The document discusses algae, a diverse group of photosynthetic aquatic organisms, detailing their distribution, morphology, classification, reproduction, and economic importance. It outlines various types of algae, including green, red, yellow-green, blue-green, diatoms, golden algae, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates, and brown algae, along with their characteristics and examples. Additionally, it highlights the historical uses of algae, such as food sources and the production of antibiotics.

1. VIVEKANANDHA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
VEERACHIPALAYAM - 6366007
SANGAKIRI, TAMILNADU.
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
TOPIC : ALGAE
SUBJECT INCHARGE :
Dr . V. BHARATHI, M.Sc., M.Phil.,Ph.D.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
VIAAS, SANGAKIRI.
PRESENTED BY :
PAVITHRA S
I MSC MICROBIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
VIASS, SANGAKIRI.
SUBJECT : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

2. CONTENT
ALGAE
DISTRIBUTION
MORPHOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
REPRODUCTION
ECONOMIC IMPORTANT

3. ALGAE
ALGAE ARE A DIVERSE GROUP OF AQUATIC
ORGANISMS THAT HAVE THE ABILITY TO CONDUCT
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
THE PROCESS OF HARVESTING LIGHT ENERGY FROM
THE SUN TO GENERATE CARBOHYDRATES.

4. DISTRIBUTION
* MOST ARE AQUATIC.
* LIVE IN PHOTIC ZONE.
* EITHER FRESH OR SEA WATER.
* PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT.
* PLANKTONS: FREE FLOATING OR FREE SWIMMING.
* BENTHIC: ATTACHED & LIVING ON THE BOTTOM
WATER.

5. MORPHOLOGY
SIZE: ALGAE CAN BE MICROSCOPIC OR AS LARGE AS 60 METERS LONG.
STRUCTURE: ALGAE CAN BE UNICELLULAR, MULTICELLULAR, OR HAVE A
FILAMENTOUS STRUCTURE.
CELL ARRANGEMENT: ALGAE CAN BE ARRANGED IN COLONIES, AS INDIVIDUAL
CELLS, OR IN FILAMENTS.
CELL SHAPE: ALGAE CAN BE COCCOID, CAPSOID, PALMELLOID, OR FILAMENTOUS.
CELL TYPE: ALGAE CAN BE MOTILE OR NON-MOTILE.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN ALGAL CLASSIFICATION WAS PROPOSED BY FRITSCH WHO DIVIDED
THEM INTO 11 CLASSES(1945).
CLASSIFICATION IS BASED ON PIGMENTS, FLAGELLA AND RESERVE FOOD MATERIAL.
ELEVEN CLASSES PROPOSED BY FRITSCH ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. CHLOROPHYCEAE 6. DINOPHYCEAE
2. XANTHOPHYCEAE 7. CHLOROMONADINEAE
3. CHRYSOPHYCEAE 8.EUGLENINEAE
4. BACILLARIOPHYCEAE 9. PHAEOPHYCEAE
5. CRYPTOPHYCEAE 10. RHODOPHYCЕAЕ
11.МУХОPHYСЕAE

8. CHLOROPHYCEAE (GREEN ALGAE):
MOST FORMS ARE FRESH WATER AND A FEW ARE MARINE.
PIGMENTS: CHIEF PIGMENTS ARE CHLOROPHYLL A, B AND BETA CAROTENOIDS.
RESERVE FOOD: STARCH
REPRODUCTION: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS BY ZOOSPORES.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION RANGES FROM ISOGAMOUS TO ADVANCED
OOGAMOUS TYPE.
EXAMPLE: CHLAMYDOMONAS, VOLVOX, CHLORELLA.

9. RHODOPHYCЕAЕ (RED ALGAE)
OCCURRENCE: FEW FORMS ARE FRESH WATER AND OTHERS ARE
MARINE.
PIGMENTS: CHROMATOPHORES CONTAIN PHYCOERYTHRIN, CHL-A,D,
AND ALPHA, BETA CAROTENES.
RESERVE FOOD: STARCH.
STRUCTURE: SIMPLE FILAMENTOUS.
REPRODUCTION: ASEXUAL BY TETRA SPORES NON MOTILE.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS ADVANCE OOGAMOUS TYPE.
EXAMPLE: POLYSIPHONIA

10. XANTHOPHYCEAE (YELLOW-GREEN-ALGAE)
OCCURRENCE: MOST FORMS ARE FRESH WATER BUT A FEW
ARE MARINE
PIGMENTS: CHLOROPHYLL A AND C, ẞ-CAROTENE, YELLOW
XANTHOPHYLL IS FOUND ABUNDANTLY
STRUCTURE: UNICELLULAR MOTILE TO SIMPLE FILAMENTOUS.
RESERVE FOOD: OILS AND POLYSACCHARIDES
REPRODUCTION: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS RARE AND
ALWAYS ISOGAMOUS.
ASEXUAL : ZOOSPORES AND APLANOSPORE.
EXAMPLE: VAUCHERIA

11. MYXOPHYCEAE ( BLUE GREEN )
OCCURRENCE: FOUND IN SEA AND FRESH WATER.
PIGMENTS: CHLOROPHYLL A AND B, BETA
CAROTENES, XANTHOPHYLLS, AND PHYCOCYANIN AND
PHYCOERYTHRIN.
RESERVE FOOD: SUGARS AND GLYCOGEN.
STRUCTURE: SIMPLE TYPE OF CELL TO
FILAMENTOUS.
REPRODUCTION: ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION.
THERE IS NO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.
EXAMPLE: NOTEOU

12. BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (DIATOMS)
DIATOMS ARE A MAJOR GROUP OF ALGAE, THE MOST
COMMON TYPES OF PHYTOPLANKTON.
DIATOMS ARE UNICELLULAR.
PIGMENTS: CHL A AND C, CHROMATOPHORES ARE GOLDEN
BROWN.
RESERVE FOOD: STARCH, OILS AND VOLUTIN GRANULES.
CELL WALL COMPOSED OF SILICA.
REPRODUCTION: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY BINARY
FISSION AND SPOROGENESIS.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OCCURS BY FUSION OF
PROTOPLASTS.

