulose
and convert it to usable food.
79

9.3 Small ruminant
9.3.1 Sheep and goat
80

 They are multi-purpose animals providing a family with food (milk,
meat), and produce non-edible products (manure, skin, wool, hair),
and used as a form of investment or sold for cash. Milk: their milk
contains higher protein and fat and can be processed in to different
type of products.
 Skin: 33% of goat skin and 29% of sheep skin produced for export per
year.
81

 Advantage of small ruminants over the large ruminants:
 They are able to adapt a variety of environments
 They are able to resist dehydration (especially goats)
 High feed conversion efficiency. They are able to convert less
quality feed to valuable products
 They can be reared easily by family labour.
 They require low initial investment.
 Purchasing price is low
82

 Small area is required for housing
 They have high reproductive rate (high fertility rate)-Twin or multiple
births are common, they have short generation interval and have short
lambing /kidding interval .
 They have high genetic variability. The wide distribution of sheep and
goats throughout the world, semi-arid and humid rain forest regions
reflects the presence of high genetic variability.
83

 They require low cost of feeding, health care and
management.
 They have the ability to survive and often even thrive on
low quality feeds or in difficult conditions on relatively
small amounts of food.
 They are multipurpose animals producing meat, milk, skins
and wool/hair and provide manure for their owners.
84

 They reduce risks of losses to owners by being cheaper to
replace (Risk aversion).
 There is low risk of production or less risk to the owner in
case of death (accident) due to disease, predators.
85

SHEEP AND GOAT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN
ETHIOPIA.
Highland sheep–barley system
 This system is found in the highlands above 3000 m.a.s.l. where the major
crops grown are barley and pulses such as faba beans, lentils, etc.
 Temperature is the main factor determining productivity in the highland
sheep–barley production system. At times, night temperatures fall below 0ºC
and frosty nights are common, particularly between October and January.
Cropping intensity in these areas is generally low.
86

 Sheep are the dominant livestock species. The main feed resource-
base includes wasteland grazing, stubble and sometimes straw.
 Sheep flock sizes range from 30 to several hundred head.
 Although sheep are reared mainly for meat, skins and coarse wool
production for the cottage industry of the central highlands are
subsidiary products
87

Mixed crop–livestock systems
 Both sheep and goats are raised in mixed crop–livestock systems.
 These systems are based on cropping associated with livestock
husbandry.
 This system is generally found in areas where the altitude ranges
between 1500 and 3000 m.a.s.l.
 The area has adequate rainfall and moderate temperature and is thus
suitable for grain production.
 The integration of crops and livestock is high in most areas. 88

Pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems
Pastoral system
 In general, pastoral systems are associated with agro-ecological zones
(AEZ) that are too dry to sustain crop production. These are characterized by
little or no crop agriculture and high mobility in search of grazing and water.
 Under Ethiopian conditions, pastoral systems of production are found at
altitudes below 1500 m.a.s.l. and where the annual precipitation is less than
500 mm.
89

Agro-pastoral system
 This system is characterized by less integration with crop
production as compared to the crop–livestock production systems.
 Producers under this system have a permanent residence and their
movement is limited in terms of both distance and duration.
 Some crop agriculture is practiced around the permanent
homestead. This is also a low input / low output system.
 The system is usually practiced below 1500 m.a.s.l. but with higher
rainfall to support short season crops compared to the pastoral system.
90

Urban and peri-urban (landless) sheep and goat
production system
 This system involves the production of sheep and goats
within and at the periphery of cities.
 Feed resources are usually household wastes, market area
wastes, mill leftovers, by-products and roadside grazing
(particularly in the peri-urban system).
91

Ranching
 Ranching is a range-based system of livestock production similar to
the pastoral systems but with different production parameters,
livestock functions and management. Ranching can be considered as
a modern landuse system. It is a labor-extensive system focusing on
the production of marketable commodities from one or two selected
species.
92

 This is mainly in the form of producing live slaughter animals for
meat. The main function of the system is to generate cash income.
Management of livestock is characterized by grazing within defined
borders and an individual tenure system with possibilities of
intensified feeding and watering of animals.
93

 Aquaculture: is the cultivation of aquatic animals & plants OR,
 Aquaculture is farming fish and aquatic plants: which mean
that; the farming of ocean and freshwater plants and animals for
human consumption.
 Aquaculture has the same objective as agriculture, namely, to
increase the production of food above the level that would be
produced naturally.
95

Importance of fish farming
1. Providing the products of fish for human food;
Due to amino acid it has high Biological value.
2. Providing some industry material (marine capture fishery), such as fish
meal/flour.
3. Fishery is also practiced for re-stocking of the natural water bodies, or for
the production of ornamental fish.
4. Providing immense (vast) job-potential
96

5. A farmer can often integrate aquaculture into the existing farm to
create additional income and improve water management on the farm.
6. Fish growth in ponds can be controlled: the fish species raised are
the ones the farmer selected.
 Tilapia, catfish and carp are the most commonly cultured fish
species in the tropics.
97

 Apiculture is the science of bees and beekeeping.
 Beekeeping is an art of keeping bee colonies for man’s
economic benefit.
Specific definitions:
 It is the maintenance of health colonies of honeybees in a
hive designed for easy operation for bee keepers and
removal of the products.
99

 It is the techniques involving taking care for bees and supervision
of bees.
 It is the subsequent producing and harvesting of bees’ product.
Advantages of beekeeping
 The advantage of beekeeping can be categorized into general and
relative advantages.
100

General advantages of beekeeping
 It is income generating activity
 It is means of beverage requirement.
 It is means of balanced diet through eating honey which has high
nutritional value
101

 It meets national food production through pollination of (fruits,
vegetables, legumes and other seed crops).
Relative Advantages of beekeeping
 Beekeeping has many relative advantages over other agricultural
activities:-
 It requires little land
 It can be run irrespective of age and sex
102

 It does not require sophisticated technologies.
 It requires less capital (also positive with zero capital).
 It is positive consequence on ecology (not competent with to any
natural resources).
 It helps for forestation, soil and water conservation.
 It does not require day to day follow up.
 It does not compete with other agricultural activities (crop and
livestock production).
103

 It helps to exploit resources (pollen, nectar, propolis).
 It can be undertaken as full or part-time.
 Products from honey bees are not perishable and so can stay for a
long time.
 Honey Bees belong to the animal kingdom, Phylum
Arthropoda, Order Hymenoptera, class Insecta, family
Apidae, genus Apis.
104

 The genus Apis is divided into several species and sub-species/ races
but the 5 main species are:
 Apis dorsata (the giant honeybee),
 Apis laboriosa (the darker giant honeybee),
 Apis florea (the dwarf honeybee),
 Apis cerana and
 Apis mellifera.
105

Types of bee keeping
There are three types of beekeeping, namely:
◦ Traditional
◦ Transitional (Intermediate),
◦ Improved (Box hive, Modern or frame hive)
106

107
Livestock
Production
System
hdh
Definitions Types of livestock
Role constraints
Types of livestock production System Different Productions
Ruminant and Monogastric
Terresterial and aquatic
Small and large ruminant
Pastoral and agro pastoral
Mixed Crop livestock
Urban and peri
urban
ranching
Poultery
Swine
Dairy Cattle
Beef Cattle
Sheep And Goat
Aquaculture
Apiculture
Livestock
Livestock production
Domesticatiom
Source of food
Source of income
Source of clothing
Source of Power …
Animal Nutration
Animal health
Animal Genetics
Intensive
Semi intensive
Extensive

Livestock production system

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