13. EUGLENINEAE
OCCURRENCE: ONLY FRESH WATER FORMS ARE KNOWN.
PIGMENTS: CHL A, B AND CHROMATOPHORES ARE PURE GREEN.
RESERVE FOOD: POLYSACCHARIDE AND STARCH.
STRUCTURE: NO CELL WALL, MOTILE WITH SINGLE FLAGELLA.
REPRODUCTION: ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION. SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION NOT PROVED DEFINITELY
EXAMPLE: EUGLENA

14. CHRYSOPHYCEAE (GOLDEN ALGAE)
OCCURRENCE: MOST FORMS OCCUR IN COLD FRESH WATER BUT A FEW ARE
MARINE.
PIGMENTS: THE PIGMENTS ARE CHLOROPHYLL-A, -C AND CHROMATOPHORES
ARE ORANGE IN COLOUR.
RESERVE FOOD: OILS AND POLYSACCHARIDES.
STRUCTURE: PLANTS ARE UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED AND COLONIAL.
REPRODUCTION: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY BINARY FISSION AND
SPOROGENESIS.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REPORTED IN SOME MEMBERS.
EXAMPLE: PRYMNESIUM PARVUM

15. CRYPTOPHYCEAE:
OCCURRENCE: BOTH IN MARINE AND FRESH WATER.
PIGMENTS: CHL A AND C, PHYCOCYANIN, CHROMATOPHORES SHOW
DIVERSE PIGMENTATION.
RESERVE FOOD: SOLID CARBOHYDRATES OR IN SOME CASES STARCH.
STRUCTURE: REPRESENTED BY MOTILE CELLS, CONTAIN TWO UNEQUAL
FLAGELLA.
REPRODUCTION: ISOGAMOUS.
EXAMPLE: CHROOMONAS

16. DINOPHYCEAE
OCCURRENCE: BOTH IN MARINE AND FRESH WATER AND THESE ARE BENTHIC
RESERVE FOOD: STARCH AND OIL.
PIGMENTS: CHL A, B, CHROMOPHORES ARE BROWN COLOUR ETC.
STRUCTURE: UNICELLULAR MOTILE (POSSESS TWO DISSIMILAR FLAGELLA.) SIMPLE TO
BRANCHED FILAMENTOUS.
REPRODUCTION: ASEXUAL BY BINARY FISSION.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS OF ISOGAMOUS TYPE.
EXAMPLE: DINOFLAGELLATE

17. CHLOROMONADINEA
OCCURRENCE: MOSTLY FRESH WATER FORMS.
PIGMENTS: CHL A AND B, CHROMATOPHORES ARE BRIGHT GREEN
IN COLOUR AND CONTAIN AN EXCESS OF XANTHOPHYLL.
ALL RAPHIDOPHYTES ARE UNICELLULAR, WITH LARGE CELLS
(50 TO 100 ΜM), BUT NO CELL WALLS.
RESERVE FOOD: OIL
STRUCTURE: MOTILE, BIFLAGELLATE WITH TWO ALMOST EQUAL
FLAGELLA.

18. PHAEOPHYCEAE (BROWN ALGAE)
OCCURRENCE: MOSTLY MARINE.
PIGMENTS: CHL A, C, BETA CAROTENES, XANTHOPHYLLS (FUCOXANTHIN), NOT CHL B.
RESERVE FOOD: MANNITOL AND FATS.
STRUCTURE: SIMPLE FILAMENTOUS TO BULKY PARENCHYMATOUS FORMS.
REPRODUCTION: ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY ZOOSPORES.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION RANGES ISOGAMOUS TO OOGAMOUS.
EXAMPLE: ECTOCARPUS, SARGASSUM

19. REPRODUCTION

20. ECONOMIC IMPORTANT
THE NATURAL SUBSTANCE CAN BE USED AS A FOOD SOURCE,
FODDER, FISH FARMING, AND AS FERTILIZER.
IT IS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF DYNAMITE IN OLDEN DAYS.
ANTIBIOTIC CHLORELLIN, OBTAINED FROM CHLORELLA IS EFFECTIVE
AGAINST A NUMBER OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA.

21. REFERENCES
1] TORTORA G J FINKE B,R AND CASE C,L [2015]
MICROBIOLOGY AN INTRODUTION [12TH
EDTION ]PERSON
LONDON UNITED KINDGOM.
2] WEBSTER J AND WEBER R,W,S [2007] INTRODUTION TO
FUNGI [3TH EDITION ]CAMBRIDES UNIVERISTY PRESS CAMBRIDGE.
3] SCHAECHTER M AND LEADERBERG J[2004] THE DEST
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MICROBIOLOGY ELSEIVER ACADEMIC PRESS
CALIFORNIA.

22. THANK YOU